BETA- AND GAMMA-DOSE MEASUREMENTS

OF THE GODIVA IV CRITICAL ASSEMBLYt

DALE E. HANKINS
Hazards Control Department. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Livermore, CA 94550

(Reerered 27 Decmrbrr 1983: msepretl 8 April 1983)

Abstract-To aid in the re-evaluation of an exposure that occurred in 1963, information was
required on the response of film badges to the beta- and gamma-ray doses from a critical
assembly. Of particular interest was the beta spectra from the assembly. The techniques used
and the results obtained in this study are of interest to health physicists at facilities where
exposures to betas occur.
The dose rates from the Los Alamos National Laboratory Godiva IV Critical Assembly were
measured at numerous distances from the assembly four and 12 days following a burst.
Information was obtained on the beta-particle spectra using absorption curve studies. The
hetaigamma dose-rate ratio as a function of distance from the assembly was determined.
Shielding provided by various metals, gloves and clothing was measured. The beta- and
gamma-ray doses measured were compared with a film packet used in the past at the Nevada
Test Site with two types of current T L D personnel badges. Measurements made with a
commercial thin-window ion chamber instrument are compared with the dose rates obtained
using other dosimeters.

INTRODUCTION any beta, but i t is known that some beta exposure

THEDOSE received by personnel working around
critical assemblies is now and always has been
measured using a regularly issued personnel
dosimeter. In the past, this was a film-badge
dosimeter; of particular interest here is a simple
film badge worn by the personnel at the Nevada
Test Site (NTS) in 1963. The doses indicated by
the film badge for a person who worked at NTS
on the Fran Critical Assembly has recently been
reviewed (Ho81). The badge consisted of a du
Pont film with a strip of 0.028-in. lead wrapped
around one end of the film. The film was worn
by placing it in a clear plastic (0.004-in. thick)
heat-sealed bag which was attached to the back
of the security badge with a clip. The records of
the individual exposed in 1963 did not indicate
tThis work was performed under the auspices of
the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Liver-
more National Laboratory under contract No. W-
7405-ENG-48.
56 1
occurred.
We were asked to perform measure-
ments on a bare-metal critical assembly to
determine the accuracy of the film badge for
beta and gamma doses from an assembly similar
to the Fran Assembly (which no longer exists).
The betaigamma ratio as a function of distance
from the assembly and of time after a burst (four
days and extending to at least one week after the
burst) was required to simulate an earlier ex-
posure in 1963. An evaluation of the shielding
afforded by various metals, gloves and clothing
which were used in 1963 on and around the Fran
Assembly was also requested. and a study of the
response of personnel TLD badges presently in
use was also included.
The Godiva IV critical assembly located at the
Los Alamos National Laboratory (Los Alamos,
N M ) was selected for this study (Pa76). The
assembly core is made of six plates, I-in.-thick
93”,-enriched uranium. The core is a right cylin-
der 6.1 in. by 7.1 in. dia. and is held together by
562 BETA- A N D GAMMA-DOSE MEASUREMENTS OF THE GODIVA IV
three steel "C" clamps, spaced at 120" intervalsto 137Csat an exposure of 2 R. Each calibration
around the core. The uranium has a thin coating consisted of using the average reading of 16
of vapor-plated aluminum to decrease con- TLDs wrapped in aluminum foil as described
tamination and oxidation problems. This alumi- above. Two packets containing 16 TLDs, which
num coating is 1-2 pm thick and therefore does had been taken to Los Alamos, were used to
not provide any significant beta-particle shield-
subtract background received during the study.
ing when compared to a bare-metal assembly. No correction to the TLD reading was required
(Alpha particles can be detected through this for supralinearity which begins at about 700 R
plating.) Our results can be used with other as-for these TLDs evaluated in our reader. (The
semblies having metal coatings by applying the highest exposure in this study was about 53 R.)
results from our studies to shielding by variousThe gamma dose was converted from R to rad
metals. (using a factor of 1.03) to allow the addition of
Los Alamos personnel agreed to have a specialbeta and gamma doses. Q for beta is assumed
burst of the Godiva IV assembly four days be- to be 1.0.
fore the study began. They also volunteered to Corrections to the beta readings of the TLDs
include their personnel dosimeter in the study were required because of the beta absorption in
which provided an independent check of our the TLD and the wrapping materials. The
calibration and dosimetry procedures. effective thickness of the TLD material relative
Considerable background work was required to aluminum was determined to be 175 mg/cm2,
to evaluate the results obtained in this study. compared to a calculated value, using the TLD
This included an energy-dependence evaluation weight and thickness of 236 mg/cm2 (Ha82b).
of the RO-7 instrument (Ha82a); a determina- Corrections for absorption within the TLD were
tion of the effective beta thickness of 0.035-in.
made using the effective thickness of
LiF TLDs as compared to aluminum (Ha82b); 175mg/cm2.
and a method to evaluate the beta energy (Em) A limited number of the thin TLDs (20mil)
by using the RO-7 or other thin-window beta were used at each distance to confirm that no
instrument (Ha82c). In this study, 'LiFTLDs and significant low-energy beta component was
an Eberline Instrument Corp. RO-7 survey meter coming from the assembly. This is possible
were used to determine the beta- and gamma-dose because the dose evaluated by the dosimeter
rates from the assembly. reader from a thin TLD exposed to low-energy
beta will be larger than the reading of a thick
PROCEDURE TLD if both TLDs are calibrated to '37Cs.
TLD measurements Gamma rays from 137Cseasily penetrate the
The 7LiFTLDs were 1/23 in. square and 20 or TLD, depositing essentially the same energy at
35 mil thick. They were wrapped in 1-mil alumi- all depths in the TLD. When TLDs exposed to
num foil to keep them clean during handling. '37Csare read, a thin TLD has less light output
Nine TLDs were used at each measurement than a thick TLD by an amount approximately
point. They were positioned in a 3 x 3 array proportional to their relative thicknesses. Cali-
with their edges touching, and the aluminum bration factors are applied to the light output by
foil was folded over the TLDs to hold them in the dosimeter reader to compensate for this
place. The aluminum foil was folded so the side difference. When TLDs are exposed to low-
facing the critical assembly had only one layer energy betas that are completely absorbed in
of foil over the TLD. Some TLDs were also both TLDs, the thin and thick TLDs have
exposed in glassine envelopes with only one essentially the same light output, but the
layer of paper between the TLD and the different calibration factors for thin and thick
assembly. TLDs result in the dosimeter reader reporting
