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CHAPTER 1  Present and Past; Simple and

Progressive
Pretest, p. 1. Exercise 9, p. 5.
1. I
Air consists of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases. 2. Is 9. Is
2. (no change)
C 3. Are  10. Do
3. I
Is the copy machine working right now? 4. Do  11. Is
4. I
We don’t know Sami’s wife. 5. Are  12. Does
5. My cell phone network is often slow. ( Note: This is a
I 6. Is  13. Do
state, not a temporary behavior.) 7. Does  14. Is
6. C (no change) 8. Do
7. I I turned on the stove, boiled the water, and forgot
to put in the rice. Exercise 10, p. 5.
8. I A few children drew some pictures this morning 2. causes 8. blinks
while the teacher was talking. 3. falls 9. doesn’t spoil
9. I When I turned the key, the car didn’t start. 4. doesn’t freeze  10. uses
 10. C (no change) 5. grow  11. isn’t revolving
6. don’t become  12. is getting
Exercise 1, p. 1. 7. are dividing
1. c
2. a Exercise 11, p. 6.
3. b 1. occur  10. cause
2. have  11. doesn’t last
Exercise 3, p. 2. 3. stretches  12. is forming
1. b. washes 4. form  13. are seeking
2. a. sits 5. are not  14. are getting
b. is sitting 6. meets  15. are listening
3. a. works 7. make  16. Are you
b. is working 8. pick up  17. Do you
4. a. is shining 9. flies
b. shines … wakes
5. a. grow Exercise 12, p. 7.  .
  e
  s
b. is growing 1. b 3. a   u
 
6. a. am trying 2. b 4. a   m
  o
b. tries   o
  r
  s
  s
  a
   l
Exercise 13, p. 8.   c
Exercise 5, p. 3.   r
  o
Underlined verbs:   wants, believes, understand    f
1. a 5. c 1. applies 4. lear nØ   e
  c
2. b 6. a   u
2. provides 5. gives    d
3. a 7. c   o
  r
3. teaches 6. looks   p
4. b 8. a   e
  r
  o
  t
Exercise 14, p. 8.    d
  e
Exercise 6, p. 4.   t
  n
1. a. smell  describes a state that exists, i.e., the flowers   a
1. right now   r
have a smell and that smell is good.   g
2. in the winter, every April   n
b. is smelling  describes the action of using one’s nose.   o
   i
3. every year   s
  s
2. a. think means “believe” in this sentence and    i
4. right now, today describes a state.   m
  r
5. every summer, in the spring   e
b.  am thinking  is an action; thoughts are going through    P
 .
6. this week   c
the speaker’s mind.   n
   I
7. every summer 3. a. look means “appear or seem to be” and describes  ,
  n
  o
   i
an apparent state that exists: You are apparently   t
  a
Exercise 7, p. 4. cold.   c
  u
   d
1. beats 4. removes b. am looking  describes the action of using one’s eyes.    E
2. pumps 5. laughØ 4. a. see describes a perception that exists right now as a   n
  o
  s
3. carries 6. goes result of the speaker using his/her eyes.   r
  a
  e
b. is seeing a doctor means “is going to a doctor for    P
  y
Exercise 8, p. 5. help,” a general activity in progress at present.    b
   7
1. doesn’t 3. Is c. are seeing means they are dating each other, a    1
   0
general activity in progress at present.    2
2. does    ©

208  Student Book Answer Key

www.irLanguage.com

5. a. remember  describes a state that exists. guilty and sentences him to death. On the way to jail, the
b. am remembering describes an activity in progress: prison bus crashes and Kimball escapes. A U.S. marshall,
memories are going through my mind. Samuel Gerard, vows to catch Kimball. Several times
6. a. are describes a state that exists. he almost succeeds, but Kimball stays one step ahead of
b.  are being  describes a temporary behavior: The Gerard. In one incredible scene, Kimball jumps from the
children are acting awfully quiet. top of a dam into a river to escape.
7. a. are appearing describes the action of performing on Kimball doesn’t want Gerard to catch him, but he
stage in a theater, a general activity in progress at also wants to solve the murder of his wife. His search
present. for answers takes him to Chicago. He finds upsetting
b.  appears means “seems” and describes an apparent information about a friend and the friend’s work with a
state that exists. pharmaceutical company. After many suspenseful scenes,
8. a. is being  means “is acting.” It describes a temporary Kimball finds the real killers and leads Gerard to them.
behavior. (The present tense is used to describe the action.)
b.  isn’t  refers to his character. It is a state; it is not
temporary.
9. a. is feeling describes the action of using one’s sense of  Exercise 22, p. 13.
touch. The baby is using her hands to touch the grass. 1. ordered
The activity is in progress at the present moment. 2. realized … needed
b.  feels
   describes a state that exists, the state of the 3. tried … answered … was
grass; i.e., it is soft. 4. worried … was
c. am not feeling  describes the speaker’s physical 5. emailed … explained
feelings of illness, in progress at the present. [ Note: 6. responded … fixed
The simple present is also possible here with little 7. relaxed … received
difference in meaning ( I don’t feel well today ) to
describe a state that exists.] Exercise 24, p. 14.
d.  feel 
   means “think or believe” in this sentence and 1. woke up 8. spoke to
describes a state. 2. didn’t feel 9. made / scheduled
3. ached  10. spoke
Exercise 15, p. 9. 4. took  11. introduced
2. a 5. a 5. had  12. filled
3. b 6. a 6. didn’t leave  13. didn’t leave
4. b 7. ate / had  14. confused

Exercise 17, p. 10. Exercise 25, p. 14.

