UN IVERSITY OF PERADEN IYA

Faculty of Engineering

END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION - AUGUST 2022

. EE 322 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS DESIGN

( Two hours)

(Answer ALL Questions. Air questions carry equal marks)

1.1 What is an embedded system? What are the major components of an embedded
system? [3 marks j
1.2 Briefly explain the differences of CISC and RISC processor architectures. [2 marks]
1.3 What is Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)'? What type of characteristics one should
look for when comparing different ISAs? [5 marks]
1.4 Addressing modes provide compiler with different ways to specify 012erand locations. ,
· Demonstrate , following addressing modes ,with an eJ'~ ple: lmm~te, Registq:'"'
· ( r 7 ~ d•\r"\;t, wvA.J ....,, ,,\ht• -
, ,t
&; ( p r"if)o ... l \oo

71 ~ · I ~ , and ~egister indirect. C_learly show the ~ion, operaJ1._d. registe~s

(), r,.,;t,•..f addresses and content 111 memory space for each mode. Assume all addresses are 16 611
{v -
and all memory and CPU registers arc 16 bit wide. [15 marks]

2
2.1 Design~ tionJo.rmatfor 3132 bit processor <![chi!~lt~y considering following
requirements. Maximum number of instructions and the available memorv locations
are iQ_ and 1_!2 respectively. Some of the instructions will have \two operan9s1 with a

f dest1nation. 4 bhs. should not be used and allocate for future use.
,.- g' · ,:_____ 1 - 1
[ 4 marks]

2.2 A memory model defines how memory is used by programs. What contributes to the
memory model? [4 marks]
2.3 Many embedded applications mix memory technologies. What is Virtual Memory (VM)
and why do we need VM? [3 marks]
2.4 What is TLB? Briefly explain its function. [3 t'narks]
2.5 Name five different serial interfaces that can be used with embedded systems. What
parameters you would look for when comparing different serial interfaces. [5 marksl
2.6 Any bus architecture must include a media-access control (MAC) protocol to arbitrate
competing acces·ses. State clearly how two such protocols: CSMA and Bus-arbeiter.
provide competing access. [2 marks J
2.7 An Interrupt is an asynchronous signal indicating the need for attention. Briefly explain
¥- the interrupt overhead that can occur both in CPU and the device. [4 marks]
3
3. l Realtime systems (RTS) can be classified as Soft RTS. firm RTS and hard RTS.
Compair and contrast these three categories of RTS. [6 marks]
3.2 The firmware of a system has been optimized to achieve the minimum ACET. Yet the
performance is not up to the customer's requirement. Explain two other methods that
can be used to further reduce the ACET. lS marks]
3.3 Figui:-e 3. shows·one hyperperiod of a priority driv~n schedule with processes Pl. P2 ,
and P3.
a) Copy and fill the Table Q3.3.below with missing information. [5 marks]

Table Q3.3
-
Process Priority starting Execution
time Time
Pl 1 any G
P2 any 10
P3 ""'
l). 15 ms [O

·:_;
0

"""
c..
F;;

F2

Fl - - - •
Figure 3.3: Priority driven scheduling of a program

b) If the processes Pl and P3 in the program use the shared resources. redraw the
time line of the priority driven scheduling. · . [5 marks]
c) Name and explain the problem that occurs due to the scheduling with shared
resources in the question Q3.3.b. [2 marks]
d) Discuss a solution to overcome the problem in question Q3.3 .c. [2 marks]

2
Q4.

The function of a smart washing machine is as described below.

a. User loads the washing machine.
b. User selects.water level (ex: full , medium. Low, etc.).
c. User selects the mode of operation (ex: soak. wash. spin. etc.).
d. User selects the sta11 mode
a) Statt Now
b) Delayed Start
e. If ·'Start now.. is selected. the washing cycle will automatically start
f. If '·Delayed Stare is selected
a) user is prompted to enter the start time of operation. and
b) when the internal clock or the machine reaches the start time,
the controller recei ves an interrupt 10 start the washing cycle.
g. User can press the --Reset .. button at any time to clear the settings.
h. Water level sensor monitors the water level in the machine and sends the
signal to the controller when the user set level is reached
1. Controller sends the signal to close the pump valve when the user set
level is reached.
J. Controller also sends motor start/ stop commands and direction change
command 'to the motor throughout the washing cycle.