The readings of the nine TLDs at each lo- higher doses for the readings from the thin
cation were reviewed. Dosimeters with readings TLD.
differing from the average by more than +8%
were removed, and readings of the remaining RO-1 measurements
TLDs were averaged. The TLDs were calibrated The readings of the RO-7 instrument were
 D. E. HANKINS
corrected using calibration data obtained with
137Csand ‘To sources in the Lawrence Liver-
more National Laboratory (LLNL) calibration
facility. An evaluation of the RO-7 instrument
was performed to determine its linearity and
energy dependence to betas (Ha82a).
The RO-7 readings obtained at Los Alamos
were corrected by applying a + 17% calibration
correction (based on a calibration of the instru-
ment at our LLNL calibration facility), a cor-
rection for elevation above sea level of 0.80
and an energy-dependence factor for the beta
response (beta factor) of 1.3 to convert the
meter readings in R to tissue rad at 7mg/cm2
depth.
Readings with the RO-7 were obtained with
and without the beta shield at 3.7 and 1.9cm
from the center of the probe to the surface of the
assembly. A few beta-, plus gamma-ray, dose-
rate measurements were made at contact with
the assembly without the beta shield (- 1 cm to
center of probe).
The RO-7 instrument has a probe window
thickness of 7 mg/cm2,similar to the recommen-
ded thickness of the dead layer of skin. The
energy dependence of the instrument for betas
between 140keV and 3.0MeV is very close to
k 20% of the tissue dose measured at a depth of
7 mg/cm2.The readings of this instrument com-
pared to the TLD readings is the best indicator
of the presence or lack of any large, low-energy
beta component in the spectra from the assembly.
Personnel TLD dosimeters and jilm badges
Personnel badges of the type routinely issued
to personnel at LLNL and at Los Alamos were
exposed during this study. All TLD badges were
evaluated using routine procedures. The LLNL
badges contain three 35-mil TLDs, two of
which are shielded from betas by a security badge
and a plastic beta shield (Ho82). The third TLD
is in the “open window” position and is held in
place by an acetate cap 32mg/cm2 thick. Un-
fortunately, only one badge was used at each
location and the results are not as precise as they
could be.
The Los Alamos badges contained three 7Li
and one 6Li TLDs (St81). These badges were
read at Los Alamos and the results provided to
the author. Only the 7LiTLD readings in the open
563
window (60 mg/cm2) and the copper-shielded
positions are given in this report.
Kodak type 3 film is presently being used at
NTS and was used in this study because the du
Pont film used in the past is no longer manu-
factured. The film had a small strip of 28-mil
lead wrapped around one end which was held in
place with double-sided tape. When issued in
1963 to personnel at NTS, these films were
attached to the security badge using a clip on
the back of the badge. In this study, the film was
exposed with and without an equivalent secu-
rity badge positioned between the assembly and
the film. The film was sent to NTS for devel-
opment and evaluation of film density. A series
of calibration films were exposed to 137Csat the
LLNL calibration facility and the net optical
densities were determined by NTS personnel.
The calibration results were plotted and these
calibration curves were used to evaluate the
results of the films exposed at Los Alamos.
AaSORPTION STUDIES
Two categories of absorption measurements
were included in this study. The first was to
determine the shielding provided by various ma-
terials such as Cd, Cu, clothing and gloves used
at NTS in 1963. The second was to obtain an
absorption curve for the betas from the assembly
to determine the beta- and gamma-ray com-
ponents of the readings obtained with the TLDs.
Absorption studies were made using metal of
the type and thickness that had been used as
plating materials on the FRAN assembly: I -mil
Cu, 4-mil Ni and 10-mil-thickCd. Also evaluated
were 30-mil lead-loaded gloves, surgeon’sgloves,
plastic gloves and clothing. To evaluate the clo-
thing one, two and four layers of lab coat mate-
rial were used. The metals were used at all four
distances from the assembly but the gloves were
only used at contact and 4 in. and the clothing at
18 and 36 in.
To obtain an aluminum absorption curve of
the betas, household aluminum foils and stock
aluminum sheets which varied from 4.77 to
3412 mg/cm2were used. Added to each absorber
thickness was the aluminum foil used to wrap the
TLDs and the mending tape used to hold the
TLDs and absorbers in place. Eleven absorption
thicknesses were used in this study. The thickness
564 BETA- AND GAMMA-DOSE MEASUREMENTS OF THE GODIVA IV
of the aluminum was determined by weighing the the study began, but was believed to be im-
foils or sheets and dividing by their measured portant. Consequently, Lucite rods2-in. long and
area. All materials used as absorbers were cut 1-in. in dia. flattened were used on one side to
into squares not less than 1 in. The TLDs were provide backscattering. Two small recesses of
taped to Styrofoam backing and the absorbers 518 in. in dia. were drilled into the flattened sec-
placed over the TLD. The absorbers were held in tion centered 1/2 in. from each end to a depth of
place on the Styrofoam backing by using one or 1/16 in. The wrapped TLDs were placed in these
more thicknesses of 3M brand MagicE'mending recesses and were approximately flush with the
tape. flattened face. The Lucite rods were placed in
slots cut in the Styrofoam rods to a depth where
the face of the TLD was at the prescribed dis-
EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE tance from the assembly. The TLDs at 12 and
Four distances were selected so the complete 24in. were exposed with and without back-
dosimeter array would be exposed (contact, 4, 18 scatter and the TLD readings are the same, indi-
and 36 in.) and two distances where fewer dosim- cating that backscatter of beta contributes little
eters would be exposed (12 and 24 in.). The last or nothing to the TLD readings. This also indi-
two distances were used to help define the shape cates no large component of low-energy gamma
of the dose-rate curve as a function of distance rays (between 30 and 100keV) exists. These
from the assembly. gamma rays backscatter appreciably (Ha74),
The wrapped TLDs were held at the exposure and if there had been significant low-energy
points by taping them to Styrofoam supports gamma rays, the readings of the TLDs on the
(Fig. 1). The Styrofoam holders were about Lucite would have been higher. Unfortunately, it
2 x 2 in. and were curved to hold all the TLDs at would not have been possible to determine if the
the prescribed distance from the assembly. Two high readings were caused by backscatter of beta
rows of TLDs were placed on the holders 1 in. particles or of gamma rays.
apart and successive TLDs were 1-1/4in. apart Since the aluminum absorption curve re-
along the Styrofoam. quired varying thicknesses of absorbers, mea-
The effect on the reading of TLDs caused by surements at contact could not be made without
backscattering from tissue was not known when moving the TLDs progressively further from the

