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    DIPS Previous Yeare Chapterwise

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    Reevu Thapa

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    Units t. ML Chapters Real Analysis Summary... 1.1 Point Set Topology 1.2 Sequences of Real Numbers 1.3. Series of Real Numbers .. 1.4 Function and Their Properties 1.5 Continuity & Uniform Continuity ... 1.6 Differentiability 1.7. Sequence and Series of Functions and Power Series 1.8. Function of Several Variables Linear Algebra Summary 2.1 Vector Spaces f : ee 2.2 Linear Transformation and Its Properties 2.3. Matrices and Their Properties 2.4 Eigen Values and Bigen Vectors Modern Algebra Summary 3.1. Set and Relations 3.2 Basic Algebraic Structure 3.3. Groups Within Groups Scanned with CamScanner Page No. 1-26 27-37 38-56 57-65 66-71 72-83 84.99 100-112 113-134 135-159 160-166 167-178 179-189 190-197 198-212 213-213 214.216 217-219 3a 35 36 a7 38 39 Iv. Integral Calculus Summary 4.1 Definite Integral 4.2 Area under the Curves .. : 43° Surface Area 4.4 Triple Integrals ..... v. Vector Calculus ‘Summary 5.1 Vector Algebra and Vector Valued Function .. 5.2 Gradient, Divergence and Curl 5.3 Line Integral and Green's Theorem, Conservative Vector Field ce 5.4 Surface Integral & Gauss Divergence Theorem, Stoke's Theorem VI. Ordinary Differential Equation 6.1 62 63 64 65 Vil. Appendix 7 72 73 TA 15 Some Important Groups of Finite Order .......-- Symmetric Group or Permutation Group ‘Some Important Groups of Infinite Order ... Conjugate Classes and Class Equation Invariant / Normal Subgroup Homomorphism and their Counting ....... Summary First Order First Degree Differential Equation ... General Theory of Linear differential Equation of Higher Order Solution of Linear Differential Equation with Constant and Variable Coefficients Uniqueness and Existence .. Orthogonal Trajectories Ring Theory . Model Practice set-1 Model Practice set-2 Model Practice set-3 Model Practice set-4 . ‘Scanned with CamScanner Real Analysis Syllabu 6. x Real Analysis: Interior points, limit points, open sets, closed sets, bounded sets, connected sets, compact sets, completeness of IR. Power series (of real variable), Taylor's series, radius and interval of convergence, term-wise differentiation and integration of power series. Sequences and Series of Real Numbers: Sequence of real numbers, convergence of sequences, bounded and monotone sequences, convergence criteria for sequences of real numbers, Cauchy sequences,subsequences, Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem. Series of real numbers, absolute convergence, tests of convergence for series of positive terms - comparison test, ratio test, root test; Leibniz test for convergence of alternating series. Functions of One Real Variable: Limit, continuity, intermediate value property, differentiation, Rolle's Theorem, mean value theorem, L'Hospital rule, Taylor's theorem, maxima and minima. Functions of Two or Three Real Variables: Limit, continuity, partial derivatives, differentiability, maxima and minima. aa ae Point Set Topology Sequences of Real Numbers Series of Real Numbers Function & Their Properties Continuity and Uniform Continuity of Functions pifferentiability Power Series Function of Several Variables Scanned with CamScanner 1. POINT SET TOPOLOGY © Archimedean Property of Real Numbers: () If %Y are two positive real numbers then their exist a positive integer n such that ny >x (ii) If x is any positive real number then there exist a positive integer nsuch that (iii) For any real number x, there exist an integer nsuch that 1 < n © Upper bound: Let S be any subset of R then a real number Mis called an upper bound of Sifevery element of S is less than or equal to M i.e xSM,VxeS © Lower bound: Let S be any subset of & then a real number mis called lower bound of Sif every element of Sis greater than or equal to m, i.e. msx,vxeS @ Bounded set: A set SCR is called bounded if 3 two real numbers m and M such that mxeS. (i) Sis not an interval if ¢ (i) Empty set and singleton intervals. (ii) If S is an interval an a whether they are memb (iv) Length of interval = sup () An interval Sis called ano if sup S and inf S both, toS. (vi) An interval S is called. sup S and inf S both bel Order Completeness Property (C Every non empty bounded subs Supremum and Infimum in R Neighbourhood of a Point: that aeand IcS. Adherent point: Let ae R and SCR, thenaise point of S. If for (a-6,a+6)ase9- Isolated Point: ‘Scanned with CamScanner point’ Gf 78 /aaieaae svery ya (¢-S.a+d)as—fahag Interior Point: Let $< Set of all interior points of Sig denoted by s°, Exterior Point: letaeR and Se we say Gis an exterior point of Sif it is an interiog Point of s*ing (where S* means complement of Sin R). Set ofall exterior point of Sis denoted by Ext s, Condensation Point: let aeR anid SER, then a is called condensation point of $ if for every 550, (2-6,a+5) must contain uncountable members of S. Hence if S is not countable, then there exists a point in S such that xis condensation point of S, Boundary Point: eR i8 Said to be a boundary point of Sc R if it is neither an interlot point of S nor an exterior point of S. Set of all boundary points of Sis denoted by Ba(S) Open Set: A set Sis called open, ifit is neighbourhood of cach of its point Closed Set: A set Sis called closed, if it contains all its limit point. Derived Set: j Collection of all limit point of a given set Sis called derived set of Sand it is denoted by s'. Perfect Set: Ifs s' then Sis called perfect set. Dense Set: / A set S is said to be Dense in any set X iff S5=x Unit REAL ANALYSIS - Summary Bolzano Weierstrass Theorem: Every infinite bounded subset of R has a limit Point, Properties of Sets: = Ifsis abounded non-empty subset of R . Then inf S int T For any two non-empty bounded subsets S, 7 of R such that Sc7; inf P0. % Let S be a non-empty set of R which has Supremum and let T={4x:x eS} then Tis bounded below v2.