SUBJECT- EVS

Assigment-02
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Name – Aditya Sharma

Roll No – 16102
SEMESTER-9

Thesis Topic – Indian Institute of Management

Site – Bodhgaya, Bihar
• Identification of solid waste possibly emanating from your project.

S. BUILDING BLOCK SOLID WASTE PRODUCED

NO
1 Administrative Block  Paper, Cardboard
 Food Scraps
 Plastics
 E-Waste
 Sewage
2 Academic Block  e-waste
 Library  paper
 Computer Lab  cardboard
 Classrooms  plastic
 Sewage
3 Hostel Block  plastics, glass, tin
 paper, dust, cardboard
 e-waste
 medical, sanitary
 Sewage
4 Residential Block  food, food peel off
 Faculty  plastics, dust, metal, tin, glass
 Married Students  paper, cardboard, textile, rubber
 e-waste
 medical, sanitary
 garden trimming
 Sewage
5 Mess
 Kitchen  food, food peel off
 Dining hall  plastics, dust, metal, tin, glass
 Plaza  Sewage
 Cafeteria
6 Recreational spaces  horticultural waste
 Parks and landscape o tree trimmings, leaves
 plastic, paper, food
7 Street Waste  dirt, leaves and animal droppings

Table 1 Type of Waste Generated from the Project (Source: Author)

 Classification of Solid Waste
Solid Waste can be classified into various types depending on their sources.

Type of Solid Waste Description Source

Food waste  Waste obtained as a result of preparation, Household, restaurants,
(Garbage) cooking and serving of food. street food corners, etc.
 Market refuse, handling waste along with
waste produced due to handling, storage
and sale of food are included.
Rubbish It includes two types: Households, institutions
(i) combustible (primarily organic)—paper, and commercial
cardboard, cartons, wood, boxes, clothes, facilities such as hotels,
leather, bedding, grass, leaves, plastic, stores, markets, etc.
etc., and
(ii) non-combustible (primarily
inorganic)—metals, stones, bricks, glass,
etc.
Ashes and residues Waste obtained as fire residue from the Household and small
cooking of food and heating of buildings, scale plants, etc.
cinders, clinkers, etc.
Bulky waste Auto parts, other large appliances, tires, Shops, households’ etc.
stoves furniture, trees
Street waste It includes dirt, leaves and animal droppings Streets, sidewalks,
collected as a result of street sweepings. vacant lots, etc.
Dead animals It includes the dead bodies of dead animals Streets
such as cats, dogs, poultry, horses, cows,
etc.
Construction and The SW resulting from the construction Construction and
demolition waste industry such as lumber, rubble wires, etc. demolition sites
Industrial waste and It includes SW from industrial processes Factories, treatment
sludge and manufacturing operations plants
Hazardous waste Hazardous waste includes pathological hospitals, laboratories,
waste explosives, radioactive materials, etc. institutions, chemical
factories, etc.
Horticulture waste It comprises of the waste resulting from the Parks, gardens,
horticultural activities such as tree
trimmings, leaves, waste from gardens and
orchards, etc.

Table 2 Type of Solid Waste (Source: Solid_Waste_Management_on_a_Campus_in_a_Developing)

 On site treatment strategy:
1. AWARENESS
It is the most important strategy to be incorporated because unless and until people become
sensitize towards the issue and its consequences, no strategy can sustain itself for a longer period
of time.
 Sensitizing and motivational programs need to be conducted for making people more aware
of the zero waste campus concept and its benefits.
 Regular workshops and various competitions need to be organized to synthesize awareness
among the people about waste.
 Women-based employment can be generated through waste recycling and reuse by
promoting them to make artifacts from waste paper, plastic, old clothes, and metal pieces.
 Signage’s and Posters.
 The modelling of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to monitor unfilled level of bins
through a central monitoring station and evaluation of wireless links. The nodes, called
Wireless Monitoring Unit (WMU) are installed in each and every bins and the sensor present
in the WMU measures the unfilled level of the bins and transmit the data to the Wireless
Access Point Unit (WAPU).

Image 1 Wireless Monitoring System (www.sciencedirect.com)

a) This will help the Solid Waste Management team to access the kind of waste
generated in the which part of Campus with which they can decide the strategies to be
taken for reducing a particular type of waste.
Image 2 The Waste Hierarchy https://www.open.edu

2. WASTE REDUCTION
This is the best option because the most effective way to limit the health effects and
environmental impacts of a waste is not to create waste in the first place. Making any new
product requires materials and energy.
There are many possible ways of reducing the amount of waste produced at Institute that could
be suggested to householders. These include educating and encouraging them to:

 Mess: Buy products that use less packaging. Buying in bulk, for example, can reduce
packaging and save money.
 Minimize food scraps or feed these scraps to animals, if appropriate.

3. WASTE REUSE
Reuse can be defined as using a waste product without further transformation and without
changing its shape or original nature.
 Reuse centers that collect and distribute reusable goods can also provide community benefits
by engaging in job-training programs and general training for the long-term unemployed,
disabled people and young people.
 All the below examples might not be able to be produced on site but promoting its use will
contribute significantly in reuse products and even encourage visitors.
 a) PLASTIC REUSE:

 Cafeteria/ Dinning Hall:

Image 3 Reuse of Plastic Image 4 Storing Grains, Pulses Image 5 Woven Basket

 Recreational spaces:

Image 6 Landscape Feature Image 7 Sprinkler

Image 8 Bird Feeder Image 9 Green Wall

Image 10 Transition spaces (Venturi Effect)

 Hostel & Residential Block:

Image 11 Paper, Magazine stand

b) PAPER AND CARDBOARD REUSE:

 Administrative block:

Printing - Yes, it’s obvious, but it surprises me how many people don’t bother with printing on
the back of scrap computer paper. Use scrap paper to print coupons, directions, meeting minutes,
shopping lists, and other necessities. To make it easier, keep a tray of scrap paper next to the
printer for easy access.
Doodle Pad – Tear the Computer paper into quarters and stack them ) neatly by the telephone for
doodling while you’re on hold, or for jotting down messages.
 Recreational Spaces & resedential block:

Image 13 Cardboard as shoe rack.

