Science – Grade 10

Quarter 2 – Resource Materials 3 and 4:

Uses of Mirrors and Lenses and its Qualitative
Characteristics

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 10

Science
Quarter 2 – 3 and 4:
Uses of Mirrors and Lenses
 What I Have Learned on Qualitative
Characteristic of images Formed on
Mirrors and Lenses
A. Directions: Read carefully each item. Choose the letter that you think
best answers the question. Write the answer in your notebook or sheet of
paper.

1. Regular reflection is the reflection of light on a(n)

surface.
A. even, smooth C. semi-smooth, rough
B. even or uneven, rough D. uneven, rough

2. The image you see on a plane mirror is placed in direction(s) of

real image.
A. five C. the opposite
B. multiple directions D. the same

3. A plane mirror has a/an reflecting surface.

A. angled B. concave C. convex D. flat

4. Diffuse Reflection is a(n) reflection of light rays on a

surface.
A. even, smooth C. semi-smooth, rough
B. even or uneven, semi rough D. uneven, rough

5. Scattering of light occurs when light waves travelling in direction(s)

is/are made to travel in direction(s).
A. one, many B. one, ten C. many, one D. several, one

6. With Regular/Diffuse Reflection, the of the object will determine the

SHARPNESS of reflection.
A. angle B. color C. surface D. a and b

7. As per the Law of Reflection measured through the normal line, the angle of
incidence is to the angle of reflection.
A. equal C. less than
B. greater than D. both a and b

8. A concave mirror may form an image which is . Which one of the

following is incorrect?
A. real, erect and magnified C. real, inverted and magnified
B. real, inverted and diminished D. real, inverted and same size

9. The image in a convex mirror is always .

A. real, erect and diminished C. virtual, erect and diminished
B. real, erect and magnified D. virtual, inverted and diminished
10. The image formed in a plane mirror is .
A. at the same distance in front of the mirror as the object is in front of the
mirror.
B. at a shorter distance in front of the mirror than the distance that the
object is in front of the mirror.
C. at the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of the
mirror.
D. at a shorter distance behind the mirror than the distance the object is in
front of the mirror.

11. A typical mirror you look in at a home or in a restroom is a mirror.

A. concave B. convex C. parabolic D. plane

12. What type of lens produces smaller and upright images?

A. concave lens C. convex lens
B. converging lens D. cannot be determined

13. What type of lens is thicker at the center as compared to its edges?
A. concave B. convex C. parabolic D. plane

14. The size of the image is always smaller than the object in .
A. concave mirror B. convex mirror C. plane mirror D. silver mirror

15. What type of lens is use to correct nearsightedness?

A. concave B. convex C. parabolic D. plane

B. Directions: Fill in the blanks in the sentence below. Below each paragraph are
words corresponding on the properties and behavior of light that you will encounter
in this module. Write your answer on a clean sheet of paper.

Light is a natural agent that stimulates sight and make

things possible. It is a type of energy known as 1. . It
is given out by luminous objects such as the sun, light bulbs and
laser. It is made up of little packets of energy called 2. .
Light travels as waves. But unlike sound waves, it does not need
any material to carry its energy along. This means that light can
travel through a 3. - a completely airless space. Light
waves travel out from their source in a straight lines called 4.
.

electromagnetic radiation photons rays vacuum

 Light behaves in a variety of ways when it comes in contact with
water, air, and other matters. When light strikes matter, a part of light
is 7. “ ” into the matter and is transformed into heat energy.
If the matter that the light strikes is a transparent material, the light
component that was not absorbed within the material is
8. “ ” through and exits to the outer side of the material. If
the surface of the material is smooth (a mirror for example), 9.“
” occurs, but if the surface is irregular having pits and
protrusions, the light 10. “ ”.

Absorbed reflection scatters transmitted

These exercises you have answered help you understand the nature of light.
In this module, you will do varied activities which will help you comprehend the
qualitative characteristics of image formed in Plane Mirror, Concave Mirror, and
Convex Mirror.

What is It

Reflection of Light in Mirrors

The laws of reflection state that:

1. the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal line to the reflecting
surface all lie in the same plane; and
2. the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

a line that is
perpendicular
to the surface

- the ray of light - the ray of light

coming from the which leaves the
light source Angle of
mirror
Angle of
towards a surface incidence reflection

- the angle
between the
incident ray
and normal line
Reflection of a Light ray on a Plane - the angle
between the
reflected ray and
normal line
Reflection in Plane Mirror

When light hits an object, every part of that object reflects light in all direction.
Some of the reflected light reaches our eyes. Thus, we can see an object.

Characteristics of images formed by a

plane mirror:
1. Image is virtual;
2. Same size as the object;
3. Same orientation as the object; and
4. Same distance from the mirror as the
object.