4. 1. Draw a use case diagram for the washing machine (8 marks]

4.2. Draw a sequence diagram for the washing machine for the case of "'Delayed Sta11--.
l8 marksj
4.3. The control L;nit of the washing machine has the probability density or failure given by
f(x) = 0.04e·-O.OSx , Where xis the time in months.
a) Calculate the probability of the controller not working at time T , =I 00 days.
[3 marks!
b) Calculate the reliability R(I) of the control system for T · 100 days.
[3 marks]
c) Calculate the Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) of the control system.
[3 marksJ
 EE 320 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY- End of Semester Examination, September 2022

PART B (Two hours)-AII questions carry equal marks.

I)
1.1 Write down the equations in vector form for boundary conditions of the electric field at an
interface between two pure dielectric media.
[3 Marks]

1.2 The space between two concentric thin conducting spherical shells is filled with two pure
dielectric media as shown in Fig. QI so that each dielectric medium occupies half the space.
The relative pennitivities of the two media are Ert and Erz• The inner spherical shell of
radius r 1 has an electric charge of +Q and the outer shell of radius r2 has an electric charge
of-Q.
(a) Comment on the electric field distribution inside the space between the two shells
with proper reasoning.
(b) Find the electric field inside the space between the two shells
(c) Using the result in part (b), find the capacitance between the two shells
[14 Marks]

1.3 An electric field distribution §_ is given by §_ = 2x - y + 5.z Vim in rectangular

coordinates. Two points A and B have coordinates (-3, 1, -8) and ( 4, -6, 5) respectively
(coordinates are in meters). Find the potential difference VAB·
[8 Marks]

2)
2.1 Write down equations for Ampere's law applied to stationary magnetic fields in
(a) Differential form
(b) Integral form .

[4 Marks]

2.2 Fig. Q2 shows an infinitely long coaxial conductor system made of two cylindrical tubes
ofnegligible thickness. The radii of the inner and outer conductors are a and b respectively.
The inner conductor carries current with a surface current density of K z Alm . The current
in the outer conductor is equal to that in the inner conductor and is in the opposite direction.
Find the following at a point r from the axis of the cylinder.
(a) The flux density for the cases r < a, a< r <band b < r.
(b) The magnetic energy density in the case a< r < b.
(c) An expression for the magnetic vector potential in cylindrical coordinates in the case
a< r< b.
[14 Marks]
2.3 Derive a formula for the self-inductance of this conductor per unit length.
[7 Marks]

3)
3.1 For a good conductor, derive approximate expressions for attenuation constant a, wave
number k and intrinsic impedance 17 using the expressions for the propagation constant y
and 17 in the plane wave model for a -fossy medium in usual notation .
[5 Marks]
3.2 A 8 kHz plane wave travelling in x direction in a g,1od conductor experiences a 80%
average power density loss over a distance of 25 cm. Its electric field is polarized in i
direction and has a magnitude of 2.5 mV/m at x = 0. Assume that the medium is non
magnetic. Find
(a) the attenuation constant and wave number of the wave
[6 Marks]
(b) the conductivity of the medium
[3 Marks]
(c) the intrinsic impedance of the medium
[3 Marks]
(d) Express the electric and magnetic fields of the wave in phasor domain.
[6 Marks]
(e) Convert your answers to part (d) into time domain .
[2 Marks]
7
4)
4.1 It is required to obtain reflectionless transmission, when a 5 GHz plane wave travelling in
a medium of a relative permittivity of 1 is normally incident on a medium of a relative
permittivity of7,Ftnl the-!:;_lative pefl_!l (!!i'!.if')"and the width (in millimeters) ofa medium
tfiiif"inust be placed between the first two media to obtain reflectionless transmission.
(Derivation of equations is not necessary)
[5 Marks]

4.2 For a certain lossy dielectric material, reflections of a normally incident I GHz plane wave
from free space are observed to produce a SWR of 2 in free space. The first maximum of
the electric field is located 0.2.-l away from the interface. Find
(a) the reflection coefficient at the interface
[5 Marks]
(b) the intrinsic impedance,
[5 Marks]
(c) the relative permittivity and
[7 Marks]
(d) the conductivity of the dielectric medium
[3 Marks]

I
I
I
I
I
I
I

..t-:>'-

Fig. QI Fig. Q2
 'VECTOR DlffERieN TIAL OPERADONS
a4> a4> a4>
V4' • t "a; + t a, + f: "a;

V·D ...
ch a1 az
VXH • t(~-~\ + t(!!!.- ~) + .{~ - !&)
. a,~ az \ch a, ch
a24> a24> az4,
V24> • -ch2 + -a,2 + -az3·
V 2A • t\7.2A" + z6 V 2A1 + tV 2A•

v~ - , a4> + e! a-z> +
a, r as
+. .;
a4>
r sin 8 a4,

V •D • ! !. (r2D,) +· -rsin1 - 8 !.
. r2 a, a11
(1in 8 D1) + - -
1
r sin 8 a~.
~v x t
H ... r sin 8
[aae (H,
. sm. 8) - ~]
a~
...,11 +![-•_ail,
r ••a~ a,
- !. (rH.~] + !(.!.
r a,
(rH,> - !!!c]

