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Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
By:
Espiritu Michael
Galin Lemon
Madrona Rohndell
Marahay Rodante
January 2023
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
According to Phil star MANILA, Philippines (October 11, 2022) in accordance to the most
recent Pulse Asia survey, the majority of Filipinos (86%) think that the spread of false
information in the nation is a problem. Typically, this information originates from former
internet personalities. This is what Pulse Asia discovered in its Ulat ng Bayan survey,
Tuesday, which was carried out this year between September 17and 21 using in-person
interviews. Only 14% of the 1,200 respondents to the survey believe that this isn’t a
problem in the Philippines right now. This is the basis for the false information that prompts
people to alter their conduct because they hold a false belief. GMA News reported on May
7th, 2022,which they took from statista.com, the Philippines is the world's social media
epicenter. Numerous studies have shown that if you browse on social media for an extended
period of time or scroll incessantly, there is a good possibility that you may become
overwhelmed by false information. (GMA News for 2022).When the pandemic was at its
worst, WHO also faced the issue of people distributing untrue information about the
disease's spread. A recent WHO analysis concludes that infodemics and disinformation have
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
which rise during epidemics and disasters, frequently have a detrimental impact on people's
mental health, raise vaccine hesitancy, and can -delay the-delivery of healthcare. The
authors come to the conclusion that "forming legislative rules, producing and promoting
people's digital and health literacy" are effective ways to combat infodemics and health
infodemics.
Disinformation also included false or biased information, fabricated stories or facts, and
inaccurate with the intent to mislead. These data were obtained, compared, and presented
by the authors in an effort to find solutions to the problems caused by the dissemination of
Numerous pupils have fallen prey to false information. We are conducting research
to determine the precise relationship between a student's mental health and their propensity
for consuming fake news. The goal of our study is to determine the impact of fake news on
behavior. and what is the reason behind their accumulation of false information. We also
want to discover what additional ways fake news may have an impact on a student's
conduct. If we are familiar with them, we can demonstrate how their mental health is
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
impacted by the prevalence of fake news. and the impact on our own research will be
known as well.
Hypothesis
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
DEFINITION OF TERMS
For better clarification and understanding of the terms related to this study, the
following
Pulse Asia Survey- Our reference to the problem statement and data basis.
WHO- (world health organization) Our basis on health related about, what is the
effect of fake news on their mental health.
Biased- refers to the people whose blind and drowned by fake news
Social Media Epicenter- Refers to the country that have the most number of people using
Social Media.
Disinformation: information that is false or inaccurate, and that was created with a
deliberate
Fake News: News content published on the internet that aesthetically resembles actual
legitimate mainstream news content, but that is fabricated or extremely inaccurate. Also
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
Our study has been conducted since August 22, 2022 with our respondents being the
students
in the HUMMS strand, 20 students (grade 12 Democritus section) who are studying at
Tunasan
National High School Centennial Avenue Laguerta Muntinlupa, Metro Manila City, Philippines.
Beneficiaries:
Students: because students will be more aware about fake news and how to avoid it. and
they will be aware that it has an effect on our psychological health especially when we are
Parents: parents will be reassured because their children are aware if the news they
believe is still true. and it will also benefit the parents because their children will teach them
to know the real news because most of the baby boomers today are easily influenced by the
wrong.
Teachers: The teacher will also benefit because the teacher will know immediately what
exactly affects the behavior of a child or the belief that a student shows in school. maybe
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
Theoretical framework
A increasing collection of research on the ability of fake news to impact opinions has
been created in response to the requirement to examine fake news mitigation strategies for
online platforms. Experimental research in this field often compares the credibility of false
mechanism. It is propelled by four main research streams. Online studies have revealed, in
one stream, that fact-checking labels on Twitter-based anti-vaccine propaganda can raise
vaccine acceptance. (Featherstone et al., 2019), and that political position labels and
credibility labels on fake news subtly influence how credible it is considered to be. (Gao et
al., 2018). The credibility of false information after it has been corrected is the subject of a
separate line of inquiry. For instance, one such study discovered that platform users other
than public health authorities were more effective in correcting false information. (Vraga &
Bode, 2017), While another study discovered that algorithmic corrections were equally as
beneficial as those made by other users. (Bode & Vraga, 2018). A third line of inquiry draws
on the body of knowledge in cognitive psychology about the "continued influence effect. (H.
M. Johnson & Seifert, 1994), to determine whether corrected misinformation still has an
impact on inferences (Desai & Reimers, 2018; Rich & Zaragoza, 2016; Thorson, 2016). A
fourth stream, which includes a research by Balmas, focuses on how bogus news affects
false news viewing and emotions of ineffectiveness, alienation, and cynicism toward
politicians.