1. A: are you looking 1. happy, good about my decision
B: look 2. two classes, at night
 . 3. the car with gas
  e
  s A: Do you think … resemble
  u
  4. with colored pencils, several faces, for several hours
B: I see
  m
  o 2. A: Do mosquitos exist 5. in the woods, some money
  o
  r
  s
  s B: know 6. from math class, some money from the bank
  a
   l 7. my hand, some rice
  c 3. am sitting … is texting … is opening … is taking … is
  r 8. these jeans, my shirt
  o
   f staring … seems … is thinking … do you think … is
  e doing 9. at the sad ending, when the play finished
  c
  u  10. over the fence, very quickly, in a sunny spot
   d
  o
  r
  p Exercise 18, p. 10.
  e
  r
  o 1. is 7. looks Exercise 26, p. 15.
  t
   d 2. am standing 8. are forming Part I
  e
  t
  n 3. is shining 9. is moving In 2011, at the age of 100, Fauja Singh did something
  a
  r
  g 4. are enjoying  10. are forecasting incredible: he ran a 26-mile (42 km.) marathon! He was the
  n
  o
   i 5. is  11. think first 100-year-old to ever run a marathon. Singh decided he
  s
  s
   i 6. are looking  12. is wanted to compete in races when he saw a marathon race on
  m
  r
  e TV. He was 89! He didn’t know much about training and
   P showed up for his first session in a suit and tie.
 .
  c
Exercise 19, p. 10.
  n
   I 1. don’t have … don’t own … is wearing … wear Originally from India, Singh moved to England in the
 ,
  n 2. is doing … is being … doesn’t want … is always 1990s after his wife and son died. At the time, he said he
  o
   i
  t 3. am looking … looks … has … isn’t having felt more dead than alive. He was very depressed and later
  a
  c believed that long-distance running saved him.
  u 4. A: do you like … Does it need
   d
   E B: tastes … reminds He competed in his first marathon in London at the age
  n of 89. He prepared for it in only ten weeks. His best time
  o
  s
  r was at the 2003 Toronto Waterfront Marathon. He ran
  a
  e Exercise 20, p. 11.
   P it in five hours and 40 minutes. Singh became world-
  y The Fugitive is an action-packed, edge-of-your-seat
   b famous and even carried the Olympic torch in 2012. In
   7 movie. The police unjustly accuse Dr. Richard Kimball,
   1 2013, he decided to retire from long-distance running and
   0 the main character, of his wife’s murder. A court finds him
   2 completed his last marathon in Hong Kong.
   ©

Student Book Answer Key 209

www.irLanguage.com

Part II Exercise 34, p. 21.

2. wore 6. was 1. yes 3. no
3. left 7. carried 2. yes 4. yes
4. ran 8. retired
5. felt
Exercise 35, p. 21.
1. b, c
Exercise 27, p. 16. 2. a, b
1. b 3. a, b, c
2. a 4. a, c
5. b
Exercise 28, p. 17.
2. 2, 1 4. 2, 1 Exercise 37, p. 22.
3. 1, 2 5. 2, 1 1. Breakfast is an important meal. I always eat a big
breakfast.
Exercise 29, p. 18. 2. While I was working in my office yesterday, my cousin
1. was thinking … wasn’t listening stopped by to visit me.
2. was shining … was blowing 3. Yuki stayed  home because she caught a bad cold.
3. stopped … wasn’t … was sitting … didn’t get 4. My brother looks like our father, but I resemble my
4. were arguing … walked mother.
5. was waiting … opened … found 5. Jun, are you listening to me? I am talking to you!
6. was reading … fell … covered … sneaked / snuck 6. While I was surfing the Internet yesterday, I found a
really interesting website.
7. Did you speak English before you came here?
Exercise 30, p. 18.
8. I do not agree with your opinion.
1. a 3. a
9. My roommate usually watches television, listens to
2. b 4. a
music, or goes out in the evening.
 1 0. Right now Sally is in the kitchen eating breakfast.
Exercise 31, p. 18.  11. While I was driving home last night, I heard a strange
2. b, c 6. a noise in the engine.
3. a, b, c 7. a, b  12. Why are you talking about me? I don’t appreciate that.
4. b 8. a, c  13. Yesterday, while I was sitting at my computer, Shelley
5. c suddenly came into the room. I didn’t know she was
there. I was concentrating hard on my work. When
Exercise 32, p. 19. she suddenly spoke, I jumped. She startled  me.
1. A: did you break
B: slipped … was crossing Exercise 38, p. 23.  .
  e
  s
2. B: was looking  Note:  The directions should say: Underline the past tense   u
 
A: Did you find verbs.   m
  o
B: parked Today was my first day at the university, and I was late   o
  r
  s
  s
3. A: Did you ask … saw for class. I didn’t remember the name of the building   a
   l
  c
B: was working … looked … decided and went to the wrong one. After about ten minutes   r
  o
   f
4. A: Were you of confusion, I finally found the right class and walked   e
  c
B: missed … didn’t want … was giving in somewhat embarrassed. A girl with a friendly smile   u
   d
5. B: happened moved her books off the chair next to her. I sat down. The   o
  r
  p
A: got professor was going over the syllabus. I didn’t have a copy,   e
  r
A: was driving … wasn’t paying … didn’t see … kept but I didn’t want to interrupt him. The girl next to me   o
  t
shared hers. The course looked interesting but difficult.    d
  e
  t
I wondered if all my classes had this much work. Then the   n
Exercise 33, p. 20.   a
  r
teacher announced study groups. My new friend and I   g
Part I   n
were in the same group. She introduced herself during the   o
   i
1. F 4. T   s
  s
break, and I felt very comfortable when I spoke with her.    i
2. F 5. F   m
  r
Maybe the class is going to be OK after all.   e
3. F 6. F    P
 .
  c
Part II   n
   I
Self-Study: Gerunds and Infinitives 1, p. 24.  ,
1. had 9. heard   n
Test Yourself    o
   i
2. burst  10. sped   t
  a
2. to go 6. to go   c
3. broke  11. saw   u
3. going 7. going    d
4. woke  12. ran    E
4. to go / going 8. to go / going   n
5. heard  13. got   o
  s
5. to go   r
6. shook  14. caught   a
  e
7. hid  15. felt    P
  y
8. came  16. upset    b
   7
   1
   0
   2
   ©