<0 and infT = Asups mm sup{xeQ:xa,,,, Vn N (Then the sequ monotonically decreasing or non- Ifa, it has a ¢ subsequence. ™ Ifa sequence of natural m divergent then it has subsequence. Cauchy Sequence: ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘some Important Theorems: @ IPs House, 21 ips ACADEMY sequence if for any ¢>0, there exists a positive integer m such that [a, —a,|m Cauchy's First Theorem on limit: Let li (a, + a, =0, then tim( +4 +..+4, In General: Let lima, Then, tim| Cauchy's Second Theorem on Limits: If (a,) converges to (+0) and a,>0 then lim (a,a,...,)"" =1 Ifall the terms of a sequence (a,) are positive and if lim St exist. Then lim(a,)"" also exist and the two limits are equal. ie., n(a,)\” = lim 21 , provided the later limit a exist Cesaro's Theorem: Let lima, =a and limb, =b where a,beR, fe tut a,b, then Lim S122 Gabe essed Gaba Tp Sandwich Theorem: Let (a,),(b,),(¢,) are sequence of real number such that a, 0,VneN and lima, =1, then 120 If (a,),(b,) be two sequence such that b,,WneN, then lima, a. Then a} +a*. However, the converse may not be true For example, let (@,)=((-1)"). Then (a2) =(Is4,1,..), which converges to 1, but (a,) does not converge to 1 Let (a,) be a sequence such that a? >a", then |a,|>|a| as n> SERIES NUMBERS OF REAL Definition: We know about arithmetic and geometric series etc. A series of n terms is denoted by the expression w+ u, +...+u, or Su. Ifthe series has no last term, then such series is called an infinite series. Infinite Series Let (a,) be a sequence of real numbers, infinite Seater: ae ee Near L.T., New Delhi-110016 (@ 98-00-22-1386 SP 011-26637527 fadomy.com fj www dipsacademy.com ‘Scanned with CamScanner sum of the members of the sequence, is defined as series of real numbers. It is also denoted by a, . For example: +, here (a,)= @) n a @ Sequence of Partial Sum: Suppose )’a, is an infinite series then we define a sequence (S,) as follows: +...+a, , and soon The sequence (S,) is called the sequence of partial sums of the series }\a, . Convergent Series : Aseries Ya, is said to be convergent, if the sequence (S,)of partial sums of Ya, is convergent and if limS, = S, then Sis called the sum of the series Ya, and then we write Divergent Serie: The series Dia, is said to be divergent, if the sequence (S,) of partial sums of Da, is divergent. Oscillatory Series: The series ))a, is said to oscillatory, if the sequence (S,) of partial sums of a, oscillates. Necessary condition for convergence of a series: If the series })a, converge, then lima, fathematics ~ Previous Year Solved Paper [ISBN No: 978-81-937729-0-4] Near I.1.T., New Delhi-tinnse m= Remark: ; cs Converse of the theorem true. For example: Let Da, =} li = If lima,+0 then Yad converge: ‘Telescoping Serie be a sequence of real m Let (a Define b, =a, the series }b, Tren oS8 ths ae convergent. Cauchy's General Principal of A necessary and sufficient condition: series 3a, to converge is that for there exists a positive integer m, [Gms + Omnia +--+ @y|<€ for all m 2mm ‘Scanned with CamScanner ips KeaDEWY pringsheim's Theorem: if a series °u, of positive monotonic decreasing terms converges then not only u, 20 butalso nu, >0 as n> Series of Positive Real Numbers: Series with positive terms are the simplest and the most important type of series one comes across. The simplicity arises mainly from the fact that the sequence of its partial sums is monotonically increasing. Remarl (i) A positive term series converges iff the sequence of its partial sum is bounded above. (ii) The sequence of partial sum ofa series with negative terms can be shown to be monotonic decreasing and hence a series with negative terms converges iff the sequence of its partial sum is bounded below. (iii) It may similarly be seen that a series of negative terms can either converge or diverge to (iv) A series S°u, whose terms are not arily positive may fail to be convergent even if the sequence (S,) is bounded above -1)' so that For example: Consider u, = -1, ifn isodd |0, ifniseven we have S, Test for Convergence of Positive Terms Series © First Comparison Test: Du k>OQand J meN such that u, Su, converges. = Du, diverges = D)v, diverges. © DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Sarai, Hauz Khas, Near Lit, New Deihi-110016 (@ 88-00-22-41386 011-20597527 @ info@sipsacademy.com i www.dipsaca Unit-1: REAL ANALYSIS - Summary ‘Second Comparison Test: If Du, and Dv, are two positive term series such that =~ Ly, converges = Su, converges. = Lu, diverges > Dv, diverges. P-Series Test: z 1 ‘ ‘The series D1 is convergent iff p>1 Limit form Comparison Test: Let Du, and Div, be two positive term series 4, such that lim (Lis finite and non-zero). Then Yu, and Dv, converge or diverge together, Remark: If |= 0 or I~», then the conclusion of the above test may not hold good. If Dia, is a convergent series of positive a, +a, terms then Sis convergent Cauchy's nth Root Test : Let )’a, be a positive term series such that (i) Ya, converges if t<1 (i) Da, diverges if 151 (iii) Test fails if 1=1 Cauchy's Integral Test If u(x)is a non-negative, monotonically decreasing and integrable function such that u(n)=u,, VneN, then the series yu, is convergent if and only if fu(x)dx is convergent. smy.com ‘Scanned with CamScanner IIT-JAM Mathematics - Previous Year Solve For example The series $1(ps0) i Beemer ep Svante ey ss 1 For example: The series ie #n(logn)" convergent if p>1and divergent if 0Y be a one-one onto function. Then the function g:¥ +X which associates to each element ye¥ the unique clement x¢X such that f(x)=y is known as inverse function of f. The inverse function g of fis denoted by f. Then, we have f-!:¥ > Xsuch that f-!