Reflection in a plane
Mirror

Types of Reflection of Light

a. Specular/Regular reflection. It is
defined as light reflected from a
smooth surface at a definite angle.

b. Diffused/Irregular Reflection. It is
produced by rough surfaces that tend to (a)
reflect light in all directions.

(b)
(a) Mountains and its reflection on calm water (b) Mountains and its reflection on
wavy water

The phenomenon by which a ray of light changes the direction of propagation

when it strikes a boundary between different media through which it cannot pass is
described as the reflection of light.

If the bundle of light rays is incident upon a smooth surface, then the light
rays reflect and remain concentrated in a bundle upon leaving the surface. On the
other hand, if the surface is microscopically rough, the light rays will reflect and
diffuse in many different directions.
 Specular Reflection Diffuse Reflection
(smooth surface) (rough surface)
(a) (b)
Figure 5. (a) Parallel light rays reflect in one direction. (b) Parallel light rays reflect in
different directions.

Mirror Left-Right Reversal

If you view an image of yourself in a plane mirror (perhaps a bathroom mirror),

you will quickly notice that there is an apparent left-right reversal of the image. That
is, if you raise your left hand, you will notice that the image raises what would seem
to be its right hand. If you raise your right hand, the image raises what would seem
to be its left hand. This is often termed left-right reversal.

Figure 6. Mirror Left-Right Reversal

The letters in front of the ambulance are written laterally. This is because
when seen in rear view mirror by another vehicle, the image of the word would get
inverted, letting the driver read the word properly so that he can provide way to the
ambulance.

Figure 7. Mirror Left-Right Reversal

Reflection on Spherical Mirrors

Most curved mirrors are called spherical mirrors because their shape follows
the surface of a sphere.

Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors:

1. The Concave Mirror
• It reflects light inward to one focal
point. It is used to focus light.
• Also known as converging mirror has
a reflecting surface that is recessed
inward (away from the incident light). Parallel rays
converge after reflection on a
concave mirror
2. The Convex Mirror
• Also known diverging mirror is a
curved mirror in which the reflective
surface bulges towards the light
source.
• Convex mirrors reflect light outwards;
therefore they are not used to focus
Parallel rays
light.
diverge after reflection on a
convex mirror

There are two types of images formed by reflecting surfaces .

Figure 11. Reflection from Concave and Convex Mirror

Real Image Virtual Image

1. A real image is formed when light
rays actually meet after reflection.
2. A real image can be formed on a
screen.
3. A real image is inverted with respect
to the object.
e.g. The image of a distance object
formed by a concave mirror.
1. A virtual image is formed when light
rays do not actually intersect after
reflection, but they appear to diverge
from the mirror.
2. A virtual image cannot be formed on
a screen.
3. A virtual image is erect with respect
to the object.
e.g. The image of an object formed by a
convex mirror.
Ray Diagram and Image Formation by Plane Mirror

A plane mirror makes an image of objects in front of the mirror; the image
appears to be behind the plane in which the mirror lies. An image is formed by
reflection when two or more reflected rays of a point meet at a single point. The image is
formed at the point of intersection of the reflected rays.

Image Formation by Plane

Mirror
Behind the
Location
mirror
Orientation Upright
Same size as the
Size
object
Type Virtual

Image Formation by Plane Mirror

Images Formed by Curved Mirrors

In locating the image formed in curved mirror graphically, six important points
are considered. The following important points are enumerated below.

• Center of Curvature, – the center of

the sphere whose surface forms the
curved mirror
• Focal Point, – where the light rays
meet
• Vertex, – the point where the
principal axis meets the mirror
• Principal Axis – the straight line
passing through the center of
curvature to the mirror
• Focal Length, – the distance from the
focal point to the vertex
• Radius of Curvature, – the distance
from the vertex to the center of the
curvature Curved Mirrors

Since the focal point is the midpoint of the line segment adjoining the vertex
and the center of curvature, the focal length would be one-half the radius of
curvature
 Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Concave Mirror

Image
Sized
Orientation (same, Type
Location of Object
Location (upright or reduced (real or
Inverted) or virtual)
enlarged)
A. Beyond Center of
Curvature
Between
Inverted Reduced Real
C and F

B. At the Center of
Curvature

At C Inverted Same Real

D. At the Focus

No Image Formed

Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Convex Mirror

Image
Sized
Orientation Type
Location of Object (same,
Location (upright or (real or
reduced or
Inverted) virtual)
enlarged)
A. Anywhere you put the object
in front of a convex mirror.
Anywhere you
put the object
Upright Reduced Virtual
in front of a
convex mirror.
Difference Between Convex and Concave Lens

BASIS FOR
CONVEX LENS CONCAVE LENS
COMPARISON
Meaning Convex lens refers to the lens Concave lens can be identified
which merges the light rays as the lens which disperses
at a particular point, that the light rays around, that
travels through it. hits the lenses.
Figure

Curve Outward Inward

Light Converges Diverges
Center and Thicker at the center, as Thinner at the center as
Edges compared to its edges. compared to its edges.
Focal Length Positive Negative
Image Real and Inverted image. Virtual, erect and diminished
Also produces virtual, erect image.
and enlarged image in a
magnifying glass.
Objects Appear closer and larger Appear smaller and farther.
Used to Correct hyperopia Correct myopia.