1
18

I. ••(a-z>)
V'+ ;;;;; ",; +-,., ..1 ,;,.a(·.....
a-z>) +,., .... ·~
1- a24>

V2A • t[V2A, - (~, + COi 8A 1 + CIC 8~ + :,) ]

+ e(V2A, - ( csc2 11 A1 - 2 + 2 cot 8 CIC 8 ~)]

+. [ VZA, - ;i
1 ( csc211·A+ - 2 csc , M ai - 2 cot , ft
csc , M )]
 UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
Faculty of Engineering

END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION - SEPTEMBER 2022

EE 325 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

(Three I-lours)

(Answer ALL SIX (06) Questions. All Questions Carry Equal Marks)

Question I

I. I Consider a causal symmetric Finite Impulse Response (r-JR) filter,

t
(a) Show that the general expression for a causal symmetric Finite Impulse Response of a digital filter with length

l
M=4 can be written as

H(w) - ,-1•"'i"'[2 (!, b, " ' w (M; 1- •)

where w is the digital angular frequency and bk is the k th coefficient of the impulse response.
(b) Discuss the advantage of using the FIR filter design approach in digital filter design.
1.2 Consider the digital filter designed using the bilinear transformation· s
' Ts
-z-').
= (~) (1l+z-l
Following are the discreet time low pass filter specifications.
• Passband = 0 - 85 Hz
• Passband ripple = - 1.5 dB
• Stopband = 250 - 500 Hz
• =
Stopband attenuation less than 32 dB
• Sampling frequency ( _!_ )
Ts
= 1000 Hz
If bilinear transformation is' used to transform the digital filter to an analog filter,
(a) determine the normalized analog angular frequencies and digital angular frequencies of the filter . .
(b) Determine · the order and the cut-off frequencies of the analog Butterworth prototype filter, if

IHC un)
2
1 -
-
1
1 + (jfl/jflc)2N
(c) Explain why a stable analog filter gives a stable discrete time filter.

Question 2

Given N consecutive samples x[n], 0 :5 n :5 N - 1 of a periodic or aperiodic sequence, the N-point Discrete Fourier
Transform (DFT) X[kJ, 0 :5 n :5 N - 1 is defined by

L
N-1

X[kJ = x[nJ e-J~kn

n=O
(a) Find the 8-point OFT of the sequence: x(n) = [0 1234 32 1]
.Zn
(b) The twiddle factor, WN can be defined as WN e- 1-;r, Show how an N-point DFT can be implemented as a matrix
operation using WN . Illustrate how an 8-point DFT can be represented using WN and implemented using a multiple
number of2-point DFTs. Discuss how the computational time can be reduced by this method.

Question 3

A voltage of+ 5 V is applied to the terminals of a motor for a period of 3 ms. Then the voltage is reversed for a period of 1
ms.
(a) Calculate the amplitude of the fundamental frequency component using the first principles.
(b) Calculate the amplitude of the fundamental frequency component numerically with 8 samples per cycle and compare
the result with the answer in part (a)
(c) Give a rough sketch of the Fourier Series representation of the above signal.
Question 4

4.1 Let v1[n], v2 [n], ... , vM[n] be a set of periodic discrete-time signals, of which the fundamental periods N1, N2 . ... , and NM
respectively. Determine the fundamental period ofvi[n] + v2 [n] + ... + vM[n] .
4.2 A discrete-time periodic signal x[n] has a fundamental period N and is bounded (i .e. lx[n]I :-:; M < oo for all n); it is also
not identically zero. Show that x[ n] it has infinite energy but finite power.
4.3 Prove that discrete-time system with unit impulse response h[n] = {..., h_ 2 , h_ 1 , h0 , h1 , h2 , .. . } is bounded input bounded
output (BIBO) stable if h[n] is absolutely summable That is, ifLlh[n]I < oo. Hence, explain why the region convergence
(ROC) of the transfer function must contain the unit circle for stability. Also, explain why the poles of a causal discrete-
time system must be inside the unit circle for BIBO stability.
4.4 Given H(z) = (z-2)(z-O.S)
z determine the signal h[n] such the system with unit impulse response h[n] is BIBO stable. State
the applicable region of convergence for this scenario. What can you say about the causality of this system?