(y)=x,where f(x=y Domain of Definition: Let y= f(x) be arule, SCR on which f Sbea becomes real valued function i.e., if subset of R & f:S>R_ be real valued function then Sis called domain of definition We sometimes denote domain of definition as Dod ’. For example: f(x)=sinx, x#1, Dod Some well known functions © The Greatest Integer Function: Let f:R>R defined by f(x Vnsxcn+lneN, [x] indicates the integral part of x which is nearest and smallest integer to x. It is also known as floor of x. Domain of f is the set of real number and range of fis the set of integers. h low Deini-110016 B88 DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Saral, Hauz Khas, Near 1..7:, New Delhi 1100 0 ee @ Info@dipsacademy.com HH www.sipsacademy.com For example: {2.45] =2,[-2 Fractional Part of Function: ‘The function f:R->[0,1] defined by Ae [x], [x] is greatest integer function is called fractional part of x Doman=R { Range= {0,1) For example: x =1.3 then { Least Integer Function: Afunction f:R->R defined as f(x)=[] the integral part of x which is nearest and greatest integer to x. It is also known as ceiling of x For example: [2.3023|=3, |-8.0725] Logarithmic Function: Let ‘a’ be a positive real number, then the function f :R’ > R definedas f(x) =log, x is called the logarithmic function. The range is the set & of all real numbers. Wocect Mast yas yaxis ) s was 3] coy 00-22-1386 011-26537527 ‘Scanned with CamScanner a,b,c be positive real numbers 10g, (ab) = log, a+ log, b (ii) tos.(2) 10g. a — tog. b (iii) log.a" = miog.a, meR (iv) log,a=1,a%1 . 1 ~ log,.4=—"log,a; be1 & meR i) tog,a= 1 ia,be1 Hogi pee (Vi) tog, a= fee et & moo (ill) a" —m;m>0 & ast © Signum Function: Let f:R{-1,0,1} defined as if x>0 ifx<0 ifx=0 ~is called signum function, reaxis Classification of Functions © Algebraic Function: Afanetion y= f (x) is said to be an algebraic function and set SR equation of the form » if it is a root of the Po(x)y" + p,(x)y" +... + p,(x)=0 © DIPS House, 28, via s Hauz Khas, Near 1.1.7 @ info@dipsacademy.com an onhi-1100%6 @. 8.c0-22-1as6 @ o11-26597% www-dipsacademys where p,(x) are polynomial in. For example: Constant functions, function even if f (x)= 7. ‘Transcendental Function: Ifafunction y= f(x) defined on is not an algebraic function then be a transcendental function on §, For examples: f (x)= x" Periodic Function: A function y= f(x) is said to be peq 31eR/{0} such that F(x+)ay called a period of Fundamental Period: periodic function f is defined fundamental period of f For example: f (x)= function with set of periods {angi fundamental period of f (x) = Sum or difference of two periodic fun not be periodic. Sum of two periodic functions (having: fundamental periods) may be perio fundamental period may not exist. Sum or difference of two periodic: not be periodic. If f and g are two functions defined Such that g is periodic. Then fog is ped on R, Monotonic Function: Let ScRand £:54R then i) F is said to be ™monotonically if for x, ey =f(%)Sf(—)iemp (ifstrict inequality hold then fis! Strictly increasing function) ‘om ‘Scanned with CamScanner (i) f is sald tobe monotonically decreasing iffor x R is said to be an even function iff (x)= f(x);vxeS and fis called an odd fCX)=-F (x) ¥xes Limit of a Function © General Principle For Existence of Limit (GPEL): function — if Let S R be a subset of R and x=a isa limit point of S(may or may not be member of s). Let f:S9R We say Ic is the limit of f <> forany e>0, 36>0 such that x,,x, €{x:0<|x-alR. We say [cR is the limit of f = for any sequence (a,), such that (a,) >a = f(a,)>1(a, eS; ¥neN) Note: If we can find two sequences (a,) and b,) in S converging to a but f(a,) and J (b,) converging to different limit point, Then we say the function has no limit at x= a or limit does not exist at x=a We can say limit does not exist at x= ifwe can find a sequence (a,) in S such that (a,) +a and f(a,)does not converge at all © DIPS HOUSE, 28, ‘© Theorems on Limits () Uniqueness Theorem: Let ScR and f is defined on S. If lim f (x) exist then it is unique. (ii) If limf(x)=L, then f is bounded on some deleted neighbourhood of ie., iff is unbounded on some neighbourhood of a = limit at adoes not exist. For example: im, does not exit. (ii) tim f(x) and equal to a real number Le both left hand limit lim f(x) and right limit lim f(x) exist and are equal tor ¢ Sandwich Theorem for Functions: If function f,g and h are defined on a deleted neighbourhood Dofa point asuch that F(x)2g(x)zh(x);vxeD lim h(x) = and ims (x then limg(x)exists and equals to 1 © Let f be strictly increasing on 7-R then J” exist and is strictly increasing on f(1) © If f is monotonic on (a,b), then for each ¢ in (a,b) lim f(x) and lim f(x) both exist may not be equal. © If fis monotonic increasing on (a,b), then for each c<(a,b) tim f (x)= sup f(x) < F(¢) < nfl F(x) = lim f (x) “Sarai, Mauz Khas, Near ..T., New Delhi-110016 @ 86-00-221986 SP 011.26597527 @ info@dipsacademy.com f] www.dipsacademy.com ‘Scanned with CamScanner (a) (ii) () tim, Be Sey ” Joga,va>0 wi) tim*=2" - par',v p20 and azo (vi pS (viii) limeos x =1 5. CONTINUITY €ND GNIFORM CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS © Definitions: Let SCR beasubset of R and f:S+R be a real valued function. Then we sa fis continuous at a < if any of the following condition is satisfied: (@) @eS~5' (ie. a isan isolated point of S) (i) wes’ and lim f (x)= f(a) (ie. limit of Ff existat x =a and equal to the value of the function). © — Second Definition of Continuity: let SCR and f: »Rbe a function then we say f is continuous at the point @ <5 © DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Sarai, Hauz Khas @ info@sipsacademy com Near 1.1.T., New Deini (x) 20205) 94a of Discontinuity : © Removable discontinuit, discontinuity): Let ScR and f:S>R beag at x=« oritis defined and lim f(j discontinuity at x=a- Discontinuity