C. Directions: Summarize what you have learned from the lesson and activities by
answering and write answer on your notebook.

I. Below are the qualitative characteristics of images. Determine whether it is REAL

or VIRTUAL type of images:
1. is upright.
2. is inverted.
3. is behind the mirror.
4. is formed by convex mirror.
5. can be projected onto a screen.
6. is inverted with the respect to the object.
7. is on the same side of the mirror as object.
8. rays of light do not actually pass through the image.
9. can be larger, smaller, or the same size as the object.
10.. rays of light actually converge and pass through the image.

2. Identify whether the following is PLANE, CONCAVE or a CONVEX MIRROR

11. forms images that are either behind the mirror or on
the same side as the object.
12. forms images that are always the same distance from
the mirror as the object.
13. forms images that are either smaller/same size/larger
than the object.
14. forms images that are the same size as the object only.
15. forms images that have left to right reversal.
16. forms images that are either real or virtual.
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 17. forms images that are upright or inverted.
18. forms images that are behind the mirror.
19. forms images that are always reduced.
20. forms images that are always upright.
21. forms images that are only virtual.
12 . forms real or virtual images.
13. . forms only virtual images.
14. is flat, smooth mirror.
15. is a curved mirror.

3. Identify whether the following is CONCAVE or a CONVEX LENS

22. In the , the curve faces inward.
23. In the , the curve faces outward.
24. is a diverging lens that spreads out the light.
25. is thicker at the center, as compared to its edges.
26. is thinner at the center, as compared to its edges.
27. is use for correction of nearsightedness or myopia.
28. is use for correction of farsightedness or hyperopia.
29. is a converging lens which converges the refracted rays.
30. is called negative lens because of its negative focal
length nature.
31. is called positive lens because of its positive focal length
nature.

What I Know

Before leaving your house, you find yourself in the

mirror most of the time and see how you look, what’s
missing or what’s too much. A mirror in real life is not just
like that of a fairy-tale, which is used just to determine the
fairest being alive on the planet. Mirror’s use is not only for
checking one’s physical appearance. A mirror in fact saves
lives of many. Side mirrors in cars, buses and other vehicles
allow drivers to see vehicles behind. With careful driving,
having side mirrors can prevent road accidents. Rushing
ambulance which may have a passenger on a critical
condition, are easily identified with its inverted print.
Figure 1. A mirror image
These are reasons why you see mirrors not only in
your house, but also in cars, in hospitals, and even in dental clinics.
Aside from mirror, this module will also focus on the use and importance of
lenses to man’s life. Like mirror, a lens is also a fundamental object that opens the
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gateway to man’s discovery of the previously unknown world of microorganisms and
the universe afar. Lenses also enable us to see the world we are living in and to know
what surround us. Through lenses, we are capable of enjoying the beauty of nature
and some other creations.
These are just some of the examples of the uses and importance of mirrors
and lenses. These objects, though simple and plain have become part of man’s daily
life, and plays an essential part of his everyday existence.
In this module, you will further discover the Science behind mirrors and
lenses. How they work and what their uses are.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine
their use in optical instruments (e.g., cameras and binoculars); S10FE-
IIh52
• determine how the location of the object from the lenses/mirrors affect
the image formed.
Before you go through this module, let’s check how much do you know about
the application of Mirrors and Lenses.

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 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on your Science
Activity Notebook.
1. You see the reflection of the analog type of clock without numbers in your
plane mirror. The image formed by the hands of the clock shows the time of
8:30. What is the real time?
a. 3: 30
b. 8: 30
c. 9:30
d. 12:30

2. What kind of lens curves inward toward its center?

a. convex
b. concave
c. mirror
d. glasses

3. Which of the following uses concave lens?

a. Magnifying glasses
b. Dentist’s mouth mirror
c. Telescopes
d. Car’s headlight

4. Which mirror concept explains why the word AMBULANCE is written in

reverse in an ambulance car?
a. Lateral inversion
b. Multiple image
c. Virtual image and real image
d. All of the above

5. What kind of mirror is used in the side mirrors of automobiles and trucks to
give the driver a wider area and smaller image of traffic behind him?
a. Plane mirror
b. Convex mirror
c. Concave mirror
d. None of the above

6. A car’s headlight uses .

a. Plane mirror
b. Convex mirror
c. Concave mirror
d. None of the above

7. Concave mirror .
a. gives wider view field
b. produces smaller image.
c. can produce real and virtual image
d. gives wider view field and gives enlarged image.