FIG. 1. TLDs and dosimeters mounted on Styrofoam rings ready for exposure.
 D. E. HANKINS
surface as the aluminum absorber became
thicker. It was decided to make absorption
measurements with the TLDs at 0.5in. away
from the assembly and this was also done at 4.5,
18.5 and 36.5 in. for consistency. No backscatter
was used because it was felt this could adversely
affect the results. The styrofoam supports were
prepared with a second arc, 0.5 in. further from
the assembly. Recesses were pressed in the sty-
Styrofoam into which the TLD packets could
be placed and still have the TLDs flush with the
Styrofoam.
All TLDs, except those in glassine envelopes,
were held in position with one layer of Magic“’
mending tape over the TLDs. The absorber
were then placed over the TLDs and fastened
using tape. The glassine envelopes were placed
on the Styrofoam and only the edges were taped
down to avoid having tape over the TLDs.
The film and TLD badges were exposed at 12,
18, 24 and 36 in. from the assembly. They were
taped to the face of the Styrofoam so the back
of the badge holder or film was at the prescribed
distance. The film was held to the Styrofoam
using tape on the edges only. No tape was
placed over the open window region of the TLD
badges. Two films were placed under the NTS
security badges at 12, 18 and 24 in., along with
two unshielded films.
Some of the thin TLDs were placed in glass-
ine envelopes during exposure. Others were
FIG.2. TLDs and dosimeters in place around the assembly.
565
wrapped in 1-mil aluminum foil and exposed
bare, or shielded by 10- and 63-mil aluminum
absorbers. They were exposed at 0.5, 4.5, 18.5
and 36.5 in. from the assembly.
To determine the dose-rate variation from the
top to the bottom of the core of the assembly,
six packets of TLDs were placed 1 in. apart in
a vertical line along the core. This resulted in
one TLD packet being at contact with each of
the six uranium rings comprising the core.
The Styrofoam and dosimeters were held in
position around the core using several tech-
niques. The Styrofoam holding the dosimeters
in contact with the core were held in place with
plastic tape banded around the styrofoam. This
Styrofoam consisted of three segments cut to
avoid the “C” clamp which held the core to-
gether. The Styrofoam at 4 in. (in two segments)
was taped to the waist band of the assembly that
holds the “C” clamps in position. The sty-
rofoam at 12, 18, 24 and 36 in. was placed on
stands and held by clamps or tape.
The dosimeters were placed at selected lo-
cations around the assembly to avoid significant
shielding of a more distant badge by a closer
badge. The contact badges were placed near the
top of the core, the dosimeters at 4 in. from the
assembly were near the center of the core and
the other dosimeters at the greater distances
were at various heights. A photo of one of the
experimental arrangements is shown in Fig. 2.
566 BETA- AND GAMMA-DOSE MEASUREMENTS OF THE GODIVA IV
Since all the dosimeters could not be put in
place at the same time, records were kept of the
time when each set of dosimeters was positioned
and removed. Exposure times varied by as much
as 25min.
Two exposures were made eight days apart.
The first exposure began four days and the
second 12 days following a burst of 4.31 x 10l6
fissions at 2.25p.m. on 17 Dec. 1981. Each
exposure was overnight and was nominally 17
and 19 hr in duration.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TLD readings
The results obtained with the 'Li TLDs in
glassine envelopes and wrapped in aluminum
foil are given in Table 1 for the first exposure
four days after the burst and in Table 2 for the

Table 1. Results obtained with TLDs for the first exposure on 20-21 December 1981
Absorber 3 5 mil-TLD r e a d i n g s i n mR
Total" Contact
Material" (mg/cm2) Observed CorrectedC 4 in. 1 2 in. 18 in. 24 i n . 36 i n .

Glassine 4.11 52,700 16,900 3,130 1,380 735 343

envelope
None 11.8 33,200 52,700 16,600 2,950 1,360 737 325
4 mil N i 110 36,600 11,900 1,060 292
1 0 m i l Cd 225 20,400 32,300 9,190 819 2 38
1 m i l Cu 41.1 42,500 14,700 1,360 338
30 m i l Pb 280 18,800 29,800 9,330
gloves
Surgeon' s 43.4 47,500 14,900
gloves
Plastic 64.3 29,500 46,900 13,800
gloves
1 Layer 43.6 1,340 339
l a b coat
2 Layers 68.4 1,300 345
l a b coat
4 layers 118 1,160 328
l a b coat

0.5 i n . 4.5 i n . 1 2 i n .
-- 18.5 in.
--
24 i n . 36.5 i n .

Glassine
envelope 4.11 40,700 13,100 3,110 1,320 743 344
None 11.8 24,100 38,300 13,100 2,910 1,290 753 34 7
1mil A1 23.6 36,900 12,800 1,360 332
5 m i l A1 55.5 20,400 32,400 11,900 1,180 306
10 m i l A1 92.5 31,100 10,700 2,430 1,110 608 3 10
20 m i l A 1 161 17,100 27,200 9,270 956 275
63 m i l A 1 447 21,600 7,720 1,760 834 435 245
125 m i l A 1 872 12,500 19,800 7,010 710 232
188 m i l A 1 1,310 20,000 6,920 735 127
250 m i l A 1 1,730 11,800 18.800 7,010 691 115
313 m i l A 1 2,590 18,300 6,480 662 219
500 m i l A 1 3,440 11,900 18.900 6,260 643 204
 D. E. HANKINS 561

Table 1. (Confd.)

Absorber 20-mil TLO readings in mR

Materiald Totalb 0.5 i n . 4 . 5 in. 18.5 in. 36.5 in.

(mg/cm2) Observed Corrected
glassine
envelope 4.11 42,500 14,900 1500 355
none 11.8 22.600 35.800 13,900 1410 342
10 m i l A 1 92.5 33,800 10.800 1 1 70
63 mil A 1 447 14,700 23,300 6850 727 259

a A l l have 1-mil aluminum f o i l wrapping TLOs except where glassine i s used.

Includes the 1 - m i l aluminum f o i l a n d tape used t o hold TLOs and absorbers i n place.
Corrected f o r position on core.

Table 2. Results obtained with TLDs for the second exposure on December 29-30, 1981

A b so r b e r 35-mil TLD r e a d i n g s i n mR
To t a l b Con tdc t
Materiala (mg/cm2) Observed CorrectedC 4 in. 1 2 in. 18 i n . 24 i n . 36 I n .