Student Book Answer Key 210

www.irLanguage.com

CHAPTER 2  Perfect and Perfect Progressive

Tenses
Pretest, p. 25. Exercise 11, p. 32.
1. I
How long have you known my sister? Sample answers:
2. (no change)
C 2. slept 7. played
3. I
Have you ever seen a ghost? 3. taught 8. showed / shown
4. I
How have you been? I haven’t seen you for a while. 4. owned 9. developed
5. I
Jonas has owned his home since last year, but his 5. witnessed  10. become
parents helped him buy it. 6. aced
6. I How long have you been waiting for me?
7. I I have been watching TV since I got home. Exercise 12, p. 33.
 8.–10. C (no change) 1. A: Have … met (unspecified time)
B: haven’t (unspecified time)
Exercise 1, p. 25. 2. B: haven’t watched (unspecified time) … haven’t had
1. lived (unspecified time)
2. spoken 3. A: has been (from the beginning of the week up to
3. done now) … ’ve had (from the beginning of the week
up to now)
Exercise 3, p. 28. 4. A: haven’t eaten (from the beginning of the day until
2. … spoken English? now) … ’ve had (unspecified time)
3. … known our teacher?
4. … studied English? Exercise 13, p. 33.
5. … had a passport / visa? 1. has been 6. has met
6. … owned … ? 2. has ever received 7. has discovered
7. … been awake? 3. has wanted 8. has also heard
8. … lived in this town? 4. took 9. has learned
9. … participated in sports? 5. came
 1 0. … played … ?
Exercise 15, p. 34.
Exercise 7, p. 30. Part I
 . … since … for 
  e
  s The phrase “bucket list” has become popular because
  u
  the beginning of March a long time of a movie of the same name: The Bucket List.  In the
  m December two days
  o movie, two cancer patients, one a playboy and the other a
  o
  r
  s last week most of the month family man, become roommates in the hospital. Neither
  s
  a
   l New Year’s Day days
  c has a good prognosis. They spend a lot of time together
  r yesterday over a week
  o
   f and talk about what they want to do before they “kick the
  e you got here ages bucket.”  Kick the bucket   is an idiom for “die.” So the two
  c
  u
   d friends make “a bucket list”: a list of things they want to
  o
  r
  p Exercise 8, p. 30. accomplish before they kick the bucket.
  e
  r 1. have lived … moved Now many people have made bucket lists. Activities
  o
  t
   d 2. was … has loved often include traveling to exotic places and doing exciting
  e
  t sports like skydiving or bungee jumping. There are books
  n
3. has wanted … went
  a
  r 4. have seen … bought and websites with hundreds of suggestions.
  g
  n 5. left … have felt Think about your life. What haven’t you done but would
  o
   i
  s
  s like to do?
   i
  m
  r Exercise 9, p. 31. Part II
  e
   P 1. already (unspecified) 1. She has ridden in a hot-air balloon already.
 .
  c 2. She hasn’t learned how to write computer code yet.
  n
   I 2. yet (unspecified)
 , 3. never (unspecified) 3. She has eaten at a 5-star restaurant already.
  n
  o
   i 4. She hasn’t found a job she never wants to quit yet.
  t 4. lately (unspecified)
  a
  c 5. She hasn’t sung in front of a live audience yet.
  u
   d 6. She hasn’t discovered a cure for her insomnia yet.
   E Exercise 10, p. 32.
  n 7. She hasn’t slept on a beach under the stars yet.
  o
  s 1. traveled, taught, ridden, flown
  r 8. She has swum with the dolphins.
  a 2. finished, worked on, spent time on, looked at, discussed
  e
   P 9. She has traveled to Antarctica already.
  y 3. done, tried, paid for, gotten, communicated, bought,
   b  10. She has had an interesting conversation with a famous
   7 decided, researched
   1 person already.
   0
   2
   ©

Student Book Answer Key 211

www.irLanguage.com

Exercise 17, p. 35. See what you think. You may be pleasantly surprised by
1. is 5. has your progress. Good luck!
2. has 6. is  present perfect simple past 
3. have 7. have have used saw
4. is 8. have have made missed
has shown
Exercise 19, p. 37. have studied
Sample past tense sentences:
 Jin’s parents left Hong Kong in 1990. Exercise 23, p. 39.
His parents started a new life in 1990. I have just learned from my friend Robert Shaw that he
His parents started a restaurant in 1992. has decided to leave his position as tour guide and that you
 Jin started at the University of Melbourne in 2013. need to find a summer replacement quickly. I would like to
 Jin left Australia in 2015. apply for the position.
Sample present perfect sentences: I came to this city two years ago to study at Columbia
 Jin’s parents have lived in Australia since 1990 (OR  for University. I have been a student in history and
years). economics since that time. I am a hard worker and have
 Jin’s parents have been in Sydney since 1991 (OR  for held several part-time jobs at the college: tutor, library
years). researcher, and History Department teaching assistant.
His parents have worked in Sydney since 1991 ( OR  for I am originally from Mexico City and speak fluent
years). Spanish and English. My father is an English professor,
 Jin
  has been / has lived in Hong Kong since 2015 (OR  for and I learned to speak English as a child. When I lived in
years). Mexico, I worked at my uncle’s hotel. I helped tourists
 Jin has studied Chinese since 2015 (OR  for years). with their travel arrangements in the city. I also gave city
tours in both Spanish and English. I have a good sense of
humor, and my tours were a lot of fun.
Exercise 20, p. 37.
Because of my history background, I have been very
1. has never seen … saw
interested in this city since I arrived. I have done a lot
2. had … went … have not had
of reading and have discovered many fascinating stories
3. has been … was
about it.
4. has just occurred … occurred
I think I have the qualifications to make an excellent tour
5. A: have known
guide. Would it be possible to speak with you about the job
B: knew
at a convenient time? I thank you in advance.
6. have gotten … saw … have also gotten

Exercise 24, p. 39.