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8. The sun’s rays are observed to focus at a point behind a lens. What kind of
lens was used?
a. converging lens
b. diverging lens
c. focusing lens
d. none of the above

9. What kind of image is formed by concave lenses?

a. always real
b. always virtual
c. could be real or virtual; depends on the distance of the object from the
focal point
d. could be real or virtual; but always real when the object is placed at the
focal point.

10. Which of the following is an application of multiple image reflection?

a. kaleidoscope
b. car’s side mirrors
c. magnifying glass
d. binoculars

11. What type of lens is used in a magnifying glass?

a. Converging lens
b. Diverging lens
c. Focusing lens
d. None of the above.

12. What type of image is formed by the concave side of the spoon when the
object is closer to it?
a. Upright and bigger
b. Upside down and bigger
c. Upright and smaller
d. Upside down and smaller

13. How will the letter e appear in the mirror?

a.
e

b. e
c. ǝ
d.

14. What part of the camera corresponds to the retina of our eyes?
a. aperture
b. shutter
c. iris diaphragm
d. photographic film

15. Convex lenses are used in .

a. magnifying smaller objects
b. camera
c. microscopes
d. all of the above

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 Lesson
Uses of Mirrors
1
What’s In

As mentioned in the first part of this module, mirrors have become part of our
daily routine. At home, we normally use plane mirror, a type of mirror that can be
found in almost every household. We use
this to check on what’s needed to be fixed on
the way we look.

When these plane mirrors are placed

next to each other at an angle, it gives our
eyes not only one image, not even two but
more than that. This is called multiple
images. The mechanism of multiple images Figure 2. Images inside a kaleidoscope
is used in the fun and colorful kaleidoscope.

In a barbershop and in a salon or even in malls’ fitting rooms you will find a
lot of mirrors arranged parallel to each other, one in front of you and another one at
your back; it can also be one on your left and another on your right. Were you able
to notice the images that your eyes can see?

If the answer in the above’s question is no, try to observe again the images in
the mirrors that surround you, when you happen to go to one of the said places and
count the number of images that you can see.

Surely, this arrangement of mirrors will make it hard for you to count the
number of images that you see, because it will give you infinite number of images;
which means a number that can’t be counted.

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 What’s New

Have you checked yourself in the mirror today? Try to do this activity to
reveal a message that is specially sent for you.
You’ve Got a Message in a Mirror!
What you need: Pen, Science Activity Notebook and Mirror
What you have to do:
1. Read the flipped words below by facing the text box in front of a mirror.

2. Write the message you deciphered on your notebook

3. Now, look at the mirror and read it loud and with confidence.

What is It

Did the activity brighten up your day? In the

previous modules you learned about the nature of images
formed by different types of mirrors and lenses. One of the
properties of images formed by a mirror that you learned
in the preceding module is called the lateral inversion,
wherein your right becomes your left and your left
becomes your right. What you did in the activity is a
demonstration of this property of the image formed in a
plane mirror.

Maybe along the way to school, you happened to see

an ambulance rushing its way to the hospital, have you
noticed that the word AMBULANCE is written in reverse? Figure 3. The word AMBULANCE written
Why do you think is this so? in reverse.

7
 Let’s have a little recall of what a mirror is. Technically, a mirror is a reflective
surface, made of glass coated with metals, which bounces off light that strikes its
surface and form a visual representation or projection of an object called image.

Questions like: How do images form in a mirror? How is one able to see his or
her image in the mirror? What makes up a mirror? These were the queries you asked
before going through the modules about Mirrors and Lenses, but surely these
learnings were all made clear in the prior modules about the said topics.
In the previous modules about mirrors, you found out that mirrors produce
different types of images depending on their shapes. Plane and convex mirrors form
images called virtual images, upright and erect. Other type of image formed by a
mirror is called real image; inverted upside down and larger than the original image.
Concave mirrors can produce both virtual and real images.

Applications of Concave and Convex Mirrors

A mirror is not just flat and plane, a mirror can be curved; convex and concave
mirrors. These mirrors are collectively called spherical mirrors.
Concave mirror

Concave mirror, also known as a converging

mirror has reflecting surface which collects light
inward and focus them to one focal point, this type of
mirror is what the dentist used in magnifying the area
behind your teeth to check on cavities and tooth
decay.
Figure 4. A mouth mirror used by a dentist

For illuminating purposes, you can see concave

mirrors used in headlamps, flashlights and spotlights.
In these devices, the light rays that gathered from a
small source of the mirror are collected and directed
outward in a beam. Small light source bounded by a
concave mirror flashes a brighter beam.

Figure 5. Concave mirror in a flashlight

Convex mirror, also known as diverging mirror, is

another type of spherical mirror which has the outer bulging
surface that reflects light instead of the inner one. It has a
wider view field compared to a concave mirror. This makes
bigger objects appear to be smaller than their original form.

A car’s side mirrors enable the driver and its passenger

to see the vehicles behind. Also, while in mall supermarkets
and in some convenience stores, you may notice mirrors
hanging on corners from which you can see your reflection
and those of other people. These are just some of the Figure 6. Side mirrors of Cars are convex
mirrors.
applications of convex mirrors.

Can you think of other uses of convex and concave mirrors?

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 What’s More

Enrichment Activity 1: “Light Reflectors”

(Adapted from: Science and Technology Textbook for Fourth Year, Reprint Edition)

Materials: Flashlight (the one that can be dismantled), pen and Science
Activity Notebook
Procedure:

1. Get a flashlight and switch it on. What do you observe about the beam it
emits?

2. Examine the part where the bulb is positioned.

Q1. What do you notice?

3. Remove the reflector from the flashlight’s body. Describe the reflector.
Note: The reflector is the silver-colored material that surrounds the bulb of
the flashlight
4. Remove the bulb and connect it to a source such that it can be moved or
adjusted within the concave reflector. See figure below:

5. Put the bulb in a position 1. Connect to the source and switch it on.
Q2. What do you observe about the beam it emits?

6. Repeat step 5 with the bulb at position 2 then 3.

Q3. What are the differences of the beam intensities?

7. Summarize your observations by writing: brightest, brighter, and bright for

the beam intensities in the table provided below.
Position of Bulb in the Beam Intensities
Reflector
Position 1
Position 2
Position 3
8. Reassemble the flashlight that you dismantled after use.

9
 The activity on Light Reflectors allows you to understand how a concave mirror
illuminates light beam from a small source. As you can observe, when the bulb is
removed from the concave reflector, the light it emitted is not as bright as when it is
positioned in the center of the reflector.

Enrichment Activity 2: Mirror Self-Check!

Directions: Write your answers to this activity on your Science Activity notebook.

Materials: Double-sided make up mirror, side mirror (of a motorcycle or of a car)

Science Activity Notebook

Procedure:

1. Hold a make-up mirror close in front of you. Describe the image that you see.
Write your observations in your Science activity notebook.

Q1.

2. Have someone hold the mirror for you, slowly move at least 3 m away from the it.
Observe your image as you move away from the mirror. Are there any changes in
the image formed? Write your observations.

Q2.

3. Holding the same mirror, turn the other side close in front of you. What do you
observe about the image that you see? How do you compare your image on this
side of the mirror to the image formed in the opposite side of it?

Q3.

4. Again, have someone hold the mirror for you, slowly move at least 3 m away
from the mirror. How do you compare your image when you were observing it
closer in front of you and when you were 3m away from the mirror?

Q4

5. Now this time, sit close in front of a side mirror. How do you describe the image
that you see? Write your observations.

Q5.

6. Slowly move at least 3 m away from the side mirror. Observe your image as you
move away from the mirror. Write your observations.

Q6.

7. Compare the images formed in different mirrors. You may draw illustrations to
support your answer.

Q7.

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 The activity above helped you understand the different images formed by the
three different mirrors; plane mirror, concave mirror and convex mirror. A plane
mirror produces upright, left-right reversed and virtual image. Concave mirror
produces a magnified image and virtual image, but as you move away from it,
image is projected upside down, called real image. Convex mirror on the other
hand gives us the smaller version of the image, thus allowing us to see wider view
field.

Assessment 1
Directions: Identify what is defined in the following statement, you can use the
jumbled letters in each item as a hint. Write your answers on your Science Activity
Notebook.
1. A plane mirror is a flat surface mirror, the image formed by a plane mirror
is called (TULARIV) image.
2. Mirrors arranged parallel to each other can form (ENITFNII) image, a
number you can’t count.

3. A (PEOCSOKAEILD) is a colorful optical instrument in which the

mechanism of multiple image is used.

4. A convex mirror is used in car’s side mirror because it gives (RDWIE) view
field than concave mirrors.

5. To secure the store from shoplifters, aside from CCTV camera, store owners
hang (RORMIR XNCOEV) on the corner.

Assessment 2
Directions: Directions: Read carefully each item. Choose the letter that you
think best answers the question. Write the answer in your notebook or sheet of paper.
1. The reflection by the rough surfaces that tend to reflect light in all directions is
called .
a. diffused reflection c. regular reflection
b. glossy reflection d. specular reflection

2. The image you see in a plane mirror is called a image because it

is not a real, physical object.
a. imaginary b. physical c. reflected d. virtual

3. The image seen in a plane mirror is .

a. real and inverted c. virtual and inverted
b. real and upright d. virtual and upright