The ability of fake news to affect beliefs could affect behaviour (Gross, 2017; Levy,
2017). The behavioral sciences have a long history of examining the logical and social
factors that influence behavior, which supports this. For instance, social psychology has
looked at how prosocial conduct is affected by trust and education. (Bierhoff, 2002; Twenge
et al., 2007) and political discourse have investigated the impact of affective and rhetorical
persuasion on voting (Clarke et al., 2006; Wahl-Jorgensen, 2019). However, response biases
Podsakoff & Organ, 1986), the drawbacks of using rational decision-making models for
routine actions (Back, 1961; Green & Shapiro, 1996), impact of subconscious beliefs (Lodge
& Taber, 2013), and the combination of confusing factors (Ewert & Sibthorp, 2009). It has
been challenging to predict complicated behaviour from the rational processing of particular
disinformation as a result. This calls for methods, like the one used in the present study,
A new research stream on behavior has been added to the study of how credible
fake news is. However, while social media data makes it possible to analyze behavior
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
resulting from exposure to false information, the literature that has already been published
has largely focused on people's propensity to spread false information. For example, ( Guess
et al. 2019) reported that dissemination of bogus news is predicted by age and political
affiliation. Among healthcare professionals, ( Chua & Banerjee , 2018) discovered that
sharing of medical rumors is predicted by personal interaction. ( Boehmer & Tandoc , 2015)
discovered that the perceived relevance of a content to the user and their audience is what
drives sharing. ( Colliander 2019) users were less likely to spread fake news stories that
received negative comments in the post's comments section, it was discovered. A more
psychologically nuanced framework is required to comprehend how fake news can covertly
modify behavior that isn't always conscious, especially behaviors other than sharing that
might be the target of a fake news article. While this research is important for identifying
There is evidence that online fake news has the potential to influence subconscious
attitudes and influence behavior. Psychology has recently placed a strong emphasis on how
unconscious attitudes might impact moral, emotional, and cognitive functions. ( Greenwald
and Banaji 1995, p. 8 ) Implicit attitudes are "introspectively misidentified (or mistakenly
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
identified) residues of past experience that mediate favorable or negative feeling, thought,
or behavior towards social objects," according to the definition. ( Gawronski, Hoffman &
Wilbur , 2006) explained that people might not be aware of the origin, nature, or influence
a model that states that implicit attitudes can exist alongside explicit attitudes and that a
person holding an implicit attitude might not even be aware of it. These ideas share the idea
that, unless actively suppressed, implicit attitudes are automatic, may direct action, guide
conduct, or both. ( Ajzen & Fishbein, 2005; Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996; Fazio, 1990;
Fazio & Olson, 2014, Fishbein and Ajzen, 2011; Greenwald & Banaji, 2017 ). This is
consistent with correlational data on eating behavior and implicit sentiments. ( Hofmann &
Friese, 2008 ), consumer conduct ( Maison et al., 2004 ), dependence on exercise and
Three interventions are used in this study to change implicit attitudes and produce
predictable behavioral outcomes. The idea that implicit attitudes can be changed ( Dasgupta
& Rivera, 2008 ) As a result, interventions that modify implicit attitudes to produce
medicine, for example, propose influencing implicit attitudes toward physical activity as a
means of promoting physical well-being. ( Chevance et al., 2018; D. E., 2017; Conroy et al.,
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
2010; Forrest et al., 2016 ). Similar interventions have been proposed to encourage healthy
eating habits. ( Hollands et al., 2011; Houben et al., 2010; Mattavelli et al., 2017 ) as well
as smoking cessation ( Lee et al , 2017 ). In the field of social sciences ( Dasgupta and
Rivera , 2008 ) suggest that when members of outgroups are not present or visible in
communities, positive media exposure can modify behavioral intentions and reduce implicit
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
This chapter presents the review of related literature and related studies underlying
the
framework of the study. It includes the definition and purpose that support the
theory of the
research study.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
content. Mediation analyses suggest that analytic cognitive style may partially explain these
individuals’ increased willingness to believe fake news.
According to their studies, fake news have role to alter our beliefs or to change our
behavior such as being “dogmatism” even you know the truth you’ll be able to belief what is
not legitimate.(Synthesis)
The Effects of Fake News on the Philippine Media and the Economy
Local Literature
(Genesis Munsayac 2017)We’ve all had that experience of coming across shared
news stories with hyperbolic headlines while scrolling through our social media feeds. Some
of us would click and read the accompanying article in disbelief, while others would just
immediately share it around without verifying the source. Though critical readers would
spend a few minutes of Google-directed due diligence to reveal a story’s veracity, by then, it
may be too late the story may have already gone viral and received millions of page views.