Glassine 4.11 39,210 11,500 2,096 1,070 561 222

envelope
None 11.8 24,100 38,400 11,130 2,184 1,040 501 223

4 m i l Ni 110 27,000 8,380 829 171

1 0 m i l Cd 225 13,000 20,700 6,430 628 134

1 m i l Cu 41.1 32,400 10,300 1,090 208

30 m i l Pb 280 13,300 21,200 6,310

gloves
Surgeon's 43.4 33,300 10,100
gloves
Plastic 64.3 21,000 33,500 9,280
gloves
1 La y e r 43.6 1,090 210
l a b coat
2 Layers 68.4 1,070 205
l a b coat
4 layers 118 969 191
l a b coat
568 BETA- A N D GAMMA-DOSE MEASUREMENTS OF THE GODIVA IV
- Table 2. (Contd) -___

G 1 a s s i ne
envelope 4.11 28,300 9150 2340 1090 551 210
None 11.8 17,400 26,300 9090 2170 1110 497 220
1 mil Al 23.6 27.000 9050 1070 211
5 m i l A1 55.5 15.100 24,100 8400 990 207
10 m i l A l 92.5 23,400 7 760 1930 920 477 189
20 m i l A l 161 13,000 20,700 6800 81 3 179
63 m i l A l 447 15,200 5290 1230 616 326 151
125 m i l A l 872 9,410 15,000 5020 548 135
188 m i l A1 1310 13,900 4550 5 40 133
250 m i l A1 173c 8,830 14,100 4760 524 131
313 m i l A l 2590 12,400 4310 490 130
500 m i l A l 3440 7,880 12,600 4370 499 124

Absorber 2 0 - m i r T L 0 r e a d i n g s i n rnR

Materiala Totalb 0.5 i n . 4.5 i n . 18.5 i n . 36.5 i n .

(mg/cm' ) Observed Corrected

Glassine
envelope 4.11 21,000 10,300 1190 213
None 11.8 13,600 21,700 9420 1260 207
10 m i l A l 92.5 20,600 6220 948 2 02
63 m i l A1 447 8990 14,300 4420 615 130

A l l have 1 - m i l aluminum f o i l wrapping TLOs except where g l a s s i n e i s used.

I n c l u d e s t h e 1-mil aluminum f o i l and t a p e used t o h o l d TLDs and absorbers i n p l a c e .
Corrected f o r p o s i t i o n on core.

second exposure 12 days after the burst. Tables
1 and 2 are divided into three sections, with the
measurements using metals, gloves and clothing
being at the top, the aluminum absorption
studies in the center, and the results from the
20-mil-thick TLDs at the bottom. Note the
changes in measurement distances in the three
sections of Tables 1 and 2.
Some of the readings of TLDs at contact or
at 0.5 in. from the core have been corrected for
the difference in the activity at various locations
on the core. The results are shown in a second
column in Tables 1 and 2. The readings of the
TLDs placed on the core to measure this change
are given in Table 3 and will be discussed later.
The readings of the 20-mil (thin) TLDs are
given at the bottom of Tables 1 and 2 and can
be compared with the 35-mil (thick) TLDs
immediately above. The results from the 20-mil
TLDs are not as accurate as the 35-mil TLDs
because there was an inadvertent mixing of two
different batches of 20-mil TLDs. The results
show, however, that the 20-mil TLD readings
are not appreciably higher than the 35-mil TLD
readings which proves that the component of
low-energy beta dose is not large. The 20-mil
TLD readings average slightly higher than the
35-mil readings, as one would expect from an
exposure to betas with an Em,, of approx.
2.5 MeV.
Shielding by metals, gloves and clothing
The TLD results obtained using various
shields of metal, gloves and clothing are pre-
 D. E. HANKINS 569

Table 3. Readings of TLDs placed on the core of the when plotted, the lower curves coincide with the
assembly at various locarions upper curve. The adjusted results are given in
Table 1 under the column titled, “Corrected.”)
Distance from
top of core ( i n . ) TLJI reading i n mR Tha gamma-ray dose at zero absorber was
determined by using a straight-line extrapo-
3/ 4 28, 100 lation to zero. Based on the shapes of the curves
1-11/16 38,900 in Figs. 3 and 4, the assumption was made that
2-11/16 42,100 all the TLD readings, at 872mg/cm2 and be-
3-11/16 42,500 yond, are from gamma rays only. The values
4-11/16 37,800 obtained for the gamma-ray doses using this
5-11/16 27,000 extrapolation at each of the thin absorber thick-
nesses are given in Table 5. The beta doses given
in Table 5 were determined by subtracting the
extrapolated gamma-ray dose from the TLD
reading given in Tables 1 and 2.
The beta doses given in Table 5 are plotted in
sented in the top section of Tables 1 and 2. The Figs. 5 and 6. The curves in Fig. 5 have an
decrease in theTLD readings (in percent) caused inflection at about 250 mg/cm2, whereas the
by the absorber material is shown in Table 4. curves in Fig. 6 are straight lines. The inflection
The results from the first and second exposure in the curves indicates that there are two (or
did not show any significant differences, al- more) beta components, one of which has a
though the percentages at 36in. tend to be lower beta energy and is being absorbed at small
slightly less. This is probably caused by the absorber thicknesses.
decrease in the beta component of the dose at In Fig. 7, the curves in Figs. 5 and 6 were
36 in. This decrease is discussed elsewhere in this replotted. The data was normalized to one at
report.) Since little vari.ation was noted, the zero absorber to permit visual comparison of
readings were averaged (last column of Table 4). the shapes of the curves. The curves for the
Significant shielding was afforded by the 10-mil second exposure drop less rapidly than those of
Cd and the 30-mil lead gloves. Both apparently the first exposure, indicating that the beta ener-
remove most of the beta dose component. The gies are higher during the second exposure. The
decrease in the readings caused by the lab coat curves at the larger distances have less slope,
material was less than expected. These results indicating a slight hardening of the spectra
indicate that no significant beta shielding re- caused by air absorption of lower energy betas.
sulted from wearing a lab coat or several thick- The slopes of these curves indicate that the
nesses of clothing for the beta energies encoun- energy Em, of the betas is around 2.5MeV
tered at critical assemblies. (Ha82c).
The beta dose at zero absorber was deter-
Aluminum absorption measurements mined using the zero intercept of the curves
The results obtained with the various thick- shown in Figs. 5 and 6. The extrapolated
nesses of aluminum given in Tables 1 and 2 have gamma and beta doses at zero absorber are
been plotted in Figs. 3 and 4. Also included are given in Table 6. The dose rates were deter-
the results obtained with the TLDs in the glass- mined using the recorded exposure times. The
ine envelopes. The curves show the typical beta dose rates had to be corrected for the
rapid, exponential absorption of the beta par- absorption of the betas in the TLD. This was
ticles followed by a relatively flat region for the done by using the effective beta-absorption
less rapid absorption of the gamma rays. Two thickness of the TLD (175 rng/cm2, i.e. see dis-
curves are shown for the results at contact. The cussion in the “Procedure” section) and the
lower curves were obtained with TLDs located slopes of beta curves shown in Fig. 7. The
closer to the top of the core (by 1 in.) where the expected response of the TLD to the varying
dose rate is lower. (The data points for the lower beta dose rate was calculated through the chip
curves were adjusted using a factor of 1.59 and by determining the least squares fit to the ex-
570 BETA- AND GAMMA-DOSE MEASUREMENTS OF THE GODIVA rv