Question 5

Use the discrete-time correlation function defined by rxy[l] = r:=-oo x(n]y[n - t] and the steps below to determine whether
the signal p[n] is more similar to v[n] or w[n] where:
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
p[n] 0 1 2 2 2 1 0 0
v[n] 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
w[n] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

(a) Sketch the three signals on the same set of axes.

(b) Normalize signals p, v, and w by dividing the root mean squared RMS value (recall that for a given an N-point signal

s[n], the RMS value is given by Ys = G) L~=ols[n] 12 ). Show that the resulting signals have unit average power over
the interval 0 :-:; n :-:; 7.
(c) Using the convolution property and the time reversal properties of the z-transforms, prove the correlation property of the
z-transform Z{Rxy} = X(z)Y(z- 1 ), where X(z) = Z{x[n]} and Y(z) = Z{y[n]}
(d) Compute the appropriate correlation functions between the normalized signals that were obtained in part (b) over the
interval -7 $ l :5 7. You may use the correlation property of the z-transform as proved in part (c).
(e) Proving suitable justifications and interpretations, state to what signal is p[n] "more similar to" and the time at which
the most similarity occurs.
(f) Discuss the importance of signal normalization of the signals carried out in this calculation.

Question 6

The "Leonardo Numbers" are defined by the recurrence relation L[n] = L[n - 1] + L[n - 2] + 1 forn 2 with L[l] = 1 and
L[0] = 1. Whereas the "Fibonacci Numbers" are defined by the recurrence relation F[n] = F[n - 1] + F[n - 2] for n 2
with F[l] = 1 and F[0] = 1. Note that the given recursions can be extended for any integer n under the specified initial
conditions.
(a) Calculate the first five (i.e. for n = 0 to 4) Leonardo numbers and the first five Fibonacci numbers via direct calculation.
(b) Show that the recurrence relation L[n] = 2L[n - 1] - L[n - 3] holds.
(c) Solve for the recurrence relation (i.e. solve the difference equation) for the n•h Fibonacci number F[n] for n 0 and
verify your solution for n = 0, 1, 2.
(d) Show that the Leonardo numbers and Fibonacci numbers are related via L[n] = 2F[n + 1] - 1 for n 0. [HINT: You
may use mathematical induction, in particular the strong form.]
(e) Using the results in parts (c) and (d), write the formula for the n th Leonardo number L[ n] and show that this result satisfies
the recurrence relation obtained ir\ part (b ).
 UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
Faculty of Engineering

END SEMESTER EXAMINATION - September 2022

EM 316 Numerical Methods for EE Engineers
( Three Hours)
(Answer ALL questions. All questions carry equal marks)

1. The following data define the sea-level concentration of dissolved oxygen(O) for fresh water
as a function of temperature(T):

T 8 16 24 32 40
0 11.843 9.870 8.418 7.305 6.413

Estimate 0(27) using,

v (a) Newton's interpolating polynomial of degree 3.

(b) Cubic splines.
(c) Suppose 0(27) = 7.986 mg/L, find the best estimation (justify your answer).

o/2. (a) The following data were collected for the distance(y) traveled verses time(t) for a rocket:
t O 25 50 75 100 125
y O 32 58 78 92 100
Use backward difference method to estimate the rocket's velocity and acceleration at
each time.
(b) Determine the distance traveled for the following data using the best combination of
the trapezoidal and Simpson's rules according to the different step size.

time (min) 1 2 3.25 4.5 6 7 8 9 9.5 10

velocity( m/s- ) 5 6 5.5 7 8.5 8 6 7 7 5

1
 3. Solve the following initial value problem over the interval from t = 0 tot = 2 where y(O) =1
using the prescribed methods given below.

dy
-=yt 2 - ( l.ly
) .
dt
Display all your results on the same graph.

(a) Euler's method with h = 0.5.

(b) Fourth-order RK method with h = 0.5.

iJY (a) Consider the linear system AX= b with

A= ( -~ ~), b = ( ) , a> 0.
Let x* is the exact solution and Xe is a computed solution of the above system. Let
e = x• - Xe be the error in the computed soluti~n. "I.-" : -t, +- ·r,.
e
i. Write down the relationship between the error and the residual.
ii. For what values of a, if any, the error will be large? Use 1111 00 norm. Hint: For
what values of a , if any, the matrix will be ill conditioned?

Consider the following linear system.

X - 8y - 2z = 1
X + y + 5z = 4
3x y + z -2

i. Show that both Jacobi's and Gauss Seidel methods for finding the numerical solu-
tion converges for the above system (Hint : Rearranging the system may be helpful).
ii. Find the Jacobi matrix and Gauss-Seidel matrix.
iii. Find a two step solution of the above linear system using the Jacobi method with
zero initial guess.

2
D ' Consider the function J(x) =ex_ 2x2. According to the graph of the function this function
has three roots given by x 1 = -0.5398, x 2 = 1.4880, x 3 = 2.6179.

(a) Consider the following fixed point iterations.

(1)

(2)

i. Show that the fixed point iteration, (1) converge to root x1.
ii. Show that the fixed point iteration, (2) converge to root X2-
iii. Propose a fixed point iteration scheme that will converge to the root X3 ·

(b) i. Using the first two terms of the Taylor expansion of a function h(x) about Xk,
. h(xk)
denve the Newton-Raphson formula Xk+l = Xk - h'(xk) ·
ii. Find the first three approximations of the root x 1 of the above function J(x) using
the Newton-Raphson method.

6. Suppose we need to estimate the dominant eigenvalue of matrix A = { -t -! - )·

1 -2 3
Using the power method with initial vector X 0 = (1 0 of the following results were obtained.
Here X[ denotes the transpose of the vector Xk.

k X/c Ratio
0 1 0 0
·1 4 -1 1 4
2 18 -9 9 4.5
3 90 -63 63 5
4 486 -405 405 5.4
5 2574 -2511 2511 5.6
6 16038 -15309 15309 5.8

(a) Explain how was the third column, "Ratio" was obtained and explain for which quantity
will it converge.
(b) The second column converges to (1 - 1 lf. Explain why the power method will not
converge if we pick the initial vector X 0 = (1 1 O)T.
(c) As you see in the above table when the number of iterations, k increases the components
of Xk increases. Thus to reduce errors, approximate eigenvector should be normalized
at each iteration. Explain two s~ch methods of normalizing.
(d) Power iteration can fail for various reasons. Explain two reasons.

3
 UN IVERSITY OF PERADEN IYA
Faculty of Engineering

END SEMESTER EXAMINATION - SEPTEMBER 2022

EE 352 AUTOMATIC CONTROL
( Three hours)
(Answer All Questions. All questions carry equal marks.)
(Pages 5-6 must be returned with the answer script)

1. The single RC equivalent circuit model of a battery is shown in Figure 1; where Voc(t) is the
open circuit voltage, i{t) is the current, vp(t) is the voltage across the R1 C1 combination, and
vr(t) is the terminal voltage, The R0 and R1 are resistances and C1 is the capacitance in the
equivalent circuit model as shown. The State Of Charge (SOC) of the battery is defined as

d.SOC(t) i(t)
dt =Q
where Q is the rated charge capacity of the battery, and the SOC is related to the V0c linearly
as V0 c(t) = k. SOC(t) where k is a constant of proportionality.

a) By defining the state vector x(t) = ( ~~~~), and taking i(t) as the input and vr(t) as
5
the output, find the state space representation of the battery equivalent circuit model in
the following format:

dx(t)
= Ax(t) + Bu(t)

y(t) = Cx(t) + Du(t)

(40% marks)

b) Hence find the characteristic equation of the battery equivalent circuit model.

Ro

Vocft)

Figure 1

(30% marks}

Page 1 of 6
 c) The Figure 2 shows a unity feedback closed loop control system where G(s), C(s), P(s)
are the plant, controller, input transfer functions respectively. The input to the system is
r(t). In addition, di(t) is the disturbance atthe input to the plant, d 0 (t) is the disturbance
at the output of the plant, n(t) is the noise at the plant output Yp(t) and Ym(t) is the
measured output.

d0 n

++ .. + Ym
+U¾
Figure 2
The Sensitivity function of the system is defined as S(s) =1+G Cs\ ,CsC ) and the
Complementary Sensitivity function of the system is defined as T(s) =1+G(s),C(s)
G(s),c(s) . Apply

the theory of superposition to prove that

Yp(s) = T(s)P(s)R(s) -T(s)N(s) + G(s)S(s)Di(s) + S(s)D0 (s)

{30% marks)

2. A generic seco_nd ~rder system with damping r~tio O < ( < 1 and natural undamped
frequency Wn 1s given by the transfer function

Y(s) w~
R(s) = s 2 + 2(wns+w~
a) Prove that the unit step response of the above system is
e-{(J.)nt
y(t) = 1- Jl _ (2 sin ( wnJ1 - (2t + cos-1(0)

(40%marks)
b) Hence find the following:
I. Steady state output for a unit step input.
11. Percentage overshoot. (10% marks)
c) Using the unit step response shown in Figure 3 of . (l0% marks)
the following parameters of it. a generic second order system, find

I. Percentage overshoot
(20%marks)
II. Damping ratio
(20%marks)

Page 2 of 6
 Step Response
1.4 r - - - - , - - - - - - -__:__ , . _ : _ - - - r - - - - : -- 1

1.2 -· · .. ..