Exercise 21, p. 38.
1. a, c
Have you ever used flashcards to study grammar or
2. a, c  .
vocabulary? Have you made flashcards to study the   e
  s
  u
 
past participle forms that you saw at the beginning of
Exercise 25, p. 41.   m
this chapter? Research has shown that using flashcards   o
  o
  r
with spaced-repetition practice is a very effective way to 1. are … have been   s
  s
2. is … has been   a
   l
memorize information.   c
Spaced repetition means spacing out your practice over 3. is … has been   r
  o
   f
a period of time. For example, after you study a list of   e
  c
vocabulary words, you wait a few days to review them.   u
Exercise 26, p. 41.    d
  o
If you get the words correct, you wait longer before you   r
1. has been looking   p
  e
review them again. On the other hand, for words you 2. has been helping   r
  o
  t
missed, you practice them over shorter periods of time. 3. have been working    d
There are many apps for spaced-repetition flashcard   e
  t
4. haven’t been getting   n
practice. I personally like AnkiApp because it’s very   a
  r
5. have been traveling   g
user-friendly. Anki follows your progress and chooses the 6. has been doing   n
  o
   i
flashcards for you to study each day.   s
  s
   i
Why is memorizing this way effective? Think about   m
Exercise 27, p. 41.   r
  e
learning basic math. If you know your times tables (e.g.,    P
1. been standing outside in the cold.  .
5×1, 5×2, 5×3), then your mind is free to do more complex   c
2. been driving around the city.   n
   I
math because you don’t have to figure out these basic  ,
equations. The answer is right there for you to use. We can 3. been drinking a milkshake.   n
  o
   i
4. been working for six hours straight.   t
think of grammar in a similar way. If you know your past   a
5. been trying to fix a leak.   c
participles automatically, you don’t need to think about the   u
   d
form before you try to express your ideas. 6. been listening to music with my headphones on.    E
7. been admiring your new hairstyle.   n
For English grammar, I think spaced repetition is   o
  s
8. been swimming in the pool.   r
especially useful for learning irregular past tense and past   a
  e
   P
participle forms; gerunds and infinitives; prepositions; and   y
   b
two- and three-word verbs. You can try out this technique Exercise 28, p. 42.    7
   1
with the past participles that we have studied in this chapter 4. has been waiting    0
   2
or with the gerunds and infinitives at the end of Chapter 1. 5. have liked    ©

212  Student Book Answer Key

www.irLanguage.com

6. has been watching Exercise 37, p. 47.

7. has been teaching / has taught 1. b 3. a
8. has been sleeping 2. a 4. b
9. have been playing … has been playing / has played
Exercise 38, p. 47.
Exercise 29, p. 42. 1. a, b 3. b, c, e
1. have you been 8. have they been 2. a, d 4. b, e
2. I’ve been taking 9. It’s been
3. haven’t been working  10. they’ve been traveling Exercise 39, p. 48.
4. how are  1 1. They’ve been staying 1. a 4. a
5. haven’t seen  12. spending 2. b 5. b
6. They’re doing  13. they’re enjoying 3. a
7. They’re traveling
Exercise 40, p. 48.
Exercise 30, p. 43. 2. a. have been studying
1. I have had this camera for 8 months now. It takes b. had been studying
great pictures. I haven’t had any problems with 3. a. had been daydreaming
it. It’s a little complicated to learn at first, but the b. has been daydreaming
 instructions help. I have ordered other products from 4. a. have been sleeping
this site and have had great service. b. had been sleeping
2. I have been taking these vitamins since last year. 5. a. had been working
They’re incredible! My memory has improved. I have b. has been working
had more concentration and have been doing better
in school. I have lost weight and I haven’t even been Exercise 41, p. 49.
trying! This product is fantastic! 2. Mr. Sanchez 6. Mr. Fox
3. I don’t know why this company is in business. I have 3. Alice 7. Dan
never been so disappointed with a product in my life. 4. Carlos 8. Ken
My laptop arrived with a dead battery. The customer 5. Jane 9. Robert
service is terrible. I have emailed and called* the
company numerous times, but they haven’t responded. Exercise 42, p. 49.
I have asked for a refund and now am waiting for a 1. is 7. has
response. Order from this company only if you want a 2. have 8. had
defective product. 3. were 9. had … had
[ Note: *have is implied:  (have) called ] 4. have  1 0. is … has
5. had  11. have
 . Exercise 31, p. 44. 6. was … had
  e
  s
  u
  1. 1st event: Someone had knocked on the classroom
  m door. Exercise 43, p. 50.
  o
  o
  r 2. 1st event: The teacher had written my name there. 1. a 4. a
  s
  s
  a
   l 2. b 5. a
  c
  r Exercise 32, p. 45. 3. b
  o
   f
  e 1. felt … had taken / took
  c
  u Exercise 44, p. 51.
   d 2. had already given … got
  o
  r 1. Since I came to this country, I have learned / have
  p 3. left … got … was … had already dried
  e
  r  been learning a lot about the way of life here.
4. made … put … had … had already eaten
  o
  t 2. I arrived  here only a short time ago. I have been
   d
  e
  t here since last Friday.
  n Exercise 33, p. 45.
  a
  r 3. How long have you been living here? I have been
  g 1. looked … had forgotten … felt … offered
  n here for almost two years.
  o
   i
2. ran … hadn’t talked … didn’t recognize … had lost
  s 4. Why haven’t you been in class for the last couple of days?
  s
   i 3. decided … had never seen … went
  m
5. I have been coaching a soccer team for the last two
  r months.
  e
   P
 .
  c
Exercise 35, p. 46. 6. When I was a child, I lived with my aunt instead of my
  n
   I 1. is … had 4. had parents. My uncle had died / died before I was born,
 ,
  n 2. had 5. would so I never knew him. My aunt raised me alone.
  o
   i
  t 3. had 7. I have been living in my cousin’s apartment since I
  a
  c
  u arrived here. It is very small, and we are sharing the
   d
   E bedroom. I need my own place, but I haven’t found
  n Exercise 36, p. 46.
  o
  s one so far.
  r 1. a. have 3. a. would
  a 8. My grandfather lived in a small village in Italy when
  e b. had b. had
   P
  y 2. a. has 4. a. had he was a child. At the age of 19, he moved to Rome,
   b
   7 b. had b. have where he met and married my grandmother in 1957.
   1 My father was born in Rome in 1960. I was born in
   0
   2
   ©
Rome in 1989.

Student Book Answer Key 213

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CHAPTER 3  Future Time

Pretest, p. 53. Exercise 9, p. 58.
1. I The storm will start after midnight. It is going to 1. a
last through the morning. 2. b
2. C (no change) 3. a
3. C (no change) 4. b
4. I As soon as the snow stops, we will leave. 5. a
5. C (no change)
6. C (no change) Exercise 12, p. 59.
7. I By the time Violet retires, she will have worked as a They are all in the present tense.
nurse for 40 years.