Table 4. Decrease in TLD readings caused by various meial absorbers, gloves and cloihing

D e c r e a s e d TLD r e a d i n g s 1 % )
F i r s t exposure Se c ond e x p o s u r e Ave ra ge
Material Contact 4.0 i n . 18 in. 36 i n . C o n t a c t 4.0 i n . 1 8 i n . 36 i n . decrease

4 mil N i 31 29 23 13 30 26 21 23 25
1 0 m i l Cd 39 15 40 29 41 43 40 40 40

1 m i l Cu 19 12 1 0 16 9 4 7 9
30 m i l Pb g l o v e s 43 44 45 44 44

Surgeon's gloves 10 11 14 10 11
Plastic gloves 11 18 14 18 15
Lab c o a t
1 layer 2 0 3 6 3
2 layers 5 0 1 8 4
4 layers 15 2 8 14 10

1o4

-a
E L J

L -I t

1
f?----i 0
36.5 inches

2 2
t
v -
-
36.5inches
. ,
-
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Absorber (mg/cm2) Absorber (mg/cm*)

FIG 3. TLD readings as a function of aluminum FIG. 4. TLD readings as a function of aluminum
absorber thickness for the first exposure. The curves absorber thickness for the second exposure. The
at contact were obtained at two locations on the core curves at contact were obtained at two locations on
with different dose rates. the core with different dose rates.
 D.E. HANKINS 571
Table 5. TLD readings obtained under the aluminum absorbers showing the beta and gamma component of
each of the readings for absorber thickness up to 441 mg/cm2. At 872 mg/m2 and beyond, all the reading
is assumed to be from gamma rays only

F i r s t exposure (mR)
0.5 in. 4.5 i n . 18.5 i n . 36.5 i n .
Absorber Gamma Beta Gamma Beta Gamma Beta Gamma Beta

4.11 20,890 19,760 7,343 5,795 750 570 239 105

11.8 20,890 17,370 7,343 5,721 750 535 239 108
23.6 20,860 16,040 7,333 5,501 749 608 239 93
55.5 20,830 11,550 7,323 4,599 748 433 239 67
92.5 20.800 10,320 7,314 3.369 747 362 238 72
161 20,720 6,455 7,285 1,987 744 212 237 38
447 20,470 1,150 7,200 517 735 99 234 11

Second exposure I m R )

4.11 14,280 13,990 5,000 4,147 565 529 142 68

11.8 14,280 12,010 5,000 4,088 565 549 142 78
23.6 14,250 12,720 4,990 4,059 564 510 142 69
55.5 14,230 9,830 4,990 3,414 563 427 141 66
92.5 14,200 9,150 4,977 2,783 562 358 141 48
161 14,180 6,470 4,968 1,827 561 252 141 38
447 13,970 1,260 4,900 390 553 63 139 12

ponential curves and obtaining an analytical
integral of the curve out to 175 mg/cm2. These
are given in Table 6 and were used to obtain the
corrected beta dose in R/hr. This was converted
to rad/hr assuming 86.9erg/g to be 1 R and
100 ergs/g being 1 rad.
The total beta- and gamma-dose rates at each
measurement point are shown in Table 7. The
gamma-dose rates in R/hr had to be changed to
rem/hr (using a factor of 1.03) to permit addi-
tion of the beta- and gamma-dose rates. It was
assumed that the QF for the betas was 1.0,
making a rad/hr equivalent to a rem/hr. To
determine the dose rate at contact, the ratio of
the TLD readings at contact and at 0.5 in. was
used. The same procedure was used at 4, 18 and
36in. At each distance, the average of the
glassine and the aluminum-wrapped TLDs was
used to determine the ratio.
The beta/gamma ratio was one of the im-
portant items desired in this study. Table 7
shows the beta/gamma ratios determined using
the aluminum absorption curves. The curves
show a slightly higher beta/gamma ratio at
0.5 in. than at 4.5 and 18.5 in. There is a decided
drop in the ratio at 36.5 in., undoubtedly caused
by air absorption of the betas.
Figure 8 shows the TLD readings as a func-
tion of the distance from the top of the core. The
location of the TLDs at contact with the core is
indicated by arrows. The TLDs positioned at
0.5 in. from the core were at the same locations.
The peak dose is 1.14 times the dose at 1.5in.
from the top of the core where the TLDs at
contact with the core were located (or the
readings corrected to this location.) The RO-7
readings were made at the center of the core and
this factor is used later when a comparison is
made of the RO-7 and TLD readings.
RO-7 instrument results
The results obtained with the RO-7 instru-
ment are given in Table 8. Corrections to the
measured values were made for calibration fac-
572 BETA- AND GAMMA-DOSE MEASUREMENTS OF THE GODIVA IV

i.-
n 1 1 1 1 1
36.5 inches
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Aluminum absorber thickness (mg/cm2)

FIG.6. Absorption curves for the beta component of

10 the dose from the assembly during the second
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
exposure.
Aluminum absorber thickness (mg/cm2)

FIG.5. Absorption curves for the beta component of

the dose from the assembly during the first exposure.

tor, elevation, and beta and gamma factors (see

discussion in the “Procedure” section; the cor-
rected values are given in Table 9.)
Comparing the dose rates determined by us-
ing TLDs and the RO-7 instrument readings
(extrapolated to 0.5 in. from the core), the RO-7
doses are slightly lower than the dose rates
determined using TLDs. This is probably
caused by geometry factors of the instrument.
The RO-7 instrument has a thick probe-housing
which makes the instrument directional to be-
tas. When measurements are made close to the
assembly core, as done for this study, there is
some shielding of betas from the edges of the
core resulting in low instrument readings when
compared to the TLDs, which are completely
unshielded.
The agreement between the RO-7 and TLD
readings is another indication and the best
evidence that the beta spectra coming from the Aluminum absorber thickness (mg/cm2)
assembly does not have a significant component
of low-energy betas. The RO-7 instrument has FIG. 7. Absorption curves normalized to show
a relatively flat response to betas with energies differences in shapes and slopes.
 D. E. HANKINS 573
Table 6 . Beta- and gamma-dose rates determined using TLD readings and exposure times. The beta-dose
rates have been corrected for absorption of the beta in the TLD using the aluminum absorption curves
obtained during the exposure