of first kind oy discontinuity): A function f:S+R is said discontinuity of the first kind fn left to a if L.HLL exist butt is to f(a) (ii) A function f is said to discontinuity of first kind from to a if HLL. exist butit is note f(a) diecantindie A function f (.x) is said to havea of second kind (or mixed disconti =a, if any of Right hand limit or. limit or both does not exist at x= 110016 es GB 88-00-22-1386 = of. ww. dipsacad jemy.com, ‘Scanned with CamScanner f &g are continuous at @ . Then (Linear combination of f and 9 is also continuous at xeaie. afta te continuous at x =a (ii) Product of F and gis continuous at @ » fg is continuous at x= (iii) a (provided 9(x)+0;¥xes) is continuous at x= Gv) | f] is also continuous at xa. ) tg} -Lta)+lF a] vy) max{f, g} =F aI) Fg} 2 is also continuous at x=@ (i) min{f,g is also continuous at x =a Some Important Theorems on Continuous Functions Boundedness Theorem: Let I=[a,b]and f:1->R be a continuous function, then f is bounded on 1 Remark: Each hypothesis of the Boundedness Theorem is needed, we can construct examples which show that the conclusion may fails if any one of the hypothesis is relaxed, ‘The Maximum-Minimum Theorem: Let I=[a,b] and f :1R be continuous on I, then f has an absolute maximum and an. absolute minimum on I. The Location of Roots Theorem: Let 1=[a,b] and f :1 +R be continuous on Tandif f (a) <0< f(b) or f(a)>0> f(b) ie. J (a): f(b) <0 then there exist a number ©<(a,b) such that f(c)= 1S jauz Khas, Ne IPS HOUSE, 26, Ja Sara, Have Kh 3 eae @ info@dipsac a Bolzano’s Intermediate Value Properties Let Ibe an interval and f:1 > R bea function on Tand if there exist abel and keR satisfying f(a) 0 such that f (x) has the same sign as F(c)» for every x<(e-3,c+8) Identity Theorem (First Form): Let f be a continuous function on an interval Then f(x)= Identity Theorem (First Form): If f(x) and g(x) are continuous on an interval fand f(x)=g(x),¥x€1Q, Then S(x)=9(x) veer Generalized form: Let f and g are two continuous functions on SER and f(x)=g(x),vxeT, where Tis a dense subset of S.Then f (x)= 9(x),WxeS Fixed Point: Let ScRand f:S>R bea any function, Then ae§ is said to be a fixed point of f if intersection of the curve y= f(x) and yex. LUT, New Doini-110016 @ 88-00-22-1386 SP 011-26537527 .cademy.com ff] www-dipsacademy.com ‘Scanned with CamScanner (ii) WEA (x)= F(x)—x, then the zeros of h are the fixed point of f i.e., number of zeros of his equal to numbers of fixed pointof f. Uniform Continuity © Definition: A function f defined on an interval Fis said to be uniformly continuous on Tif for each ©>0 there exists a 5 +09 such that [f(4)-F(%)|0 such that for every 5 >0 there are points x,,u, in I such that and [FC )-F (use 40 (iii) There exists an ¢,>0 and two sequences (x,) and (u,) in I such that lim(x, -u,)=0 and |f(x,)-f(u,)26, for all neN © Uniform Continuity Theorem: Let Ibe a closed and bounded interval and let f IR be continuous on I. Then f is uniformly continuous on I. Lipschitz Function: Let ACR andlet f:A—>R bea function if there exists a constant x >0 such that [f(x)- f(s K|x-ul forall x,uc A. Then f is said to be a Lipschitz function (or to © DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Sarai, Hauz Khas, Near I.1.T., Ni @ info@dipsacademy.com jy satisfy a Lipschitz condition) on A, Result: If f:/>R is a Lipschitz then fis uniformly continuous on Continuous Extension Theorem: is uniformly continuous on Jif and on can be defined at the point a and b © Some Important Sufficient Conditi Uniform Continuity () If f is continuous on R then j uniformly continuous on every int of finite length. But not convers (ii) bounded. (iii) Then it is uniformly continuous 6 (iv) If f is continuous on [a, «),(a eR); limit at exist finitely. Then uniformly continuous on [a,) (v) If f is uniformly continuous on. (a & (b,c) and continuous at x=b- Result: Let f:15R be a unit continuous function on [and (x,) bea’ Sequence in I. Then (f(x,)) is also Sequence : Demrinonre 88-00-22-1386 @ 011-26597527 ipsacademy.com ‘Scanned with CamScanner Let f and g are ‘Uniformly continuou: ae het ; functions on the interval 1, Then : (iv) If Lf'(c)*Rf(c), we say that the i) @f + 6g is uniformly continuous on pe aa ee : function is not differentiable at x= Remark: (ii) If f and g both are bounded functions () Continuity is a necessary but not a amen 5 eee sulficient condition for the existence a formly continuow: nite derivative. i ee 8 finite derivative. ..,every differentiable function is continuous but converse (ili) If $()Ek>Oveer where Kop ech ers (ii) Tat x=e, f has Left Hand Derivative is uniformly continuous on 1 and Right Hand Derivative both (may or may not be equal) 6. DIFFERENTIABILITY ‘Then fis continuous at x=e (ii) If f:[a,b]>R such that f is Then 1 Let f be areal valued function defined on an GRRE ee interval [a, bli.e., f:[a,b]->R. Let ace f(x), Wxe(c-5,c+8) other than cand cis called point of local maxima. (ii) F(c) is said to be a local minimum value of the function f, if there exists some neighbourhood (¢-6,c +6) of ¢ such-that f(c)< f(x), Vxe(c-5,c+6) other than cand cis called point of local minima. (iii) _f(c) is said to be an extreme value of f, if it is either a maximum or a minimum value. Point of inflexio: An inflection point, point of inflection is a point on a curve at which the curve changes from being concave (concave downward) to convex (concave upward), (iv) or vice versa. Interior Extremum Theorem: Let cbe an interior point of the interval J at which f:/>R has an extremum. If the derivative of f atc exist then f"(c)=0 (i) First derivative test for extreme value: Let a function f be differentiable in a neighbourhood of ¢, where f has an © DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Sar © — Generalized form of Lagrange’s Mean’ Hauz Khas, Near I.