Q) 0.8
"O
:,
==
Q.
E
<( 0.6 -

0.4 ·

0.2 ·

0 o"'-- -- - ' - - - - - -2' - - - --..J..3_ _ __ 4,___ __ ~s: - - - - --:6

Time (seconds)

Figure 3

3.

a) Determine the parameters of the PID controller C(s) = KP + + Kds

w2
using pole zero cancellation for the plant G(s)
·
= -C,,
s s+z,w
)

such that the unity feedback closed loop system is C~s+a) )' (50% marks)
s +s+a

b) It is necessary to design a PID controller C(s) = KP ( 1 + r:s + Tds) for the plant.
Gp(s) whose step response is given in Figure 4.

i. Express the PID controller parameters according to the Ziegler-Nichols tuning

rules using the y-axis intercept a and the x-axis intercept L of the plant step
response shown in Figure 4. (10% marks)

ii. Find Land a in using the plant step response given in Figure 4.
(20% marks)

iii. Derive the PID controller parameters using Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules and
express the PID controller. (20% marks)
Page 3 of 6
4. A Proportional Controller with gain K is used in cascade with the plant
G(s) = s(s+2)(s+4)
1
to form unity feedback closed loop system.

a) Construct the root locus diagram of KG(s) for O ::; K < oo (50% marks)

b) Use the results in a) to find the critical value of the gain K beyond which the closed
loop system is unstable. (50% marks)

5. Consider the plant transfer function

1000
G(s) - - - - - - - - ~
- s(s + l)(s + 10)(s + 100)
a) Identify the break frequencies of the plant. (20% marks)
b) Figure 5 shows the Bode diagram of the plant. Annotate and find the following
using the Bode diagram in the Figure 5.

i. phase margin (5% marks)

ii. gain crossover frequency (5% marks)
iii. gain margin (5% marks)
iv. phase crossover frequency. (5% marks)
c) Design a Phase Lead controller such that the phase margin at 2 rad/sis 50°.
l+Tis
You may take that for a phase lead controller C(s) = k-ar where a< 1, and the
1+ is

maximum phase addition is given by sin 'Pm = i-a

l+a
at Wm = (wL) ("'i)
a
where wL = ..!.._
Ti

(60% marks)
6. Consider the open loop system transfer function with k >0
k
G(s) - -,--....,.,...,--,,.-..--.,..
- (s - 1)(s 2 + 2s + 2)

a) Determine, with justifications, if the open loop system is stable. (10% marks)
b) State the Nyquist stability criteria. (20% marks)
c) Figure 6 shows the Nyquist diagram of G(s) with k =
1. Use Nyquist stability
criteria to determine the stability of the unity feedback closed loop system .
(15%marks)
d) Use the Nyquist diagram in Figure 6 to sketch the Nyquist diagrams of the
following on the Figure 6 itself:
i. G(s) with k =
0.1 (10% marks)
ii. G(s) wit k = 10. (10% marks)
e) Using the results in d), and the Nyquist stability criteria, analyse if the stability of
the unity feedback closed loop system formed using G(s) can be improved by
changing the value of k. (15% marks)
f) Design a Proportional Derivative (PD) controller to be implemented in cascade
with G(s) where k = 1, such that the unity feedback closed loop system has poles
at s =-0.1761 + =
0.8607i,s -0.1761- 0.8607i,s -0.6478 =
(20% marks)

Page4of6
 UNIVERSITY OF PERADEN IY A
Faculty of Engineering

END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION -AUGUST 2022

EE351 ELECTRON IC CIRCUITS

(Three hours)

Answer All Six (06) Questions. All Questions carry equal marks. Sections A, B and C will be
collected separately. Provide answers for each Section in separate books.

Section A
QI)
1.1 Define the terms Class B and Class AB as applied to power amplifiers. (20 marks)
1.2 Fig. Q 1.2 shows a simplified circuit of a complementary class B power amplifier. All
the devices may be assumed to be ideal. (80 marks)
a) Sketch the waveforms of Ic1, lei, Io and Vo to the same time scale as the sinusoidal
input signal-Vi.
b) Find the theoretical maximum output power of the amplifier circuit in Fig. Q 1.2.
c) Calculate the power rating of each transistor of the circuit in Fig. Q 1.2.