Exercise 13, p. 60.

Exercise 1, p. 53.
1. stops
1. d 4. c 2. quit
2. b 5. a 3. go
3. e 4. is going to clean … has
5. is cleaning … is going to listen
Exercise 2, p. 54. 6. will look … finishes
Predictions:  2, 3, 6, 7
Exercise 14, p. 60.
Exercise 3, p. 55. 1. am going to listen … am sleeping
 Answers will vary. 2. am going to wait … comes
1. is / isn’t 5. are / aren’t 3. stops … am going to walk … buy
2. will / won’t 6. will / won’t 4. graduates … is going to enter … is going to go … gets
3. are / aren’t 7. will / won’t
4. will / won’t 8. is / isn’t Exercise 15, p. 61.
1. What are you going to do as soon as class ends today?
Exercise 4, p. 55. 2. Before you go to bed tonight, what are you going to do?
1. You will need 3. What are you going to do after you wake up tomorrow?
2. We are going to review 4. What are you going to do when you have free time this
3. test will have weekend?
4. There will be 5. After you complete this course, what are you going  .
  e
  s
5. You will have to do?   u
 
6. nobody will finish   m
  o
7. It is going to be   o
  r
Exercise 16, p. 61.   s
  s
8. results will be   a
   l
Tia needs to leave work early. She is going to prepare   c
  r
for her business trip when she gets home. After she packs    o
   f
Exercise 5, p. 55. her suitcase, she is going to* rehearse her PowerPoint ®    e
  c
1. b 2. a, d 3. c presentation for her clients. Her father is going to come   u
   d
  o
  r
over and watch her presentation after he finishes dinner.   p
  e
  r
Exercise 6, p. 56. While he is watching, Tia is going to ask him to give her
  o
  t
1. B: c 4. B: b honest feedback. After she practices several times, she
   d
will not feel so nervous about her presentation. She will   e
  t
2. A: c 5. B: c   n
pay some bills and send a few work emails before she goes    a
  r
B: b 6. B: a   g
3. B: a to bed. After she gets into bed, she is going to fall asleep   n
  o
   i
quickly because she knows that she is going to be / will be    s
  s
   i
very tired.   m
Exercise 7, p. 57.   r
[ Note: *going to is used because it’s a prior plan. However,     e
   P
2. prediction 6. plan  .
will is more common in writing, so  will is also acceptable   c
3. willingness 7. willingness   n
   I
here.]  ,
4. plan 8. plan   n
  o
   i
5. prediction   t
  a
Exercise 17, p. 61.   c
  u
   d
1. future meaning    E
Exercise 8, p. 57.   n
2. future meaning   o
3. will meet … will see 6. is going to erase   s
  r
3. future meaning   a
4. am going to meet 7. won’t tell   e
   P
5. will do … will do 8. won’t open   y
   b
   7
   1
   0
   2
   ©

214  Student Book Answer Key

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Exercise 18, p. 62. Exercise 25, p. 65.

2. A: now 1. will work
B: now … habitually 2. will have worked
3. A: future 3. will have been working
B: habitually
4. A: future Exercise 26, p. 65.
B: habitually 1. will stay 5. will need
2. will have stayed 6. will have had
Exercise 19, p. 62. 3. will go 7. will have helped
Sample answers: 4. will have been
2. am taking / am catching
3. am stopping / am quitting Exercise 27, p. 66.
4. am seeing 1. a. have been
5. are driving b. had been
c. will have been
Exercise 20, p. 63. 2. a. get … will already have arrived / will have already
This coming Saturday, I am beginning my “vacation of arrived
a lifetime.” The first place I’m going to is Bali. My plane b. got … had already arrived
leaves at six-thirty Saturday morning. I arrive in Bali late 3. a. have been sitting … had been sitting … will have
that afternoon. I’m staying at the Nusa Dua Beach Hotel. been sitting
I leave Bali on the fifteenth and travel to Thailand. While b. will have begun … will have been teaching
I’m there, I’m staying with some friends. We’ll take a boat
tour in Bangkok and then travel to the countryside. There Exercise 28, p. 66.
is a national park, and we’ll do some hiking. Finally we’ll Items 2 and 4 have verbs that express continuing activities
finish in Phuket. It’ll be nice to relax on the beaches and go (driving  and swimming ). It is more natural to use a
windsurfing too. This will be my first trip to these places. progressive tense with continuing activities.

Exercise 21, p. 63. Exercise 29, p. 67.

They all are forms of the progressive. 1. Marnie will make a good project manager. She has
strong leadership skills.
Exercise 22, p. 64. 2. Where will you be tomorrow after the game finishes?
1. is going to be studying / will be studying … am going 3. The car won’t start. Maybe it has a dead battery.
to be finishing / will be finishing 4. I am going to look for a new apartment when my
2. is going to be seeing / will be seeing … is going to be roommate moves out.
doing / will be doing … is going to be talking / will be 5. After the movie ends, we are going to go out for ice
 .
  e
  s talking cream.
  u
  6. By the time I am 60, my daughter will have finished
  m
  o medical school.
  o
  r
Exercise 23, p. 64.
  s
  s 7. Don’t worry, honey. Your dad will pick / will be
  a
   l
1. arrive … will be waiting
  c 2. get … will be shining … will be singing … will still be picking you up soon.
  r
  o
   f lying 8. My appointment is for 10:15 tomorrow. What time
  e will we leave / be leaving here?
  c 3. A: will be skiing
  u
   d B: will be thinking 9. As soon as the term is over, I am going to apply for a
  o
  r
  p 4. B: will be visiting part-time job.
  e
  r
5. B: will be working  10. By their next anniversary, my parents will have been
  o
  t
   d
together for 43 years.
  e
  t
  n Exercise 24, p. 64.
  a
  r
  g  Jill has some medical tests tomorrow and won’t be
  n
  o
   i attending school. Please let me know if there will be any
  s
  s
   i homework to pick up. I’ll be picking up my other children
  m
  r
  e at 3:00 and can get the assignments then.
   P
 .
  c
  n
   I
 ,
  n
  o
   i
  t
  a
  c
  u
   d
   E
  n
  o
  s
  r
  a
  e
   P
  y
   b
   7
   1
   0
   2
   ©

Student Book Answer Key 215

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CHAPTER 4  Review of Verb Tenses

Pretest, p. 70. 3. Sample sentences using  just  plus the present perfect:
1. I It’s so noisy right now. Everyone is shouting and He has just cooked some food.
making a lot of noise in the halls. He has just fixed the table.
2. I I haven’t been in this town very long. I just got He has just memorized vocabulary.
here two weeks ago. He has just planted flowers.
3. I I’m really glad you are going to come / you are He has just vacuumed.
coming to my hometown next year. He has just washed the windows.
4. I Why did you decide to become a nurse? 4. Sample sentences using the past perfect progressive:
5. I I have been in Australia for the last four months. By the time Tom finished, he had been working for
During this time, I have done many things and five hours.
seen many places. Before Tom ate dinner, he had been cleaning for
6. C ( no change)  several hours.