Fake news has seriously caught on. It has greatly influenced the way media platforms
operate, the
This article, which engages with the special issue's theme of media freedom "from
below," provides comparative research that is ethnographically based on two democratic
Southeast Asian nations—Indonesia and the Philippines—that are currently facing serious
threats to their respective democracies and media freedom. Through the employment of
buzzers (in Indonesia) and trolls, among other methods, our research identifies the primary
disinformation work patterns in Southeast Asia (the Philippines). Our study looks at how
trolls, buzzers, and misinformation are becoming more and more connected to political elites
and the ambiguous line that separates them. We seek to enhance awareness of how
political disinformation campaigns and journalist harassment are organized in order to
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
prevent them in the future by outlining recent practices of these efforts. using an analysis of
four prevalent misinformation work patterns.( Asian Journal of Communication, 1-17,
2021)
On social media platforms, fake news spreads more quickly and widely. Platforms for
algorithm-driven news delivery have lowered barriers to entry and expanded the market for
news readers and publishers. They also distinguish between the functions of content editors
and news distribution curators. The latter becomes algorithm-driven, frequently in an effort
to increase traffic and ad sales. This makes reputable editors less effective as high-quality
middlemen and makes it easier for incorrect and fake news to spread. Failures in the news
market could result. Platforms for distributing news are now more conscious than ever of
the necessity to make adjustments for these possible setbacks. Fact-checking, improved
media literacy, and news media codes of behavior are examples of non-regulatory activities
that can also help.( Digital Economy Working Paper 2018-02, Joint Research Centre
Technical Reports, 2018)
based on the studies that we got in different articles. Fake news has many effects
not only on people's thoughts but also on the economy because there are two things that
affect it, it's either you are the victim or you are the one spreading fake news or trolls if
called. it can affect our lifestyle due to misinterpretation of things.(Synthesis)
The use of social media for news consumption has pros and downsides. On the one
hand, individuals seek out and consume news via social media due to its low cost, ease of
access, and quick transmission of information. The massive distribution of fake news, which
is low quality news containing purposefully incorrect information, has the potential to have
tremendously harmful effects on people and society, hence fake news detection on social
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
media has lately emerged as an area of research that is gaining a lot of attention.( ACM
SIGKDD explorations newsletter 19 (1), 22-36, 2017)
Social media platforms are vulnerable to abuse, false information, and consequently,
fake news due to the unrestricted freedom they offer. Social media has emerged as a major
force in the last few years in influencing public debate in a democratic setting (Marda &
Milan, 2018). Although regulators have put pressure on service and platform providers,
neither user nor platform owner responsibility has advanced in any significant way. Social
media misuse has increased steadily in India, as have the number of users of the platform.
The development of online social media in recent years has tremendously improved
how individuals communicate with one another. Online social media users communicate with
others, share information, and keep up with current events. However, a lot of recent
information that has been shared on social media is questionable and, in some cases,
deliberately misleading. Fake news is a common label for such material. Large-scale
dissemination of bogus news online has the potential to have detrimental effects on society.
(Zhang, X., & Ghorbani, A. A. 2020)
According to the study, listening online can assist identify online influencers who can
shift the narrative, identify possible problems that might attract bogus news, and inspire
reaction measures. The research makes recommendations for the best ways to manage fake
news through influencer connections, including fostering goodwill, motivating advocacy,
exhibiting responsiveness and transparency, and combining media relations and social media
tactics. The results of the study are in line with the fundamental assumptions of the SMCC
model and demonstrate how companies can effectively be ready for a socially mediated
crisis. For instance, the SMCC model and the public relations professionals who took part in
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
the study advise online monitoring of social dialogues to identify potential crisis triggers and
vulnerable areas.( Michele Ewing, Cheryl Ann Lambert 2019)
It is still unclear how false news operated on Twitter during the 2016 US presidential
election and what impact it had. In this study, we analyze a dataset of 171 million tweets
from the five months prior to election day to find 30 million tweets from 2.2 million people
that link to news sources. based on www.categorisation . of news sources, open sources.
We discover that 25% of these tweets disseminate false or blatantly biased information. We
apply causal modeling to analyze the information flow networks and identify the key
traditional and fake news disseminators, as well as how fake news affected the presidential
election. While prominent figures disseminating conventional news with a left or center slant
heavily affect. (Alexandre Bovet, Hernán A Makse 2019).
In accordance of their study about online influencers and fake news. The online
influencers have a big role to spread false news because they can manipulate the minds of
people specially the people whose idolized the online influencers. And even the influencers
have spread false news, the fans will listen to them because the beliefs of fans have altered
by the online influencers.(Synthesis)
The World Health Organization has referred to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic
as a "infodemic" of false information. Based on a total sample of more than 38 million
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
______________________________________________________________________
articles published in English-language media worldwide between January 1 and May 26,
2020, this study identifies and examines the most significant COVID-related disinformation
themes.( Sarah Evanega, Mark Lynas, Jordan Adams, Karinne Smolenyak, Cision
Global Insights)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph