Macbeth: Act II cont’d

18. What does Lady Macbeth do at this moment of commotion?

19. What does Banquo say he will fight against?

20. Where do Donalbain and Malcom decide to go?

Scene 4:

21. The Old Man says, “’Tis said they eat each other.” What is he talking about?

22. What is the thought of Malcolm and Donalbain because they left Scotland?

23. Where has Macbeth gone and why has he gone there?
Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost

Whose woods these are I think I know.

His house is in the village though;

He will not see me stopping here

To watch his woods, fill up with snow.

My little horse must think it queer

To stop without a farmhouse near

Between the woods and frozen lake

The darkest evening of the year.

He gives his harness bells a shake

To ask if there is some mistake.

The only other sound’s the sweep

Of easy wind and downy flake.

The woods are lovely, dark and deep,

But I have promises to keep,

And miles to go before I sleep,

And miles to go before I sleep.

1. To gain insight into the poem's basic meaning, apply the SOAPSTone method. Keep in mind that
some of these elements function on multiple levels (e.g., author and speaker).

• What is the subject of the poem?

• On what occasion do you think the speaker is saying the poem?

• Who is the intended audience for the poem?

• What do you think the purpose of the poem is?

• Who is the speaker in the poem?

• What is the tone of the poem (the speaker's attitude toward the subject)?

2. Give examples of the following from the poem:

Symbolism

Imagery

Alliteration

Metaphor

3. What is the theme of this poem?

Singleton Sets or Unit Sets

A set that has only one element is called a singleton set. It is also known as a unit set because it has only
one element. Example, Set A = { k | k is an integer between 5 and 7} which is A = {6}.

Finite Sets

As the name implies, a set with a finite or exact countable number of elements is called a finite set. If
the set is non-empty, it is called a non-empty finite set. Some examples of finite sets are: For example,
Set B = {k | k is a even number less than 20}, which is B = {2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18}. Let us consider one
more illustration, Set A = {x : x is a day in a week}; Set A will have 7 elements.

Infinite Sets

A set with an infinite number of elements is called an infinite set. In other words, if a given set is not
finite, then it will be an infinite set. For example, A = {x : x is a real number}; there are infinite real
numbers. Hence, here A is an infinite set. Let us consider one more example, Set B = {z: z is the
coordinate of a point on a straight line}; there are infinite points on a straight line. So, here B is an
example of an infinite set. Another example could be Set C = {Multiples of 3}. Here we can have infinite
multiples of 3.

Empty or Null Sets

A set that does not contain any element is called an empty set or a null set. An empty set is denoted
using the symbol '∅'. It is read as 'phi'. Example: Set X = {}.

Equal Sets

If two sets have the same elements in them, then they are called equal sets. Example: A = {1,3,2} and B =
{1,2,3}. Here, set A and set B are equal sets. This can be represented as A = B.

Unequal Sets

If two sets have at least one element that is different, then they are unequal sets. Example: X = {4, 5, 6}
and Y = {2,3,4}. Here, set X and set Y are unequal sets. This can be represented as X ≠ Y.

Equivalent Sets

Two sets are said to be equivalent sets when they have the same number of elements, though the
elements are different. Example: A = {7, 8, 9, 10} and B = {a,b,c,d}. Here, set A and set B are equivalent
sets since n(A) = n(B)

Subset and Superset

For two sets A and B, if every element in set A is present in set B, then set A is a subset of set B(A ⊆ B)
and B is the superset of set A(B ⊇ A).

Example: A = {1,2,3} B = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

A ⊆ B, since all the elements in set A are present in set B.

B ⊇ A denotes that set B is the superset of set A.

Universal Set

A universal set is the collection of all the elements in regard to a particular subject. The set notation
used to represent a universal set is the letter 'U'. Example: Let U = {The list of all road transport
vehicles}. Here, a set of cars is a subset for this universal set, the set of cycles, trains are all subsets of
this universal set.

Power Sets

Power set is the set of all subsets that a set could contain. Example: Set A = {1,2,3}. Power set of A is =
{{∅}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {2,3}, {1,3}, {1,2,3}}.