|.T., New Deihi-11 info@dipsacademy.com Hl www Aine == changes from plus to minus and 7 a minimum value if the si changes from minus to plus as | through ¢ Second derivative test for values: ; Let f be differentiable on an int (ii) Je-e,c+4[ and let f'(c)=0 If '(c)=0 and f"(c) <0, has a maximum value at x=¢ (a) ) If f'(c)=0 and f"(c)>0,t f has a minimum value at x Mean Value Theorems: © Rolle’s Theorem: Let fbe a function defined on [a,b] that: () fF is continuous on [a, 5] (ii) f is differentiable on (a,b) (iii) f(a)= f(b) then 3c €(a,b) such f'(c)=0 © Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem Let f be a function defined on [a, b] such th (i) fis continuous on [a,b] (i) fis differentiable on (a,b) the 3¢c(a,b) such that LOS b-a Theorem: Ifa function f defined in that ,ath] is 0016 @ 88-00-22-1386 ss 011.26831 ‘Seanned with CamSeanner > ips ACADEMY () Ff iscontinuous in [a,a+ A} (i) fis differentiable in (a,a+h), then there exists some @€(0, 1) such that Ff (a+9)- f(a) =hf'(a+oh) isome useful deduction from the Mean Value theorem: If fis defined and continuous on{a, b] andis differentiable on (a,b), and if f'(x)=0 for all x in (a,b), then f(x) has a constant value throughout [a, 5] if f(x) and g(x) are both defined and continuous on [a,b], and are differentiable on (a,b), and if f'(x)=g'(x),vxe(a,b), then f(x) and g(x) differ by a constant on [a,b] If f is continuous on [a,b], and f'(x)20 in (a,b), then fis increasing in [a,b] If fis continuous on [a, bland f'(x)>0 in (a,b), then fis strictly increasing in [a, b] If f is continuous on [a, b]and f'(x)<0 in (a,b), then f is decreasing in [a,b] If fis continuous on [a, bland f’(x)<0 in (a,b), then fis strictly decreasing in [a, b] Cauchy Mean Value Theorem: Let f and g be two functions defined on [a, b] such that (i) f and g are continuous in [2, b] (i) f and g are differentiable in (a,) Hauz Kh nfo@dipsacademy.com © DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Sa (iii) g'(x)*0 for cach xe(a,b) and g(a) + 9(b). Then there exist at least one point ee(a,b) such that L(b)- F(a) _ Fle) = g(a) 9'(e) al Taylor's Theorem with Lagrange’s Remainder: Ifa function f defined on [a,a+h] is such that () The (n-1)"derivative f"* is continuous in [a, a +h] (ii) The (n-1)" derivative f™! is differentiable in (a,a +h), then there exists some 9, 0 <@ <1, such that “(aye teen f(ath)=f(a)+h F(a)+ > F(a) he rene Oh * plason) [Lagrange's Remainder] ‘Taylor's Theorem with Cauchy's Remainder: Ifa function f defined on [a,a+h] is such that () The (n-1)"derivative f™' is continuous in [a,a+h], (ii) The (n-1)” derivative fv! is differentiable in (a,a+h), then there exists some 9, 0 <9 <1 such that Flarh)=fla)+ht'(a)~* f(a) ve, Near LL.T New Delhi-110016 @ 88-00-22-1986 SF 011-26537527 pen IB wwrw.dipsacademy.com ‘Scanned with CamScanner On taking a=0 in Taylor Theorem, we get e Maclaurin's Theorem, which may be stated sie San) nn as follows: x Ifa function f defined on [0, h] is such that series about the poInbem™ (i) f° is continuous in [0,h] tn peril, esi Sl (ii) f*" is differentiable in (0,h), series about the origin then for each x in [0,h], there exists a real eee number @ between 0 and 1 such that For example: (1a F(x)=F(0)+2F'(0) + f"(0) Result: (i) This series converges always 1 Z — £°-1(0) +=" F*(ax) and this may indeed be the only Ga nl for which it converges. inge’s remainder Z 4 ene: petuaindcr) (i) If the series 5) a, (x—x5)hem x)= f (0) +xf'(0) + £"(0) FOR 90) +5, at some point x,, then the sé converges (absolutely) at all points (1-0) (0x) interval | x—]<| <9) anal series diverges at x,, then it dive © LHopitat’s Rute for © Form: Vx] x~x]>| xx: © — Radius of Convergence (R.O. c.) If f and g be two functions such that a Let ia, (x— x)" be a power see () lim f(x)-1img(x)-0 a q sup{o: Da, (x, x)" ; i) F(x), 9'(x) exist and 9(x) 20 PZ (%—%6)" is coat 9(x)#0, VYxela-da+al, 55 Yxelx—xl0, “xcept possible at 4 eo Convergence of power series La, (x © DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Sara, Hauz Khas, Neor 111, now ats — © info@cipsecademy coin chem 88-00.22-1386 Se aes nat nn(a-oy! hee Reem eaT J? (a+0h) [Cauchy's Remainder] Maclaurin’s Theorem (With Lagrange’s Reminder): ‘Scanned with CamScanner ec a ronson freeones ly Sennen 3, Geo Za (x=) we can find R, its re A can find R, ite radius of conve any of the following methods; "°°? bY () Camel hy's root test; R— 1 imja, | (provided the limit exists) (0) Cauchy ladennr ore limsupla (This limit always exists) (iii) D’Alembert's ratio test (Provided the limit exists) © Theorem : If Ris the radius of convergence of the power series )° a power series a,x"; then the series is absolutely convergent if |x|R Hence Interval of Convergence is the open interval (-R, R) Note: 1 R=0 ifandonly if > a, (x-% converges only for x = % 2. If R=o, then the series Sia, (x- x)" converges ¥xeR 3. Atend points of interval series may not converge. Results on the Radius of Convergence: a,x" which Consider the power series has radius of convergence F then Hauz Khas. © DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia S Near LT, New Delhi-110016 cademy.com i www. dip oe IE Sa as cree sae ti : Dee hno.eel can ee em Of convergence is Rt (i) DOsmyae has radius of convergence 1+ (iv) ka,x" has radius of convergence R k (¥) Ifthe radius of convergence of the power senes Soe Fhatare ROR, respectively then. i (a) RoC, ie. Rof ¥ (a, +b,)x" is given by R> min{R,.R,} 0) RoC, ie. Rot F a,b, x*is given by R2R-R, (©) RoC, ie. Rof 5% x",b, 40 is given by R2 = R 8. FUNCTION OF SEVERAL VARIABLES Definition of n-tuples: ? is the set ofall n-tuples ,n (called ‘The Buclidean n-space -) of real numbers %, (a4 1's or points) on which the two operations of vecto: iplication are defined vector addition and scalar multi as follows: 8 98-00-22-1386 011-26537527 ademy.com i ‘Scanned with CamScanner ° >(a,,03,..,4,) is 1 and we write lim fim; )=U, if for each £>0,36>0 such that [Ff (414)-.%,)-l]<«, whenever if S(a+h,b+k)~ f(a,b) 0< f(x, -a,)'+...+ (x, -a,) <5 Ah+ Bk + vh?+¥ (9 (hk) » where Continuity ofa Fencuet te Diet. Bare real numbers independent of h ee ae eee I en eboct ox and g is a real-valued function such! R". Then f is said to be continuous at a point tp, .9(hsk)=0 A= (4,42,.,4,)eD if lim f(x)= f(a), Equivalently, f ig differentiable at (¢ , where x=(x,,%5,...,%,). In other words, fis f(a+hb+k)- F(ab) - Any Bee continuous at a point (a,,a,,...,4,)xey © Limit of a real valued function on n- variables: Let SCR" and f:S—>R bea function. Let @,..-, @,) be limit point of Sand 1 = ‘Then we say limit of fas x=(x,, x, Info@dipsecademy.com. gy www. dipsacademy ists some 5 >0- partial Derivatives: ' If f is a function of n variables, partial derivatives are the function defined by for all 2%) Si, (40% f(s forall 1siR is differentiable at (a,b)€D, then f has partial derivatives _f, and f, at (a,b) Ifa function f:D— R is differentiable at a point (a,b)R isa real valued function in n-variables. Limit and Continuity of Vectors and Real Valued Functions: © Definition (Limit): Let f:A>R",ACR" and cisacluster point of A. Then f is said to have a limit j in R” at the point c in R” if for every ¢>0,36>0 such that vee 0<|x-c]<5 =|f(x)-iIR", AcR® is said to be continuous ata point a « A if ais not acluster point of A or lim f (x)= f(a). @ Definition (Uniform continuity): Given a function f: A+R", fis said to be i a ea @ DIPS HOUSE. Sarai, Hauz Khas, Near |. New Delhi-t10016 @ into@sipsacademy.com BH wuw discerns. 22 ous on A iff ve > 0: uniformly continu such that Ail yes ob -fOse: waxy e Al rentiability): finition (Diffe mo on in pt and f:A ORT Let A be an open set {f is said to be differenti 4 js a linear transformation able at ac A if then and only if there giR' > R” such that In(a+h)-F(a)-20 9 Sea ab If fis differentiable at every point of A, then fis said to be a differentiable function. Let f:A—>R", where Ac R" and c is cluster ift lim 4 (x) =4, point of A then lim f(x) Suppose f:A> and cis a cluster point of A. If lim f(x) exists, then 3M >0, 5>0 such that yxcA, O<|x-e]<5 =/flx|R",AcR" and aca, then fis continuous at aiff ¢,,=1,...,.m is continued ata Let f,g:4— "ACR" and 9:A>R, If J-g and © are continuous at. ae A tem Uetg,f.g end ©. fare ail continuous at aca If T:R"_, pm T:R" SR" is a linear transformation, then Tis continuous function, ean 221386 naan ‘Scanned with CamScanner Let £:R" > R"be a linear transformation, then f is differentiable, © Let f:A>R™ and g:B+R*,ACR" and BcR" such that Borange f. If lim f(x)=beB and g is continuous at b then lim(gof)(x) = 9(b) let [:A>R™, 9:8 R',AcR™ and such that range fR",ACRY, then fis continuous on A ifffor every open set Uc R" there is an open set y R",ACR", then fis continuous on A ifffor every closed set F CR” there isa closed set 1 2 (Rbe a function differentiable at ac A, then f is continuous at a. Let ACR" be open set and f:A—>R™be a function defined asf (x)X:y-%,) =(0.¢,04,), where ¢,:R"+>Rbe real valued function Vi=1,2,...,m. Then fis differentiable at acAc each ¢ is differentiable at a and its derivative is given by F'(a) = (9/(2),65 (2),--..4h (4) © DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Sarai, Havz Khas, Ne @ info@dipsaca: as oA HH ax, ox, ax] D(F(C))=|:daaiad (tale en) a ox, Ox, Ox, MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES © Definition: () A function f(x,y)is said to have a maximum at a point (a,b) if there exists a neighbourhood Nof (a,b) such that f(a+hb+k)< f(a,b)v(a+h,b+k) f (a,b), ¥(at+h,b+k) ~{(a.b)} 1 1.T., New Delhi-110018 @ 88-00-22.1986 SP 011-26597527 imy.com § www dipsacademy.com ‘Scanned with CamScanner (iii) A function F(%y)is said to have an extremum at a point (a,b) if it has either @ maximum or minimum at (a,b) {t) “APoint (4,4) ie eaid to be a critical point fora function f(x,y) if f, and f, both ee Ghana f(a,b)=0 ana fy Dy eee CSD EACAU ihnsean Ct erin ot any Point (a,b)of the domain of s it ¢ admits Pei detivatives yand f, at (a,2), then $.(@,b)=0 and f, ~(a,b)=0 Remark: The conditions of the above theorem are only necessary but are not sufficient © DiPs House, 26, ‘ew Dethi-1100, = 016. Let f:R? >R be a real valued two variables which posses continuous. order partial derivatives and f,, (a,b) = f(ab)=B and f,,(a,b)=C then (a,b) () f has maximum at AC-B?>0,A>0 (i) f has maximum at (a,b) AC -B? >0,A<0 (iii) f has neither maximum value nor: minimum value at (a,b) if AC— B* <0, (iv) may or may not have an extremum at (a,b) if AC-B? =0 (This case is often called the doubtful ease, which needs further investigation), oe *-d1PSacadamy 90022-1366. ex ‘Scanned with CamScanner Dips ieaveny : tN RL ts porno | a 11 Point Set Topology ———— eee ce Multiple Choice Questions (b} Closed (c) Both open and closed WO Let Gbe the set ofall irrational numbers. The (a) Neither open nor closed interior and the closure of G are denoted by [2008 : 6 Marks) G' and G, respectively. Then ‘4. The set of all limit points of the sequence () seo =¢ G=c 1.13 13 omnes oe 0%) G=R G 2'4'4'8'8'8'8'16'16'16'16'16"** © G=¢ G fa) (0, 1] @ o=c G % (03) [2006 : 6 Marks} (c) The set of all rational numbers in [0, 1] 2. The set of all boundary point of Q in R is (a) The set of all rational numbers in [0, 1] f@) oR m of the form ™ where m and n are >) R\Q a © integers, i [2009 : 6 Marks} @ ¢ R008 2 6 Mares Let S be an infinite subset of R such that = $. Which of the following statements Ss. L a The set U xe R|sin x is is true? (a) Smust have a limit point which belongs (a) Open to Q © DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Saral, Hauz Khas, Near 1..T., New Delhi-110016 (@ 88-00-22-1386 # 011-26597527 @ info@sipsacademy.com fy www.dipsacademy.com ‘Scanned ith CamScannee me ee é oe (a) Con Bea mutpont shich belong: ee aes pact but NOT connected in R- act and connected in R (6) Scannot be a closed set in R es i Neither compact nor connected in R () R/S must have a limit point which (@ Nei o016 : 2 mela belongs to S B00 £6 Martel 10. The set of all limit points of the set © Consider the following subsets of R {2 .ce(0} in Ris x1 e-{ 2 oneni fa) [~) Then (a) Both Zand Fare closed Gy () Bis closed and Fis NOT closed [-u1] ()_ Bis NOT closed and Fis closed (@) Neither Enor Fis closed @ [-1~) [2011 : 6 Marks} [2014 ; 2 Marks) f ify li i rer} then the set ofall limit 11. Let S={xeR:x* x = 100} and +B] 1 ={x? ~2x:xe(0,0)}- The set SOTis Points of ¥ is (-1.1) (a) Closed and bounded in R ie hy b) Closed but NOT bounded in R (c) Bounded but NOT closed in R © [04] (@ Neither closed nor bounded in R @ [14] [2014 : 2 Marks] 2012 : 6 Marks] 12. Let A be a non-empty subset of R. Let IA) denote the set of interior poin 8. Let A and B be subsets of R.Which of the 1A) can be ree following is NOT necessarily true? (2) Empty (a) (ANB) cA nw (©) Singleton () A finite set co: AUB c(AuBy cee * containing more than one i GatipoAUa 4) Countable but not finite . [2015 : 1 mark] 13. Let Sb oes ¢ @ non-empty s, es] ae -* Pty subset of R. If Sisa hen wuieet 'sjoint bounded intervals, E ich one of the followi 4 9. The vet { <, rer} is (9) If Sis not com, lite I+x ae Pact, then supS¢S and nf Ses DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Sarai, Hauz Khas, Near 11 90221386 gp seo 9-0-4) JAM: Mathematics - Previous Year Solved Paper ISBNN0:978-61-99727. 0-8 www-dipsacademy nected but NOT compact in R Sm 011-26537527 ‘Scanned with CamScanner (0) Evenifsup Ses andinf ses, Sneed not be compact (9 If supSeSand inf ses, then sis Tet SCR and 0S denote the set of points in R such that every neighborhood of x Contains some points of Sas well as some compe Points of complement of . Further, let § (@) Even if Sis compact, itis not neces: ; sary denote the closure of S. Then which 6 that sup Ses andinf Ses the followings FALSE? nme [2015 : 1 marig (a) aQ-R © a(R\7)=er,7cR = (mag we solo SU.) © (d) Which one of the following statements is FALSE? [R016 (a) There exist sequences {a,} and {b,} 18. Let S be an infinite subset of R such that in [0,1] ch that S=[0, 1] g Iba astenen oe (OSU (ap) S\ {a} is compact for some «eS 0,1]\S is an open eet 6) [0.1]\S is an open set ‘Then which one of the following is TRUE? (©) If Ais an infinite subset of S, then A (8): 18 ts acontiented ach has a limit point (©) contains no limit points (@) There exists an infinite subset of S {c) Sis a union of open intervals having no limits points (@) Every sequence in Shas a subsequence foots ames converging to an elements in S [2017 : 2 Marks} sets of R, where 29+ Let S be the set of all limit points of the set 18. Let G and Hbe non-empty su Gis connected and GU H is not connected. {s 2 nent Let Q, be the set of all Which one of the following statements is true for all such Gand H? positive rational numbers, Then (a) If GAH =@, then His connected @ Qcs ©) If GAH ~=@, then His not connected ® sca, (© Gana, then His connected shawnee ) If GAH 4G, then His not connected @ IfGaH+@, then ig eS [2015 : 2 Marks} 16. Let S be a closed subset of R, Ta compact subset of R such that SoTz$. Then 20, The set {_* [2019 : 1 Mark] :-1) Sis nota closed subset of R (c) Sis an open subset of (@ Every xe(0, 1)\S is alimit point of 5 [2017 : 2 Marks) |. Hauz Khas, N © DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia S 2 @ info@sins, 27. 28, 99779 A ee pee of the following subsets Pe ig a freRlorxr a} ra my (eenieee<4) fo fxeRibi0,(x-«,x+e) contains rational numbers which do not belong to G. xis not interior point of G. @=¢9 2. WxER,(x-exte)n(G-{x))#4¥e>0 3. G=GUR=R 2 (e) : A point xe S is a boundary point of set SCR iff V6>0, (x-5, x+5)0S46 and (x-6,x+5)0S* #6 @ DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Sarai, Hau: Unit EES Ld jew Delhi-110016 2 Khas, Near |. New Dalhi-1#00% info@dipsacademy.com I IfBis asubset of Of its limit point countable set, re then Prove that E is Let A be a non-empty bounded subset of R. Show that (xeR|x2a forall ae} isacloseq subset of R. (2012 : 6 aarea} Let K be a compact subset of R with non- empty interior. Prove that K'is of the form [a,blor of the form [a,b]\Ur,, where {f,} is @ countable disjoint family of open intervals with end points in K. [2013 : 5 Marks) If Kis a non-empty closed subset of R, then show that the set (x+y:xeK,ye[12]} is closed in R {2014 : 5 Marks] oe Forany a Everyrational numberis boundary point of Q xeR|sinx Set f:R-R by f(x)-sinx where f is continuous. or) 90.0022-1988 F011 jemy.com ‘Scanned with CamScanner x Exp: Let ((*)= 7p Clearly, range f = 5 ae) USIP !39 denao\(0,1]..1t is enough t0 y! (set of limit point of ¥) Bee ee me eren ves (0) sien thet 0 1. In the interval (2"a,2"b), we can then find an integer mso that a is closed It contains all of its limit points supS eS &infSeS Exp: Here s={0}U[1/2,1] (a) ®) © @ 18. (a) Exp: (a) o (© DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Sa Take (a,) =(0).(b,) =(1/2) then s=[0,1]\UJ(a,.b,) =[0.1]\ (0.1/2) =(0} [1/21] Itis true It is true because if Ais infinite subsets of S. -. Sis bounded = Ais bounded. Sis bounded ‘Sis compact Also Sis countably infinite => Sis not open. 22. (a) & (b) Exp: (a) A =[0,~) is connected but not compact. () UA, =R;aeRdefine A, which is not compact. ee point =obut OV. } bounded & infinite & have 23. (b),(4) Sis not closed since 0 is a limit point of Sbut doesn't belongs into S. : Here, Sis countably infinite set so it is not open. Also S is not connected as it contain no irrational point. 