+48V
+ 18 V
'b~
'I'
0

tv,
V; C1 C2

l
o--1
Vo
sn
-48V
+·kQ CE

OV
Fig. Ql.2 Fig.Q2

Q2) High frequency parameters of the transistor-Ti in the amplifier circuit of Fig. Q2 are given
as,
gm= 40 mAN, rw = 80 0, fb'e = lkO, fee= 80 kn, Cb'c = 3 pf, Cb'e = 80 pf. Assume
that the effect of lb'c can be neglected. ·
2.1 Draw the high frequency ac circuit of the amplifier. (20 marks)
2.2 Derive the gain transfer function-(VdV;) (60 marks)
2.3 Sketch the gain-frequency plot and find the 3-dB bandwidth of the amplifier.
(20marks)

Page 1 of 4
 Section B

Q3)
3.1 Calculate the order of the Butterworth filter that has a 3 dB frequency of 1 kHz and 30
dB attenuation at 5 kHz. The Butterworth function is given by,
1
IHU<u)I= ((u)2N
1+ -.n,
(25 marks)
3.2 It is required to implement the filter found in Section 3.1 using the Sallen-Key
configuration. Draw the circuit diagram of the filter. (25 marks)
3.3 Find the component values of the circuit drawn in Section 3.2 such that the filter meets
the design requirements specified in the Section 3.1. Butterworth polynomials are given
in the Fig.Q3. The transfer function of the unity gain 2nd order Sallen-Key low pass
filter circuit is given by,
1
H(5 ) = fR1R2C1C2
52 r_l 1 ] 1
+ I.R1C1 + R2C1 5 + R1R2C1C2
(50marks)

Butterworth
n

I (s + I)
2 (s 2 + 1.414s + I)
3 (s+l)(s 2 +s+1)
4 (s 2 + l.848s + l)(s 2 + 0.765s +])
5 (s+l)(s2 +1.618s+l)(s 2 +0.765s+l)
6 (s 2 + l.932s+ l)(s2 + 1.414s+ l)(s2 +0.518s+ 1)
7 (s+ l)(s 2 + l.802s + I )(s 2 + l.247s+ l)(s 2 + 0.445s + I)
8 (s 2 + 1.962v + l)(s 2 + l.663s+ l)(s 2 + I.I I ls+ l)(s 2 + 0.390H I)

Fig. Q3

Q4) Consider the Wien-bridge oscillator circuit shown in Fig. Q4.

4.1 State the Barkhausen criteria for sustained oscillations and identify the forward
amplifier (A) and the frequency selective feedback network (P) in the Fig. Q4.
(10 marks)
4.2 Obtain an expression for the transfer function of frequency selective feedback network
p(j<u) (20 marks)
4.3 Derive an expression for the frequency of oscillation (fo) in terms of R1, R2, C1 and C2.
(40marks)
4.4 For R1=R2=l kn, C1=C2=l0 nF, find the
a) Frequency of oscillation/o.
b) Gain of the forward amplifier (A) required for the sustained oscillations.
(30 marks)

Page 2 of 4
 Cz

Fig.Q4

Section C
Q5)
5.1 Draw the cross section of a power diode and indicate the regions. State the name of the
layer which determines the high breakdown voltage and state what determines the
current carrying capability of a power diode. (25 marks)
5.2 Consider the diode circuit presented in Fig. Q5 . Assume that the battery voltage is less
than the peak voltage of the ac supply (Vm).
D R

v.,(t) = V.,sin(wt) 'v E

Fig. Q5
a) Sketch the output voltage (vo) and the output current (io).
b) Derive an expression for the average current flowing through the resistor. 615
c) A 12 V, 96 Wh battery is to be charged using the circuit shown in Figure~. The
supply voltage is 30 Vrms, 50 Hz. Calculate the conduction angle of the diode.
Furthermore, calculate the resistance of the series resistor required to maintain the
average charging current at 6.0 A.
(45 marks)
5.3 A sine PWM switching technique is used with a full-bridge single-phase voltage-source
inverter. Explain how the PWM is achieved with bipolar and unipolar PWM switching
techniques. Furthermore, compare the harmonics of the two switching methods.
(30 marks)

Page 3 of 4
Q6) A de lighting system is powered by a solar Photovoltaic (PV) panel. A buck converter is to
be used to couple the de lighting system and the PV panel. Fig. Q6 presents the schematic
diagram of the buck converter.
;,.(t)

t/s
-
L iind(t) i.(t)
V;n(I)

