5.4. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION Although Bemoulli’s equation is applicable in all problems of* incompressible flow where there is involvement of energy considerations but here we shall discuss its applications in the following measuring devices: 1. Venturimeter 2. Orificemeter 3. Pitot tube. 5.4.1. Venturimeter A venturimeter is one of the most important practical applications of Bemoulli’s theorem. Ir is am instrument used to measure the rate of discharge in a pipeline and is often fixed permanently at different sections of the pipeline to know the discharges there. Types of venturimeters: Venturimeters may be classified as follows: 1. Horizontal venturimeters. 2. Vertical venturimeters. 3. Inclined venturimeters.5.5.1.1. Horizontal venturimeters A venturimeter consists of the following three parts: i. A short converging part. ii. Throat, and iii. Diverging part. This figure shows a venturimeter fitted in horizontal pipe through which a fluid is flowing. Let, D; = Diameter at inlet or at section 1, Ai = Area at inlet (57 pi = Pressure at section 1, = Velocity of fluid at section 1, and Dj, Ao, po. and V2 are the corresponding values at section 2. | Divergent part 4 Cisa) © Throat 1 4, 3 (met rai vatse The inlet is a short pipe that converges from the pipe diameter d, to a smaller diameter d;. This convergent pipe converts pressure head into velocity head. ¢ The throat is a small circular pipe with constant diameter d3. © The outlet is a longer pipe that diverges from the throat diameter d, to the pipe diameter d,. This divergent pipe converts velocity head into pressure head. For ideal fluid, applying Bernoulli’s equation between sections (1) and (2) representing the inlet and throat respectively, as shown in the figure. Zy + (Pa/y) + (1? 2g) = Za + (P2/ y) + 2? /28) [Zi + Pa/Y)] - [Za + Pr!) = (2? = v2) 2g Let, [Z, + (Pi/1)] -[Z2+ 2/1 = Where H is the change in piezometric head. Then, H = (v2 - v,2) / 2¢ A manometer can be used to measure the change in piezometric head H.At the centre line of the pipe, P(1) = P(2) Then, at a datum x - x, H=hy [(¥m/¥)- 1] Thus, H= hy [(/m/ 7) - 1] = (v2? - vi) / 2g (v;2 - v2) =2 gH But, Q=Aivi=A:2 V2 So, vwi=AzV2/A, Thus, Q= A) v2 Q= [Ar Ao / (Ar? - Ao) 1/2] (2. gH 1/2 Or Q= AA, 2eH (Ai?-A2”) The discharge equation gives the discharge under ideal conditions and is called theoretical discharge. Actual discharger (Qact) Which is less than the theoretical discharge (O,) is given by: Ca = Co-efficient of venturimeter (or oats of ass and its value is less than unity (varies between 0.96 and 0.98) C= Ques QiieoImportant Notes: 1- The reading of the manometer attached to a venturi meter is constant. It does not depend on the position of the venturi meter. [Zi + (Pi /y)] - [Zo + (Pa / Y= H= (2? ~via?) / 28 H = Constant, as the velocities v, & v, are constant for continuous flow. * For horizontal venturi meter: . ©e ‘The reading of manometer hm a is employed to get H, as discussed before. 6 H = Potential Head + Pressure Head Datum * For inclined venturi meter: When the venturi meter is inclined, the potential head changes. Consequently, pressure head changes also in a manner such that H is still constant. That is to say, if potential head decreases, then pressure head increases such that their sum H is still constant.* For vertical venturi meter: When the venturi meter is fixed vertically, potential head changes according to direction of flow (upwards or downwards). Consequently, pressure head changes such that their sum H is still constant. Example A venturi meter of 15 cm inlet diameter and 10 cm throat is laid horizontally in a pipe to measure the flow of oil of 0.9 specific gravity. The reading of a mercury manometer is 20 cm. Calculate the discharge in lit/min? Solution For inlet, Ai = (nd y/4 = (ax 15° 4 = 176.7 m2 For throat. Ay = (dy y/4 = (nx 10°)/4 = 78.54 em2 H = bya [(m/¥) - 1] = 20 [(13.6 / 0.9) - 1] = 282.2 cm of oil A,A,y2 (Qa SETS DN ZEOBIRZB EZ = ¥(176.7)°-(78.54)* (Ar-A2") Q=65: 38.2 cm3/sec. Example 30 cm x 15 cm venturi meter is provided to vertical pipe line carrying oil AB with 0.9 specific gravity. The flow direction is upwards. The difference in elevation between inlet and throat is 30 cm. The reading of a mercury manometer is 25 cm. 1- Calculate the discharge? 2- Determine the pressure head between inlet and throat? Ai=(t aya =(aXx 30°/4 = 706.86 cm? (1) Forinlet. Aa = (x do )/4 = (x 15/4 = 176.71 cm2 Eor throat. =bm [(¥m/¥ )- 1] = 25 [((13-6/ 0.9) - 1] = 352.8 em of oil o- A,A,J2sH V(Ar?=A2”) _ (706.86x176.7 DV 2x98 1x352.8 Q= 151840.6 em3/see 2) [21+ (P:/)]-[Z2+ (P2/p]=H (Pi/y)-(P2/y) + (Zi — Z) = 352.8 Z,—Z,=0-30=-30 (P,/y) - (Py/ 7) = 352.8 +30 = 382.8 cm of oil2. Vertical venturimeters. Pof. DrRaid Alkateeb The reduced-diameter section at B causes the velocity of flow to increase there with a corresponding decrease in the pressure. It will be shown that the velocity of flow is eee Example * The venturi meter shown in Fig. Below carries oil (sg = 0.90). The specific gravity of the gage fluid in the manometer is 1.40. 4 + Calculate the volume flow rate of oil?"Solution: Pof. Dr Raid AlKateeb 2 2 2 2 OV; Se a Ys = Pa“ Pa +(z,—z,) Dy = D4! Ps =v, *) =7.11v, 2g Vy Dy 5 23 Za= 0.25 m vi =50.60! vi — v2 =u, - 50.60, = - 49.60; Manometer: pa + yy + ¥(0.60 m) — y¢(0.60 m) ~ y,y — yo(0.25 m) = pp Pp ~ Pa = ¥A0.35 m) — yo(0.60 m) Pa- Px =935- (1.40)(9.81 KN/m*)(0.60 m) a aes 0.583 (0.90)(9.81 KN/m’) i Yo ~49.602 = 2g[-0.583 m + 0.25 m] = 2g(-0.333 m) va = 729.81 m/s?)(—0.333 m)/(—49.6) = 0.363 m/s Q = Agog = [(.20 m)/4](0.363 m/s) = 1.14 x 107 m/s