Exercise 1, p. 70. Exercise 9, p. 74.

1. is studying … is also taking … begin 1. started
2. had already gotten up … rang 2. has been reading / is reading
3. works … always eats … leaves … doesn’t usually have 3. has
4. called … didn’t answer … was attending 4. hasn’t finished
5. will attend / will be attending 5. has finished
6. got … was sleeping … had been sleeping 6. had read
7. is sleeping … fell … has been sleeping 7. has ever read
8. has … is going to meet / will meet … will have had … 8. is going to start / will start / is starting
meets
Exercise 11, p. 74.
Exercise 2, p. 71. 1. a 4. a
1. b 4. c 2. a 5. b
2. a 5. a 3. b 6. b
3. b
Exercise 12, p. 74.
Exercise 4, p. 72. 1. c 6. a
1. is … will 6. had 2. a 7. c
2. has 7. has … have 3. c 8. b  .
  e
  s
3. has 8. was … had 4. b 9. a   u
 
4. am … will 9. has 5. c  10. b   m
  o
5. were  10. had … are   o
  r
  s
  s
Exercise 13, p. 75.   a
   l
Exercise 6, p. 72.   c
  r
Part I   o
   f
In 1985, my parents emigrated to the United States
1. F 3. F   e
from Brazil. They had never traveled outside of Brazil   c
  u
2. F 4. T    d
and were excited by the challenge of relocating to a foreign   o
  r
country. Eventually, they settled in California. My Part II   p
  e
  r
twin sister and I were born ten years later and grew up 1. got 8. didn’t see   o
  t
there. Last year, I went to Brazil for the first time to meet 2. took 9. saw    d
  e
  t
extended family. I had always wanted to learn more about 3. put  1 0. had been trying   n
  a
  r
my family’s background. My dreams finally came true. 4. didn’t open  11. apologized   g
5. tried  12. went   n
  o
   i
6. knocked  13. felt   s
  s
Exercise 7, p. 73.    i
7. opened  14. had done   m
  r
1. Sample sentences using the present perfect progressive:   e
He has been cooking some food.    P
 .
  c
He has been fixing the table. Exercise 14, p. 76.   n
   I
1. got 12. am sitting  ,
He has been memorizing vocabulary.   n
  o
   i
He has been planting flowers. 2. have been trying 13. have been sitting   t
  a
He has been vacuuming. 3. have been  14. leaves   c
  u
   d
He has been washing the windows. 4. have had 15. decided    E
2. Sample sentences using  yesterday plus the simple past: 5. has been staying 16. am writing   n
  o
  s
He cooked some food yesterday. 6. have been spending 17. am getting   r
  a
  e
He fixed the table yesterday. 7. have been 18. am going to take    P
  y
He memorized vocabulary yesterday. 8. went  19. get    b
   7
He planted flowers yesterday. 9. watched 20. are you getting    1
   0
He vacuumed yesterday.  10. have barely had  21. are    2
   ©
He washed the windows yesterday.  11. is

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CHAPTER 5  Subject-Verb Agreement

Pretest, p. 78. Exercise 8, p. 82.
1. I
Babies cry when they are hungry or tired. 1. is 6. produces
2. I
Chickens, ducks, and turkeys lay eggs. 2. is 7. seek out
3. I
Erica misses her mother and father. 3. want 8. is
4. I
Robert sings when he takes a shower. 4. has 9. enjoy
5. (no change)
C 5. releases  10. fear
6. (no change)
C
7. I
Every employee in this building needs a security Exercise 9, p. 82.
badge. A group of people is clapping loudly for the performers.
  8.–10. C (no change) People are clapping excitedly. The audience is asking for
an encore.
Exercise 1, p. 78. All of the subjects refer to more than one person.
1. singular, verb 3. plural, noun
2. plural, verb 4. singular, noun Exercise 10, p. 83.
1. a, b
Exercise 2, p. 79. 2. a
4. bushes 9. touches 3. a, b
5. hats  10. coughs
6. rises  11. methods Exercise 11, p. 83.
7. seasons  12. languages 1. Ø
8. develops 2. members
3. Ø
Exercise 3, p. 79. 4. members
1. A teacher teaches. 6. A mosquito bite itches. 5. members
2. A freezer freezes. 7. A boss manages. 6. Ø
3. A ball bounces. 8. A snake hisses.
4. A door closes. 9. A soldier marches. Exercise 12, p. 83.
5. A boxer boxes.  1 0. A coach coaches. 1. book 5. One
2. books 6. Each
Exercise 4, p. 80. 3. books 7. book
 . Sample answers: 4. book 8. books
  e
  s
  u
  1. Sometimes it’s better to have fewer people do a job.
  m 2. Do things today. Don’t wait until tomorrow. Exercise 13, p. 84.
  o
  o
  r 3. You need to practice a lot if you want to do something
  s Part I
  s
  a
   l well. 1. Every one of  5. all
  c
  r 4. Our actions are more important than our words. 2. A number of  6. None of 
  o
   f
  e 5. People are different and that’s OK. 3. The number 7. cars
  c
  u 6. You will have more success if you are early or first. 4. Financing 8. One
   d
  o
  r 7. Big is not always better. Small things can be good too.
  p Part II
  e
  r 8. When we don’t hear from someone, it means that
1. a. were 2. a. has
  o
  t everything is OK.
   d b. was b. has
  e
  t
  n
c. was 3. a. is
  a
  r Exercise 5, p. 80. b. aren’t
  g
  n 1. a. fruit 2. a. Vegetables
  o
   i
  s
  s
b. apples b. Eating Exercise 14, p. 85.
   i
  m
  r 1. lives  13. touches
  e
   P Exercise 7, p. 81. 2. are  14. happens
 .
  c 1. a. are 4. a. do 3. is  15. dawns
  n
   I
 , b. was … was b. were 4. is  16. is
  n
  o
   i c. was c. Is 5. calls  17. runs
  t
  a
  c d. is 5. a. are 6. orders  18. turns
  u
   d 2. a. are b. are … is 7. gives  19. overcomes
   E
  n b. surprises c. isn’t 8. touches  20. pleads
  o
  s
  r
  a c. approves d. is 9. goes  21. is
  e  10. puts  22. disappears
   P d. Do e. Is
  y e. is  11. turns  23. becomes
   b
   7 3. a. is  12. sits  24. loves
   1
   0
   2 b. needs
   © c. needs