4. Diffuse Reflection is produced by surfaces that tend to reflect light

in all directions.
a. rough b. semi rough c. semi smooth d. smooth

5. Which of the following is a diverging lens?

a. concave lens b. convex lens c. parabolic lens d. plane lens

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6. The center of curvature is denoted by letter .
a. c b. C c. o d. O

7. If the angle of incidence between the incident ray and the normal line is 25 degrees,
what is the angle of reflection?
a. 65 degrees b. 45 degrees c. 35 degrees d. 25 degrees

8. The image formed by a concave mirror will .

a. always be real c. be either real or virtual
b. always be virtual d. will always be magnified

9. The image formed by a convex mirror will .

a. always be real c. be either real or virtual
b. always be virtual d. will always be magnified

10. The focal length is one-half the distance from the vertex to the .
a. center of curvature c. radius of curvature
b. principal axis d. none of the above

12
11. The focal length is denoted by the letter .
a. f b. F c. P d. p

12. A spherical mirror with reflecting surface curved inwards is called

.
a. concave mirror c. curved mirror
b. convex mirror d. none of the above

13. The distance from the focal point to the vertex is called .
a. center of curvature c. focal point
b. focal length d. vertex

14. Which lens is used to magnify objects and refract light? This type of lens is curved
outward.
a. concave lens b. convex lens c. parabolic lens d. plane lens

15. Which describes a concave lens?

a. more transparent in the middle
b. thinner in the middle than on the edges
c. thinner on the edges than in the middle
d. triangular in shape.

Lesson
Uses of Lenses
2
What’s In

In your lessons about the behavior of light in Grade 8, you learned that light
is not reflected when it hits a surface. Light can also bend or refract when travelling
from one medium to another. In this part of the module, let us talk about another
object which plays a vital role in the study of the behavior of light, lenses. Like the
mirror, the lens is usually made of glass. The only thing that makes it different is
that the lens can also be made of other transparent materials like plastics that allow
light to pass through, instead of bouncing the light rays off. Lenses come also in two
types, namely: convex (converging) and concave (diverging) lenses. When these lenses

13
are combined, the produced lens is called meniscus lens. This type has one concave
and one convex lens on opposite sides.

What’s New

On Lenses

The discovery of the uses of lenses has opened a lot of doors for many other
discoveries in the field of Science. It has allowed scientists to explore what’s beyond
the Earth and importantly; through our eyes, which has built-in natural lenses, we
are able to enjoy all of these wonderful things and creations. The prior modules about
mirrors and lenses explained the principles behind how lenses work.

In this part of the module, let us unravel more of it as we talk about some of
the fundamental applications of lenses.

What is It

Uses of Convex Lenses

Sometimes called a positive lens, a convex lens is characterized by its

bulging surfaces that is directed outward making it thicker at the center than on
its edges. It is also known as converging lens because as light passes through it,
its rays bend inward and converge at a spot located beyond the lens known as the
focal point
causing the object behind the lens to magnify or to appear bigger than its
actual size. Image produced by convex lenses can be a virtual or real image.

If both sides of the lens are curved inward, then that type of convex lens is
called biconvex typically seen in magnifying glasses. If only one side of the lens is
curved inward and the other has a flat surface, it is called as plano-convex.

14
 Figure 7a. biconvex Figure 7b. plano-convex

Microscopes

Among the applications in which convex lenses

are used is found in compound microscopes. A
microscope is an instrument that is used in viewing
small objects and microorganisms that are impossible
for our unaided eyes to see. It uses lenses that can
magnify objects100x or even more than a thousand
times.
Have you tried to view objects using a
microscope? What object did you view under it?
There are many types of microscopes, among
this is the most commonly used in school laboratories;
light microscope. This type of microscope uses at least
two convex lenses, one on the eyepiece near the
observer’s eye and the other one is the objective lens
located near the object being observed.

CAMERA LENSES

Figure 9.2. DSLR Camera

Figure 9.1. A view inside a DSLR Camera

As illustrated in Figure 9.1, DSLR camera uses convex lenses where light rays
pass through. These light rays are directed towards the slanted mirror located near
the camera shutter, and then reflected from a translucent screen projected to another
mirror until it reaches the viewer’s eye. Through this, the photographer will be able
to see what he is capturing.
The image formed by the passing of light rays, from the object through the
lens directing to the film of the camera, is affected by the angle of the light entry. The

15
closer the lens to the object, the farther the beams converge. The farther the object
from the lens, the shorter the distance the light beams converge. That is how the
camera works. Though it seems complicated, the entire process is just seconds-long.