D
v1,.J(t)
c. r.., ,
Fig.Q6

6.1 Sketch the voltage across the inductor and current flowing through inductor assuming
that the converter is operating in the continuous conduction mode. (JO marks)
6.2 Derive an expression for the inductance of the inductor in terms of output voltage ( Vo),
duty ratio (D), switching frequency ({s) and inductor current ripple (!ii;nd).
(15 marks)
6.3 Derive an expression for the capacitance of the output capacitor in terms of inductor
current ripple (!J.i;nd), output voltage ripple (~V0 ), output voltage (Vo) and switching
frequency (f;). (15 marks)
6.4 The output voltage, output current and output power of the PV panel at the maximum
power point is 30.0 V, 7.50 A and 225 W respectively. The voltage of the de lighting
system is 12.0 V. The buck converter power should be able to withstand I 0% above
the maximum power from the PV panel. The switching frequency of the converter is 25
kHz. The inductor current ripple is 30 % and output voltage ripple is 2.0 %. Calculate
the inductance of the inductor Land capacitance of the output capacitor Co,
(40marks)
6.5 Sketch the voltage across the inductor and current flowing through the inductor when
the converter is operating at discontinuous conduction mode. Thereby, derive an
expression for the relationship between the input and output voltages. (10 marks)

Page 4 of 4
 UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA

Faculty ofEngineering
END SEMESTER EXAMIN ATION - SEPTEMBER 2022

EE 358 ELECTRICAL MACHINES

( Three hours)
(Answer ALL Questions, 3 from section A and 2 from section B)

--- - -··----··-·-···---·- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -
SECTION A
Question 1 [20 marks]
I .1 Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of a wound rotor three-phase induction motor.
(04 marks)
1.2 Discuss the three experiments conducted on a three-phase induction motor to estimate the
parameters. (06 marks)
I .3 A 400 V, 25 hp, 50 Hz, 4-pole, Y-connected induction motor has following impedances in
ohms per phase referred to stator circuit: R1 = 0.60 n, X1 = I .10 n, R2 = 0.30 n, X2 = 0.40
n and XM = 25.5 n. The core losses are 600 W. Frictional and windage loses are 600 W.
Assume the stray loses are negligible. The motor operates at a slip of 3.0 %. Calculate the
a) Synchronous and rotor speed,
b) Input power,
c) Air-gap power,
d) Induced torque,
e) Converted power,
f) Output power,
g) Starting torque.
(JO marks)

Question 2 [20 marks]

2. I Compare the slip at rated torque, starting torque and maximum torque of three-phase
induction motors of class A, B, C and D with aid of characteristic curves. (05 marks)
2.2 A 400 V, 25 hp, 50 Hz, 4-pole, Y-connected, induction motor has following impedances in
ohms per phase referred to stator circuit: R 1 = 0.60 n, X 1 = 1.10 n, R2 = 0.30 n, X2 ;= 0.40
n and XM =25.5 n. The total rotational losses are 1200 Wand are assumed to be constant.
The core loss is lumped in with the rotational losses.
a) Sketch the torque speed characteristic curves of the motor for V1 and Y2 supply voltages
(Y1 < Yz < Yrated).
b) Calculate the slip at maximum torque and maximum torque when supply voltage is
equal to 50 % and 75 % of the rated supply voltage.
c) Assume volts/Hertz speed control technique is used. The volts/Hertz ratio is calculated
from rated voltage and frequency. Calculate the slip at maximum torque and maximum
torque at 40 Hz.
(11 marks)
2.3 Compare the torque speed characteristics of a capacitor-start single-phase induction motor
and permanent split capacitor single-phase induction motor. (03 marks)
2.4 What should be essential in a standalone induction generator with a capacitor bank at the
terminals for the starting? (OJ marks)

Question 3 [20 marks]

A 500 kV A, 350 V, 50 Hz, Y-connected synchronous generator, when operating at the rated
field current of 12 A produces an open circuit voltage of 500 V and short circuit current of
400 A. Its armature resistance can be ignored.

a) Determine the approximate synchronous reactance. [3 marks]

b) This generator is delivering I 00 A at 0.8 pf lagging to a delta connected balanced

load. The field current is 12 A. Using the per-phase equivalent diagram and the phasor
diagram or othe1wise find

i). The torque angle. [4 marks]

ii). The generator terminal voltage [4 marks]
iii).Active and reactive power consumed by the load [3 marks]
c) Describe using a phasor diagram, the effects of connecting a balanced delta connected
i). capacitor bank [3 marks]
ii). inductor bank [3 marks]

to the generator terminal in parallel with the load on the generator current and
terminal voltage.