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Exercise 16, p. 86. Exercise 25, p. 91.

 Answers will vary. 2. All of the windows in our house were broken in the
1. is / isn’t 5. is / isn’t earthquake.
2. are / aren’t 6. are / aren’t 3. A lot of the people in my class work during the day
3. are / aren’t 7. is / isn’t and attend class in the evening.
4. are / aren’t 4. (no change)
5. Studying a foreign language often leads students to
Exercise 17, p. 86. learn about other cultures.
1. There are 5. there are 6. One of the most common names for dogs in the
2. There is 6. Is there United States is “Rover.”
3. Is there 7. There are 7. (no change)
4. Are there 8. there is 8. Forty percent of the people in the state of New York
live in New York City.
9. A group of students is waiting for the advising office to
Exercise 18, p. 87. open.
1st text  2nd text   10. (no change)
1. treat 1. is  11. Unless there is a dramatic and comprehensive change
2. is 2. takes in government policies soon, the economic conditions
3. covers 3. take in that country will continue to worsen.
4. tend 4. uses  12. (no change)
5. do not last 5. enters  13. While I was in Paris, some of my favorite meals were
6. is 6. seems in small out-of-the-way cafés.
7. get 7. have  14. Most of the mountain peaks in the Himalayan Range
8. stand 8. don’t make have snow year round.
9. is
Exercise 26, p. 92.
Exercise 20, p. 89. Tipping is a common practice throughout the world
2. is 8. is … isn’t it although the custom can differ considerably among
3. is 9. are countries. Visitors new to a country are often unsure
4. are  10. Do about how much to tip in restaurants, hotels, and airports.
5. is  11. is Technology has made the practice easier. There are apps
6. is  12. provides that tell how much to tip in each country for various services.
7. want In the United States and Canada, workers in service
industries such as restaurants, airports, and taxi driving
Exercise 21, p. 89. commonly receive tips. In general, customers tip more when
2. Linguistics is 7. is 256 they are happy with the service and less when they are not.
The amounts generally range from 10–20% of the bill, and  .
3. Diabetes is 8. The Netherlands is   e
  s
the tip is based on the pre-tax amount, not the total bill.   u
 
4. English is 9. Fish are
  m
5. are … Canadians  1 0. is … one million In restaurants, 15% is average. Many restaurants now   o
  o
  r
6. 70% … is … 1% … is  1 1. Harrods … is include suggested amounts at the bottom of the receipt.   s
  s
Some restaurants have a mandatory service charge if   a
   l
  c
there is a large group (typically six or more people). It’s   r
Exercise 23, p. 90.   o
   f
important to ask about this charge because it is usually   e
1. All the people in the exercise class need to wear   c
15–20%. Some carry-out or take-out restaurants and   u
 athletic shoes.    d
  o
  r
coffee shops have tip jars that some customers use.   p
2. One of the best ways to prevent injury is to warm up first.   e
Skycaps at airports and bellhops at hotels also expect    r
3. Recent fitness news suggests that exercising with a   o
  t
tips. Generally the number of bags the traveler has
buddy improves motivation.    d
determines the tip. The amount per bag varies, so it’s   e
  t
4. Exercise in the water is easy on knee and hip joints.   n
good to check online before you travel. Tips for a taxi   a
  r
5. Unfortunately, a lot of people don’t exercise.   g
driver are usually based on a percentage of the fare, and   n
6. Does the exercise routine feel comfortable?   o
   i
10–20% is common.   s
7. Different types of exercise affect the muscles differently.   s
   i
There are other service employees that rely on tip   m
8. Is 30 minutes of exercise a day enough?   r
income: housekeeping, valet and concierge staff at hotels;   e
9. Every person at the gym needs to wear appropriate    P
food delivery drivers; hairdressers; and tour guides, to name  .
clothing.   c
  n
   I
a few. Many employers base their employees’ pay on the  ,
 10. Do the elderly use the gym?   n
belief that most customers will leave tips, and they set the   o
 11. Exercising too much is dangerous.    i
  t
pay lower for that reason. Employees see tipping as part of   a
  c
their wages, not as an extra.   u
   d
Exercise 24, p. 90. Before you visit a country, it’s a good idea to research    E
  n
1. has 5. is tipping practices so you can make informed decisions about   o
  s
  r
2. is 6. is tipping.   a
  e
3. need 7. is    P
  y
4. needs 8. are    b
   7
   1
   0
   2
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218  Student Book Answer Key