Image 12 Cardboard box with a few embellishments,
then line it with a plastic bag poked with a few
drainage holes

Compost - Newspaper can be an integral part of a well-balanced compost pile and counts as a
carbon-rich. Tear the newspaper into strips or small pieces to help it break down faster
Garden Mulch - Non-toxic newsprint can be an excellent mulch for your garden plants. Tear the
newspaper into strips and put a layer around your plants to keep the soil moist and deter weeds.
The newspaper will eventually break down and enrich the soil.
4. WASTE RECYCLING

Recycling means treating the materials as valuable resources rather than as waste.

a) WASTE SEPARATION

Image 14 Segregation at Source (Source: https://www.google.com)

 Segregation of wastes at source.

 There must be a separate container for each type of waste. Segregated
recyclables must be properly cleaned before storing them in their respective
containers.
 Recyclable wastes materials should be taken to the Materials Recovery
Facility (MRF) in every barangay or cluster of barangays where they are
received, sorted, processed and stored efficiently and in an environmentally
sound manner.
 Hazardous wastes are further screened and sent to appropriate hazardous
waste treatment and disposal plants.

b) COMPOSTING

COMPOSTING refers to the controlled

decomposition of organic matter by
microorganisms, mainly bacteria and
fungi, into a humus-like product.

 Chop the biodegradable wastes

into finer portions. The smaller
the size of organic wastes, the
faster the compost will be ready
for use.
Image 15 Composting Process (Source: www.open.edu)
  Mix-up the biodegradable wastes and place them into the composters. Do not burn
on top of the piles or composters because the heat will kill the biological
"decomposers", thus, delaying the composting process.
 Sprinkle a small amount of water. Moisture is essential for microbial activity.
Protect the composters from accumulating too much liquid to avoid leaching.
 Sprinkle or layer with soil so as not to invite flies and to control odors. Place the
soil in between the layers of the mixture.
 Aerate the pile. Turn it once or twice a month to provide the necessary oxygen to
hasten the composting process.
 When the interior of the pile is no longer hot and the material has broken down
into a dark and dry soil, the composting is finished.

5. DISPOSAL

 We can tie up with the Organization vendor practicing following methods of Disposal
PLASTIC WASTE:

Utilization of Waste Plastic in Manufacturing of Paver Blocks

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. Using waste and recycled
materials in concrete mixes for paver blocks becoming increasingly important to manage and
treat both the solid waste generated by industry and municipal waste.
These blocks were rectangular in shape and had more or less the same size as the bricks. During
the previous five decades, the block shape has relentlessly developed from non-interlocking to
somewhat interlocking to completely interlocking to multiple interlocking shapes.

Image 16 Different shapes of paver blocks (Source: Image 17 Municipal Solid Waste (Source:
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i4/IRJET-V6I4427.pdf) https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i4/IRJET-V6I4427.pdf)
Table 3 Waste Plastics and its Sources (Source: Table 4 Amount of constituents (Source:
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i4/IRJET-V6I4427.pdf) https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i4/IRJET-V6I4427.pdf)

 SEWAGE WASTE
Strategy: Root Zone Treatment

Image 18 Layout of the four-household planted filter system for grey water treatment

 Root zone treatment is a natural approach to treat domestic sewage.

 The process is a clean, economic and eco-friendly method used as an alternative to
conventional systems as it requires low energy and low maintenance.
 The Root zone system utilizes earth's way of biologically processing domestic & industrial
discharge by using self-regulating dynamics of an artificial soil eco-system.
Image 19 Root Zone Treatment (Phytoremediation) at CII-Green Business Centre, Hyderabad

 Both grey water and black water can be suitably treated by root zone wastewater treatment
and reused for non-potable applications such as toilet flushing and kitchen gardening.
 Among the many types of STPs, Root Zone Wastewater Treatment (RZWT) is the most
innovative and eco-friendly system.
 The Root Zone Waste Water Treatment system is a low cost, virtually zero energy and
maintenance-free plant.
 Good looking Landscaped area

Image 20 RZWT system at Aravind Eye Hospital, Pondicherry by Ascenso Management & Consulting Services

 The Root Zone Waste Water Treatment system takes into account the natural slope of the
ground, so that water flows from one device to another without any external energy input
such as motor pump.
 Once the reed plants create an established stand, usually after the first growing season, the
reed bed requires little or no maintenance.
 The plant foliage will soon blend naturally into the landscape, ever changing with the seasons
and creating a pleasing sight as well!
References

1. https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=80574&printable=1
2. Waste Reuse https://www.wisebread.com/22-ways-to-reuse-paper
3. Disposal https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i4/IRJET-V6I4427.pdf
4. Institute of Technology Roorkee
file:///C:/Users/Dell/Desktop/Solid_Waste_Management_on_a_Campus_in_a_Developing.pdf
5. Composting http://nswmc.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/6.ESWM-for-HH.pdf