Distance F i r s t exposure
from Correction C o r r e c t e d B e t a dose'
assembly TLD r e a d i n g s Exposure Dose r a t e factor for b e t a dose r a t e i n
surface Gamma' Betab time Gamma B e t a b e t a a b s o r p t i o n rate rad
(in.) (R) (R) (hr) (R/hr) (R/hr) i n TLD (R/hr) (rad/hr)

0.5 21.0 19.00 17.02 1.23 1.12 0.577 1.94 1.68

4.5 7.37 6.00 16.88 0.437 0.355 0.604 0.588 0.51
18.5 0.753 0.610 16.65 0.045 0.0366 0.604 0.0606 0.053
3.6.5 0.240 0.108 16.60 0.014 0.0065 0.604 0.0108 0.009

Second e x p o s u r e

0.5 14.3 14.500 18.92 0.752 0.767 0.641 1.20 1.04

4.5 4.49 4.500 18.88 0.264 0.238 0.641 0.372 0.32
18.5 0.563 0.560 18.72 0.030 0.0299 0.669 0.0447 0.39
36.5 0.141 0.075 18.63 0.0076 0.0040 0.712 0.0056 0.005

a Extrapolated values a t 0 absorbed.

V a l u e s t a k e n from c u r v e s shown i n F i g u r e s 5 and 6 .
U s i n g v a l u e s of 86.9 erg/gm = 1 R and 100 erg/gm = 1 r a d .

Personnel dosimeters
The results obtained with the Los Alamos
and LLNL personnel TLD dosimeter are given
in Table 10. Only one LLNL badge and one to
Locations of three Los Alamos badges were placed at each
TLDs at measurement location. These results, therefore,
9 10 contact
do not have the accuracy provided by the
averaging of the nine TLDs in the packets used
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
elsewhere in this study. The gamma-ray doses
Distance from top of assernbly;(in.)
given for the LLNL badge are the average of
FIG. 8. TLD readings exposed at contact with core two TLDs and the beta is from a single TLD.
at selected distances along the core. Also shown are The Los Alamos results shown in Table 10 are
the locations where the TLDs at contact with the from a single TLD in two cases and the others
core were placed. are the average of two or three TLDs.
In spite of the small number of TLDs used to
determine the dose, there is very good agree-
(Emax) down to approx. 150 keV (Ha8la). The ment between the gamma readings of the two
TLDs have very little sensitivity to betas with types of dosimeters. The average ratio of read-
energies below approx. 500keV. The RO-7 ings for the gamma doses was 0.96, indicating
readings might have been higher than the TLD no significant differences. This was an indepen-
readings if a significant low-energy component dent check on our calibration techniques since
existed. the Los Alamos badges were read at Los Ala-
514 BETA- AND GAMMA-DOSE MEASUREMENTS OF THE GODIVA IV
Table 7 . Beta-, gamma-ray and total dose rates determined from the TLD readings at various distances from
the Godita IV assembly

Distance
from
assembly F i r s t Exposure Second Exposure
surface Gama r a y Beta Totala Betalgama Gama r a y Beta Totalb Betalgamma
(in.) R/hr rem/h+ rad/hr r e d h r ratio Rlhr rem/h+ radlhr remlhr ratio

Contact 3.94' 2.55'

0 . 5 in. 1.23 1.27 1.68 2.95 1.32 0.752 0.775 1.04 1.82 1.34
4.0 in. 1.23' 0.73'
4.5 i n . 0.437 0.450 0.510 0.96 1.14 0.264 0.270 0.320 0.59 1.19
18.0 i n . 0.105' 0.067'
18.5 i n . 0.045 0.047 0.053 0.100 1.13 0.030 0.031 0.039 0.070 1.25
36.0 i n . 0.023' 0.013'
36.5 i n . 0.014 0.015 0.009 0.024 0.63 0.0076 0.0078 0.005 0.013 0.63

a Conversion f a c t o r of 1.03 r e m / R was a p p l i e d .

A QF o f o n e f o r b e t a was u s e d t o p e r m i t a d d i n g t h e b e t a - and gamma-dose r a t e s i n rem.
Calculated using the r a t i o of t h e TLD r e a d i n g s a t t h i s d i s t a n c e and t h e 0.5 i n . g r e a t e r
d i s t a n c e (average of t h e g l a s s i n e and aluminum wrapped TLDs was u s e d ) .

Table 8. RO-7 instrument readings obtained at selected distances from the Godiva IV assembly (in R/hr)

Contact w i t h
Date and 3.7 cm f r m a s s e m b l y 1.85 cm from a s s e m b l y a 8 sembl y
time E + Y Y B E + Y Y 6 5 + Y

12/21 p.m. 1.8 1.0 0.8 2.3 1.4 0.9

1 2 / 2 2 a.m. 1.6 0.9 0.7 1.9 1.2 0.1
12/29 a.m. 1.05 0.6 0.45 1.4 0.8 0.6 1.6
12/29 p.m. 1.35 0.8 0.55 1.57
12/30 a.m. 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.3 0.7 0.6 1.5

a D i s t a n c e s measured t o c e n t e r of probe which i s 9.5 cm from f a c e of

housing and 7.5 cm from f a c e of probe.
 D.E. HANKINS 575

Table 9. Readings of the RO-7 instrument corrected for calibration, elevation, and beta and gamma factors.