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CHAPTER 6  Nouns
Pretest, p. 94. Exercise 6, p. 97.
1. I The knives in the drawer aren’t sharp. 1. Bacteria … organisms … cell
2. C (no change) 2. Bacteria … creatures
3. I Their three-year-old son is already reading. 3. thousands … bacteria … human beings
4. I I live in a brick house from the 1920s. 4. Viruses … organisms … cells … things … cell … times
5. C (no change) 5. Viruses … diseases … humans
6. I Both my boys’ beds need new mattresses. 6. virus … period … sentence
7. I I’m staying at my brother’s house for the summer.
8. I Do you have the interview  questions? Exercise 7, p. 98.
9. I Jeffrey will need luck on his test. 1. computer error 2. airplane passenger
 10. C (no change) computer screen airplane pilot
 11. C (no change) computer skills airplane ticket
 12. I Every employee  at this company receives
 comprehensive health insurance.
13. I Many of the online reviews complained about the Exercise 8, p. 98.
quality of the work. 2. flowers … flower
3. beans … bean
4. babies … baby
Exercise 1, p. 94.
5. children … child
1. bookshelf  6. salads … salad
2. video 7. mosquitoes / mosquitos … mosquito
3. curriculum 8. two-hour … two hours
9. ten years old … ten-year-old
Exercise 2, p. 96.  10. three-letter … three letters
-s
chiefs photos Exercise 10, p. 99.
clouds videos 1. college
kilos zeros 2. colleges
memos zoos 3. professors
mosquitos 4. professor
-es 5. assistant
 .
boxes matches 6. assistants
  e
  s classes mosquitoes
  u
 
  m fishes tomatoes Exercise 11, p. 100.
  o   ( possible, but rare) zeroes
  o
  r 2. a. taxis
  s
  s heroes
  a
   l b. taxi drivers
  c
  r -ves 3. a. Managers … offices
  o
   f
  e
halves loaves b. office managers
  c leaves scarves
  u 4. a. Schools … activities
   d
  o
  r lives wolves b. school activities
  p
  e
  r no change
  o
  t deer Exercise 12, p. 100.
   d
  e
  t fish In the U.S. and Canada, a popular way to get rid of used
  n
  a
  r sheep items is through a garage sale. The owner chooses a day or
  g
  n two, usually over a weekend, and sells miscellaneous stuff  
  o
   i
  s
  s Exercise 4, p. 96.
from the garage, driveway, or yard.
   i
  m 3. men Popular items at garage sales include books, old
  r
  e magazines, art, clothes, jewelry, wood furniture, and toys.
   P 4. attorneys
 . Usually the prices are very low, and often the buyer can
  c 5. discoveries … laboratories
  n
   I
 , 6. data bargain with the seller.
  n
  o
   i 7. beaches … cliffs Some things you don’t want to buy for safety and health
  t
  a reasons include bicycle helmets, child car seats, tires,
  c 8. pianos
  u mattresses, upholstered furniture, cribs, baby bottles, old
   d 9. phenomena
   E
  n  10. media cookware, and stuffed animals. The equipment might be
  o
  s outdated, and anything with upholstery or stuffing might
  r
  a
  e have bugs.
   P Exercise 5, p. 97.
  y
   b Plural nouns:   cartridges, packages, boxes, pens, pencils
   7
   1
   0
   2
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Student Book Answer Key 219

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Occasionally people find valuable merchandise at Exercise 20, p. 104.

garage sales. In 1999, a man in the U.S. paid $29 for a 1. b 5. b
painting by Martin Heade. It turned out the painting 2. a 6. a
was worth over $800,000! Another man bought a picture  3. a 7. d
frame for $4.00. Inside was a rare copy of the Declaration 4. b
of Independence, worth over $2 million!
Exercise 21, p. 104.
Exercise 13, p. 101. 1. 11 4. Jake
1. one 2. Lucy 5. The boy’s mother
2. more than one 3. Ricky
3. more than one
4. one
Exercise 22, p. 105.
  A: b
Exercise 14, p. 101.   B: a, c, d
1. b. more than one
2. a. manager, offices
Exercise 23, p. 105.
b. one
2. jewelry (NC) … rings (C) … bracelets (C) …
3. a. cousin, grandparents
necklace (C)
b. one
3. mountains (C) … fields (C) … lakes (C) …
4. a. judges, decision
scenery (NC)
b. more than one
4. car (C) … engine (C) … furniture (NC) …
5. a. women, restroom
refrigerator (C) … junk (NC)
b. more than one
5. Gold (NC) … iron (NC) … metals (C)
6. iron (C)
Exercise 15, p. 102.
1. a. boys’
Exercise 24, p. 105.
b. boy’s
1. some … some 4. A
2. a. children’s
2. some 5. a
b. child’s
3. some 6. An
3. a. baby’s
b. babies’
4. a. Bess’s / Bess’ Exercise 26, p. 106.
b. Mrs. Thomas’s / Mrs. Thomas’ 1. garbageØ 9. appliances
c. Jack and Larry’s 2. realityØ  10. areas
3. garbageØ  11. bins
Exercise 17, p. 102. 4. newspapers  12. meters  .
  e
  s
5. containers  13. cities   u
2. Psychologists have developed many different kinds  
6. bottles  14. Pharmacies   m
of tests. A “personality test” is used to evaluate   o
7. bulbs  15. leader Ø   o
  r
an individual’s  personal characteristics, such as   s
  s
8. batteries   a
 friendliness or trustworthiness.    l
  c
3. Many fairy tales tell of heroes’ encounters with   r
  o
   f
giants or dangerous animals. In one story, the hero’s Exercise 27, p. 106.   e
  c
encounter with a dragon saves a village from  Noncount nouns:  sunshine, smog, smoke, fog, thunder,   u
   d
lightning   o
  r
destruction.   p
4. Play is an important part of children’s  lives. It   e
  r
  o
  t
teaches them about their environment while they are Exercise 28, p. 108.    d
having fun. For instance, they learn from playing with   e
  t
2. rivers   n
miniature boats that boats float, and they can practice   a
  r
3. symphonies, music   g
ways to make boats move across water. 4. trucks, traffic   n
  o
   i
5. computers, equipment   s
  s
   i
Exercise 18, p. 103. 6. problems, homework   m
  r
7. vocabulary, definitions   e
Common usage:    P
 .
1. a 8. This information   c
  n
   I
2. a 9. advice  ,
  n
3. b  10. progress   o
   i
  t
  a
  c
  u
Exercise 29, p. 108.    d
Exercise 19, p. 104.    E
1. sand 6. soccer   n
1. a 5. b   o
  s
2. a 6. a 2. physics 7. steam   r
  a
  e
3. a 7. b 3. Arabic 8. psychology    P
  y
4. b 8. a 4. gravity 9. blood    b
   7
5. wool  10. snow    1
   0
   2
   ©

220  Student Book Answer Key

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