The Human Eye is a Natural Camera

Our eyes are our natural cameras. Some of the basic and
fundamental parts of a camera functions just like how the
different parts of our eyes work. Among these are the lens, the
aperture, iris diaphragm, shutter, and photographic film.
The lens, just like the cornea of our eyes gathers and
bends light rays inwardly to the camera. The iris diaphragm
controls the size of the aperture (opening) to regulate the light
that enters. This duo resembles the iris and the pupil of our eyes. The shutter opens
and shuts the aperture to avoid too much light exposure thus helping the
photographic film capture a beautiful image similar to the work done by the eyelids
and the retina.

Concave Lens
Contrary to
concave lens,
convex lens has
thicker edges
curving towards
the center,
Figure 10. The Human Eye and a Camera
causing light to

diverge, hence it is called as the diverging lens.

It spreads out light, producing virtual image,
making object to appear smaller and farther
than the way it actually is.

Although convex lenses can magnify object, it still cannot transfer light
accurately that’s why an object would appear blurry, so Figure 11. Concave lens
makers of binoculars and telescopes add concave lens to

these instruments in order to focus objects that are too far for our eyes to see.

Concave Lenses and Myopia (nearsightedness) Correction

Concave lenses, such as eyeglasses and contact lenses are used in correcting
myopia (nearsightedness). Myopia is a condition in which light rays focus in front of

16
the eye’s retina instead of, on the retina. The result of this condition is a makes
distant object to appear blurry, while near objects appear normal.

Figure 12.2. Light rays converge in the

Figure 12.1. Light rays converge in retina. Image retrieved from:
front of the retina image retrieved https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/
from:
http://www.nei.nih.gov/healthyeyes
/eye_images/Myopia.gif

Meniscus Lenses and Hyperopia (farsightedness) Correction

Hyperopia is the eye condition that enables
someone to see distant object clearly but makes nearby
object seem blurry. This condition is due to the inability
one’s eyes to focus on objects closer to the eyes. A person
with hyperopia has a shortened eyeball, in which the
retina lies closer than usual to the cornea and lens. This
disorder leads to the formation of the image nearby object
to form beyond retina.
Hyperopia is the opposite of myopia, another Figure12.3. Light rays converge at the
vision problem that needs correction. back of the retina. Image retrieved
from:
To correct hyperopia, converging meniscus http://www.hertzogfamilyeyecare.co
converging lens is used. The converging meniscus lens m/far-sighted.html
converge light before it enters the eye eventually reducing
the image distance.

What’s More

Enrichment Activity 3: “Investigating Convex and Concave Lenses”

Directions: Write your answers on your Science Activity Notebook
Materials: convex lens, concave lens and Science Activity Notebook
Procedure:
Part A (convex lens)
1. Hold a convex lens close to some prints of your Science book.
Q1. What do you see? Is the image enlarged and upright? You may draw an
illustration that supports your answer.

17
 2. Bring the lens near your classmate’s eyes (at least 5cm -6cm away)
Q2. What did you notice? Draw an illustration of what you saw.

Part B (concave lens)

3. Hold a concave lens close to some prints of your Science book.
Q4. What do you see? Did it bring the same effect as the one you observed in
Part A? You may draw an illustration that will explain what you observed.

4. Now hold the concave lens further away from you (a hand-stretched forward
distance) and look in something at a distance.
Q5. What do you see? Describe the object that you are looking at using the
concave lens. You may illustrate this observation.

5. Compare the images you saw with the two different lenses. Summarize your
observations using the following descriptions: Larger; smaller; upright and;
upside down. Copy and complete the table below.

Position Image Orientation Image Size

Convex lens Concave lens Convex lens Concave lens
Near
Far

The activity above, showed how the two kind of lenses can form different types
of images. Their sizes and orientations in one’s eyes depend on the two factors:
distance and the types of lens.

This also made us understand why certain lenses are used for specific
purposes.

Assessment 2
Directions: Complete each sentence below by choosing the correct word/words
inside the parentheses. Write your answer on your Science activity
notebook.
1. Rita, a Medicine student, wanted to examine the differences between animal
and plant cell. Her observation will be made better with the use of .
(magnifying glass, microscope).

2. When you hold a convex lens farther from you to see objects afar, the image
that you see is (smaller and upside down, bigger and upright).

3. Lenses of our eyes are (convex, concave).

4. When you hold a concave lens further from you to see objects afar. The
image that you see is (smaller and upright, bigger and upside down).

5. Meniscus lens is used in correcting (myopia, hyperopia).

18
 What I Have Learned

Read: Now let us summarize what we have discussed in this module, complete the
synopsis below, by filling up the blank spaces with the appropriate word/words. You
may choose the words from the textbox provided. Word/words can be used more
than once, so don’t hesitate to use the word/s that you have used already.

Mirror and lenses are the tools used in studying the two main behavior of light:

diverging lens multiple images retina lateral

inversion eyes

plane mirror convex lenses concave mirror eyelids

parallel converging

Lenses convex mirror iris diaphragm reflection refraction

meniscus lenses

(1) or the bending of light and (2) the bouncing

off of light.