Contac t C Dose Rates @ 1.27cm

3.7 cm from assembl; 1.85 cm from assemblyb w i t h assembly (1/2 in.)
Date and Y 6 6 + y d Y 6 6 + y d 6 + Y RO-7f TLDsg
time (rem/hr) ( r a d / h r ) (remlhr) (rem/hr)(rad/hr) (rem/hr) (rem/hr) (rem/hr) (rem/hr)

12/21 p.m. 1.10 1.15 2.25 1.54 1.30 2.84 3.1 3.4
12/22 p.m. 0.99 1.01 2.00 1.32 1.01 2.33 2.5 3.4
12/29 a.m. 0.66 0.65 1.31 0.88 0.86 1.74 1.9Ee 1.9 2.1
12/29 p.m. 0.88 0.79 1.67 1.95e 1.8 2.1
12/30 a.m. 0.55 0.72 1.27 0.77 0.86 1.63 1.86e 1.8 2.1

a Corrected u s i n g a n instrument c a l i b r a t i o n f a c t o r o f 0.855, e l e v a t i o n c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r of 1.25,

gannna conversion from R t o r e m of 1.03 and an instrument b e t a f a c t o r of 1.3 ( t i s s u e r a d l i n d i c a t e d R ) .
Distance t o c e n t e r of probe.
Center of probe i s 0.95 cm from end of probe housing.
Sum of Y and 6 columns.
C a l c u l a t e d by applying a f a c t o r of 1.24 t o instrument reading which i s t h e same r a t i o a s t h e
c o r r e c t e d vs uncorrected 6 + Y a t t h e 1.85 cm d i s t a n c e (compare Tables 8 and 9).
E x t r a p o l a t e d v a l u e s based on t h e r e s u l t s given i n t h i s t a b l e .
8 Increased by 1.14 from measured v a l u e s given i n Table 7 t o c o r r e c t f o r h i g h e r dose r a t e s observed
a t c e n t e r of core.

Table 10. Readings ofthe LLNL and Los AImos personnel TLD badges exposed to the Godiva IV Critical
Assembly
Distance
from Beta/ Lo8 Alamos Beta/ Los Alamos/
assembly LLNL badge gamma badge g a m a LLNL r a t i o
Exposure (in.) Gama Beta ratio Gama Beta r a t i o Gama Beta
~~ ~

First 12 1.650 0.392' 0.24 1.730 0.462 0.27 1.05 1. l E d

First 18 0.705 O.25Sb 0.37 0.722 0.199 0.28 1.02 0.77d
First 24 0.419 0.340 0.81 0.444 0.105 0.24 1.06 0.31
First 36 0.247 0.073 0.30 0.208 0.045 0.22 0.84 0.62
8 days 26 7.050 4.660 0.66 6.110 2.110 0.35 0.87 0.45
Second 12 1.320 1.060 0.80 1.220 0.262 0.21 0.92 0.25
Second 18 0.626 0.405 0.65 0.574 0.182 0.32 0.92 0.45
Second 24 0.335 0.127' 0.38 0.298 0.060 0.20 0.89 0.47d
Second 36 0.157 0.069 0.44 0.163 0.036 0.22 1.04 0.52

avg. 0.96 avg. 0.43

a P a r t i a l l y s h i e l d e d by o t h e r badges.
F l y e r (low).
F e l l down d u r i n g exposure.
Not used in c a l c u l a t i n g average.
576 BETA- A N D GAMMA-DOSE MEASUREMENTS OF THE GODIVA IV
mos using its routine procedures and the results within &20% and these results indicate all the
provided to the author. No corrections or re- badges we used met this criteria for the gamma
visions of the results received from Los Alamos dose.
or the LLNL Dosimetry Group were made. The beta dose measured with the film shielded
The beta readings in Table 10 do not show the by the security badge was about a factor of 2
same good agreement found for the gamma lower than the dose reported by the bare film.
rays. Three of the LLNL results were lost Five of the six data points obtained with the
because one badge was shielded by other bare film indicates the film can measure the beta
badges, an array partially fell during exposure dose within f20%, but the remaining point was
(tilting the beta window downward) and one low (by 32%) when compared to the TLD
apparent flyer. The beta/gamma ratio for the absorption curve results given in the last column
LLNL badges varied markedly. The Los Ala- of Table 11. The four data points with the
mos badge showed less variations but they were shielded badge indicated beta doses of 45,45,50
larger than desired. The problem exists, in part, and 61% of the beta dose. These results, al-
because the beta readings are determined from though not very precise, indicate that the bare
the differencebetween the readings of two TLDs film probably could measure beta dose from a
that are not greatly different. This is especially critical assembly, but when shielded by the
true for the Los Alamos badge. security badge, the measurements would be low
The ratio of the beta readings from the two by about a factor of 2. These films were rou-
badges indicates the Los Alamos badge is tinely worn with the security badge shielding the
slightly less than half as sensitive to betas from film.
this assembly as the LLNL badge. The
beta/gamma ratios shown in Table 7 indicate
that the LLNL badge requires a factor of about SUMMARY
2 to correct for the beta reading from this The following conclusions were reached
assembly. The correction factor for the Los during this study.
Alamos badge would be about 4. The
differences between the beta responses of the Film badges
badges are caused by the thickness of the ab- The film dosimeter, consisting of a piece of
sorber in the “open window” part of the badge film with a 28-mil lead foil wrapped around one
(32 for the LLNL badge vs 60mg/cm2 for the end to serve as a beta shield, can measure the
Los Alamos badge). gamma-ray dose received from critical assem-
blies within the &20% required for personnel
Film badges dosimetry. This film dosimeter was normally
The results from the film badges are given in worn behind a plastic security badge which does
Table 11. Each reading is the average of two not affect its gamma-ray response. Although our
films exposed at the same location. Un- results do not give an accurate measurement, the
fortunately, many were exposed beyond the film dosimeter apparently is reasonably accurate
range of the film and those results are indicated when exposed to beta particles without the secu-
as “off range”. rity badge; but, when located behind the security
The presence or absence of the security badge badge, the response is low by about a factor of 2.
had no detectable effect on the gamma-ray
readings from the film. The gamma-ray doses TLD badges
agreed well with those given in Table 7 which Personnel TLD badges of the type presently
were measured using the TLDs in the issued to LLNL personnel can measure gamma-
aluminum-absorption study. Good agreement is ray exposure from critical asssemblies to within
also found between the film badge readings and +20%. The beta response of the badge to the
the results obtained using either the LLNL or beta spectra from this critical assembly is low by
Los Alamos personnel TLD badge (see Table about a factor of 2. The Los Alamos badge
10). The accuracy of personnel dosimetry is records the gamma-ray dose correctly, but is low
considered to be acceptable if the readings are by a factor of 4 for the beta dose.
 Table 1 1 . Results from Jilm badges exposed to the Godiva IV Critical Assembly

Distance Average f i l m badge reading i n (R) Evaluated f i l m badge reading i n (rem)a Dore
from Shielded by Shielded by using T L D S ~
assembly Bare f i l m s e c u r i t y badge Bare Film s e c u r i t y badge i n rem
Exposure (in.) F i l t e r e d U n f i l t e r e d F i l t e r e d U n f i l t e r e d Gamma Betab Gamma Betab Gama Beta

First 12 1.250 Off range 1.680' 1.750' 1.290' Off range 1.730' 0.070'
First 18 0.740 1.500' 0.760 1.160 0.760 0.760' 0.780 0.400 0.780 0.880 p
First 24 0.410 0.890 ----- ----- 0.420 0.480 ----_ _-___ 0.480 0.480 m
First 36 0.220 0.370 0.230 0.310 0.280 0.150 0.240 0.080 0.250 0.160
8 days 26 Off range Off range Off range Off range Off range Off range Off range Off range
Second 12 1.150 Off range 1.040 1.470' 1.190 Off range 1.070 0.430'
Second 18 0.570 1.300 0.590 0.920 0.590 0.730 0.610 0.330 0.580 0.730
Second 24 0.300 0.530 ----- ----- 0.310 0.230 ----_ ----- 0.340 0.340
Second 36 0.150 0.255 0.155 0.210 0.150 0.105 0.160 0.055 0.150 0.090

a A f a c t o r o f 1.03 was used t o convert R t o rem.