Mirrors come in different types. The first one is the (3) , a

type of mirror with a flat surface, it produces an image flipped vertically, this is known
as (4) . When mirrors are placed next to each other at a certain
angle it can create more than one images, known as (5) . When
mirrors are placed in (6) position, facing each other, an infinite number of images is
produced. The spherical mirrors come in two: (7)
or the converging mirror and (8) the diverging mirror.

These mirrors also function differently. A mirror which provides wider view
field making distant objects appear smaller is (9) . If you want to
increase the beam that a certain source of light is radiating, you must enclose it in a
(10) . Dentists also use this kind of mirror because it can magnify the
teeth they are checking on, and this makes easier for them to find the hidden cavity.

Now let us go to lenses.

Like mirror, lenses also come in either convex lens, known as (11)
and concave lens, which is also called (12) .

These lenses are also useful to man, like how a mirror is. To see minute or tiny
microorganisms, Scientists use (13) which has (14) .

To correct a visual problem known as myopia, An eye expert known as Optometrist

would prescribe a myopic person to wear eye glasses with (15) , while for
the person who sees better in a far distance, or the farsighted, a pair of eyeglasses
with (16) is used.

19
 In our body, we do also have a natural camera with built in lenses; these are
our (17) . It enables us to see the world around us because it has an
opening that resembles the aperture of a camera. Natural shutters are like our (18)
, that opens and shuts. The (19) controls the light that
enters our eyes and the photographic film is like our (20) , recording and
capturing the beautiful views around us.

What I Can Do

Challenge: Make your own Telescope!

This activity will help you apply whatever learnings you have obtained from
the above discussion about lenses. Using materials that you can see around you,
improvise or build your own telescope. A telescope is an optical instrument used in
viewing far objects, it is the instrument that astronomers use in observing the sky,
especially at night. Now, imagine yourself as a budding astronomer who lived during
the time that technology has not flourished yet.
Young Galileo, please note that your version of telescope will be assessed with
the following criteria:
Creativity 30%
Functionality 30%
Application of Scientific Knowledge 40%
Total 100%
Now young Galileo, it’s time for you to build your own telescope!

20
 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on your Science
Activity Notebook.
1. Which of the following tells the difference between lenses and mirrors?
a. Lenses refract light, mirrors reflect light.
b. Lenses make object appear larger, while mirrors give exact copy of object.
c. Lenses reflect light, mirrors refract light.
d. Lenses produce virtual image; mirrors make real image.

2. Concave mirror .
a. bulges out toward the light source
b. curves towards the center
c. diverge light rays
d. creates smaller image of an object

3. Which of the following uses concave lens?

a. Magnifying glasses
b. Person with hyperopia
c. Nearsighted corrective eyeglasses
d. All of the above

4. You see the reflection of the analog type of clock without numbers in your
plane mirror. The image formed by the hands of the clock shows the time of
10:00. What is the real time?
a. 2: 00
b. 1:00
c. 7:00
d. Still 10:00

5. Which mirror concept explains why the word AMBULANCE is written in

reverse in an ambulance car?
a. Multiple image
b. Lateral inversion
c. Virtual image and real image
d. All of the above

6. What kind of mirror is used by dentists in examining tooth cavities?

a. Plane mirror
b. Concave mirror
c. Convex mirror
d. None of the above

7. Vehicle’s side mirrors are .

a. plane mirrors
b. concave mirror
c. convex mirror
d. None of the above

21
 8. Which of the following statements is TRUE about virtual image?
a. virtual image seems to appear behind the mirror and is upside down.
b. virtual image seems to appear behind the mirror and is
seen in an upright position.
c. virtual image is formed after the light rays are reflected from the mirror.
d. All of the above.
9. The sun’s rays are observed to focus at a point behind a lens.
What kind of lens was used?
a. converging lens
b. diverging lens
c. focusing lens
d. none of the above
10. Looking through a concave lens, arm-length away can make object appear
.
a. smaller and upright
b. smaller and upside down
c. larger and upright
d. larger and upside down
11. Images in a kaleidoscope are examples of a
a. multiple image
b. convex mirror
c. concave mirror
d. lateral inversion
12. To correct nearsightedness, a person is prescribed with what kind of
lenses?
a. Converging lens
b. Diverging lens
c. Focusing lens
d. None of the above.
13. What type of image is formed by the concave side of the
spoon when the object is arm-length away from it?
a. Upright and bigger
b. Upside down and bigger
c. Upright and smaller
d. Upside down and smaller

14. How will the letter e appear in

the mirror? a.
e

e b. e
c. ǝ
d.
15. Which of the following parts of the eyes function like the
aperture and iris diaphragm of a camera?
a. eyelid and cornea
b. pupil and eyelid
c. retina and cornea
d. pupil and iris

References
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