Beta was obtained by s u b t r a c t i n g t h e f i l t e r e d reading from t h e u n f i l t e r e d reading.
These r e s u l t s a r e a t t h e upper end of t h e f i l m range and may n o t be accurate.
Based on r e s u l t s given i n Table 7.

VI
-4
-4
578 BETA- AND GAMMA-DOSE MEASUREMENTS OF THE GODIVA IV
RO-7 instrument Beta absorption in TLDs
The RO-7 instrument, when properly cali- A 35-mil-thick TLD has an effective absorp-
brated and adjusted for elevation, can be used to tion thickness of I75 mg/cm2of aluminum com-
accurately measure the gamma-ray dose rate pared to an actual thickness of 236 mg/cm2.The
from a critical assembly. When the beta shield is correction factor for beta absorption in the TLD
removed, a factor of 1.3 must be applied to the varies with distance from the assembly and decay
beta reading to correct for the under-response of time following the burst. In this study, the cor-
the instrument. The gamma-ray and beta doses rection factors based on absorption curves ob-
measured with an RO-7 appear to be accurate to tained using aluminum varied from 0.604 to
within +20%. 0.712.
Betalgamma ratio Beta spectra
The betalgamma ratio from the Godiva IV The beta spectrum from the critical assembly
Critical Assembly is a function of the distance vanes with the function of time following the
from the assembly and is about 1.3 at 0.5in., burst and of the distance from the assembly. The
about 1.2 between 4 and 18in. and drops to spectrum at four days following the burst con-
about 0.63 and 36in., where the beta is being tains a lower energy component that is missing
appreciably attenuated by the air. 12 days following the burst. The intensity of the
betas drops markedly at 36 in., indicating con-
Shielding by metal, gloves an$ clothing siderable absorption by air. The beta spectrum at
Reductions in the total dose rates of 40 and 36in. is harder than the spectra closer to the
44% are obtained behind shielding of IO-mil Cd assembly. The beta spectrum is complex, consis-
and 30-mil lead gloves indicating amost com- ting of a composite of betas and gives an approx-
plete beta absorption. Surgeons gloves, house- imate straight-line absorption curve. The betas
hold plastic gloves and I-mil Cu provide a reduc- have an Em,, of about 2.5 MeV.
tion in the total dose rates of 11, 15 and 9%.
Clothing consisting of one, two and four layers Low -energy betas
of lab coat reduced the total dose rate by less There was no indication of a significant low-
than 10% indicating that clothing provides es- energy beta component in the beta spectra from
sentially no protection against the radiation the critical assembly. To confirm this, mea-
from the Godiva IV assembly. surements were made with thin and thick TLDs.
Absorption curves were obtained using alumi-
Backscattering of beta particles num and the results of the RO-7 instrument and
There was no indication in the TLD readings TLD measurements were compared.
of any backscattering from the Lucite used in the
study. This means that backscattering materials Acknowledgements-The author wants to especially
are not required for TLD measurements of beta thank Ray Pederson of Los Alamos for his generous
particles coming from critical assemblies. The assistance in scheduling the use of the Godiva IV
lack of backscatter also indicates that the assembly and for his help in setting up the dosimeters
gamma-ray spectrum does not have significant around the assembly. Credit is given to George
gammas with energies between 30 and 100 keV, Littlejohn and Bruce Erkilla for providing the Los
where backscattering is significant. Alamos personnel TLD badges and the results ob-
tained from these badges. The film badges were
Non-uniform activation of the core supplied, developed and read by REECO and the
The dose rates on the side of the core is higher author is indebted to Joe Wells of REECO for his
assistance in the handling of these badges. Eric
near center line than at the top or bottom. The Geiger of Eberline Instruments is thanked for his help
dose rates near the bottom are higher than near in making the use of an RO-7 instrument available to
the top probably because of the safety block the author on very short notice. Carl Sundbeck of
which is located just below the core. Surveys LLNL is acknowledged for the unwrapping and
made close to the core of a critical assembly reading of the large number of TLDs used in this
should consider these variations. study.
 D. E. HANKINS
REFERENCES
Ha74 Hankins D. E., 1974, “The Energy Response
of TLD Badges Located on Personnel”, Health
Phys. 28, 8 I .
Ha82a Hankins D. E., 1982, Beta-Energy-Response
Determination of the Eberline RO-7 Survey Instru-
ment, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Livermore, CA, UCID 19484.
Ha82b Hankins D. E., 1982, “Effective Absorption
Thickness of ’Li TLDs for Beta Particles”, in:
Huzards Control Progress Report 1982, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA,
UCRL-50007-81.
Ha82c Hankins D. E., 1982, Evaluation of Beta
Energy E,,,,, and Spectral Type Using Suruey Instru-
ments, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Livermore, CA, UCRL-88275 [Submitted to
Health Physics].
579
Ho81 Hoots S. S . , 1981, 1963 Revisited-Should
We Set a Precedent of Recalculating Old Exposures?,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Liver-
more, CA, UCRL-85457.
€3082 Hoots S. S. and Landrum V., “Glow-Curve
Analysis for Verification of Dose in LiF Chips”,
Health Phys. 43, 904-912.
Pa76 Paxton H. C., 1976, Safety Analysis of the Los
Alamos Critical Experiments Facility, Los Alamos
National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, LA-6206,
VOl. 1.
St8l Storm E., Buslee P. L., Blackstock A. W.,
Littlejohn G. J., Cortez J. R., Fultyn R. V. and
Lawrence J. N. P., 1981, “The Los Alamos Ther-
rnoluminescent Dosimeter Badge”, Radiation Pro -
tection Dosimetry 1, 209.