24. (b), (a) Exp: Let S=Q(0, 1) [oijase5 not closed subset of R Also, S isnon empty countable subset of R and hence can not be open xe (0, 1)\S ie. xeQ° (0, 1) is limit point of S as s’=[0, 1] 25. (b),(c),(a) Exp: Option (a) An{reR[t 42-459} A=(RERI(x-a,)(x @,)>0} Where a, 701,84 (% >a) are the rota of ae polynomial and (a,,0)e 4 but (0,a,)e and (2,0, Cone Ufst+2]-0. 2] (.2,)©4 not connected in p malt OR Option (b) which is not closed in R A=(a,,a,) tit geese MT hen Onn noc OOo t ee Fe wisGclcseceseny.con tm we 88-00-22-1385 3 wdlpsacademy ann 21988 ae a ‘Scanned with CamScanner Hence it is an interval and therefore connected in R. 26. (b), (e)(d) Exp: Given P&Q are compact subsets of R. To prove PUQ is compact in R For, since P&Q are compact in R. = P&Q are closed and bounded in R = P.UQ isclosed and bounded in R. => PUQ is compact in R. Alternatively: Given, PGR and QCR are non-empty and POQ=6 (a) If P&Q are compact => for any open P.Q say {F,lacl) & cover of {RIB el} respectively, such that PSUR, & OSUF; have finite sub ae pr covers say {F,.Fi--F} & {FFs Fi} respectively. Now, consider the set PUQ Clearly PUQS UL F,UFjand it has aaet finite sub cover {Fj, Fyn FsFi FoF} = PU Qisalso compact. sje ob) 27. (a), (),(c) 3 Exp: Given SCR such that 2018S" (a) = 2018 3 d-nbd of 2018 such that (2018-6, 2018 +3) 3.x, € (2018 - 5, 2018 +5) ‘Such that x, #2018 Now, consider sequence x, = x, Clearly, x, 9% asn>0 s () Take xe (2018-6,2018+6) and consider r=min{é—|x- 2018], 6 +|x - 2018)} Hence (x-Easg}cs Alternatively: Given, scR such that 2018 « S° (a) + 2018eS°>3 B(r,2018) containing 2018 such B(r, 2018) cS ; ‘Scanned with CamScanner SIT =(0,1) (SIT)°=(0,1) =S°|T Asie 29. Exp: Given, ¢ + ER which is bounded above Let, a =supE, let E be closed set Case-I: If @ is not a limit point of E then obviously a < E- (Case-I: If « is a limit point of Ethen to prove that aeE if possible let ae £' but age then E' ZE=E is not closed which is a contradiction. => a must belong in E Also given, a=supE&¢+E is open set which is bounded above then by definition of sup of E, for any §>0, 3x, such that a-0 = (a-cate)SE then this implies that « cannot be sup of £, 1 N ‘Exp: Let Baia alae } ‘To find all the limit points of B Let E, {n+ im en} 2m then B=B, UB, UB, U..UE, Ua Every E, has a unique limit point which Since for any 5>0;(n-5,n45) OB, -{nheg = The set of all limit points of Eis N. 31. Exp: If 0 ¢ G; we show H=(xy| x,y €G} is op Let eH x,yeG Gis open 36, &5,>0 such that (x-6.x45)oq and (¥-6,,y+5,)oG = (8)-2). rayueg, ‘Scanned with CamScanner 32. : eS Exp: If eG andif x+yeG,vx,yeG We show G=R 06G=335>0 such that (0-8,0+8)c@ With the help of x,y €(0-5,0) We get (-26,0)={x+y| x,y €(0,5)} We proceed this process & in similar way we get (44,0) and soon = We get interval (~»,0) = Again (0,6) VxyeEk:|x-yl>0 NOTE: a,,b, need not be distinct. a, ,b, a, »b, © 36. with (4,,b,) OE = {x} Exp: Given Kis non-empty closed subset of R. (a,b) OB =u} Let M =[1,2], then Define the mapping K+M={xtylxeKyeM) +M= Ky $: E+ QxQ by Ox) =(a,,b,) acters is closed subset. . s Clearly ¢ is injective therefore E is countable. Since we know that if Kis closed and M compact subset of R then K+M is 34. subset of R- Exp: Given A +0 R and bounded = 302.Then lim, is @ 2 3 1 Ora ued fe) a @ o 10. @) Let {x,} be a sequence of real numbers that lim(x,.,—x,)=¢, where cis a positive real number. Then the sequence {a} te (a) isNOTbounded (b) is bounded but NOT convergent (c) converges toc (@) converges to 0 [2014 : 2 Marks) Let {x,} be a convergent sequence of reall numbers. If x, > +V2 and Xa = * + V%q = * for n=1, then which one of the following is the limit of this sequence? (@) orth & +2 @ « @ rive re sequence {em (a) Monotone and convergent {b) Monotone but not convergent (c) Convergent ‘but not monotone {@ Neither monotone nor convergent ay Hauz Khas © IPs HOUSE, 28, into@al Near 11.7., New Deihi-110010 @ \cademy.com gg) www dipsacademy.com ‘Scanned with CamScanner a §,} of real numbers given by A divergent sequence (2) An oscillatory sequence @ () Not a Cauchy sequence Ill A cauchy sequence 21 Mark] per Tis. Which one ofthe following is fa) Every sequence that has con 12. Let {a,,} be a sequence of positive real numbers O Sukecquence etcetam 4.3 @ (o) Every sequence that has pear a n21, a,=1, Then subsequence is a bounded s satisfying all the terms of the sequence lie in (c) The sequence {sinn} has ee subsequence (a) [33] ‘ (@ The sequence {ncos1| © [01] convergent subsequence © [2] @ [13] [2016 : 2 Marks} 16. Let S, Was wet oleae nenorn>1, define which one of the following is TRUE sequence {S,}", a,., = a,b, and b,,, = 2+. (a) converges in Q Then which one of the followings is NOT ‘TRUE? (&) {S,}{.,is a Cauchy sequence but d (a) Both {a,} and{b,} converge, but the not converge in Q limits are not equal ()_ The subsequence {S,.}"_ is conv () Both {a,} and{b,} converge and the = limits are equal in R, only when k is even n number (6) {b,Jis a decreasing sequence @) {S,)f, is nota Cauchy sequence @ — {q,} is an increasing sequence 2 [2017 : 2 Marks) 17. in =, where b, = ieee). Be ee a 8n+ Van. and ba =), +b.u, neN. Then il ng 9S HOUSE, 28, Jia Sarai, Havz Khas, Near 11.7, New Deih. 0 or © inio@seactseny ten Cati-100%6 88-00.22-1386 (4 ‘dipsacademy.com 2 oe ‘Scanned with CamScanner 20. Let {a,} be a sequence of positive numbers such that a =1, 2, ~2a,a,,, a, =0 forall n=1. « 38 ‘Then the sum of the series interval ia (2) [2018 : 1 Mark} or Gal © 4] py _ if nis odd eal a oa 2019 : 2 Marks] y Lei Multiple Sel Questions ‘Then which one of the following TRUE? (a) sup{a, |neN} =3 and inf{a, |n . [Xen — Xl <& [2018 : 2 Marks} (b) Given ¢>0 thereexists ann, €N such 1. Laval yO end foreach n 22, let 4, and thet or all nn Ga by be veel numbers given by (Given 25 07h Cam 1 ay F aad'b, =) such that for all n2n), + (log (m)) (log m)y (nt) x <2 Then which one of the followingis TRUE about (4) Given ¢>0 there exists an n, €N such the sequences {a,} and {b,} ? that for all mn with m>n2no, (a) Both {a,} and {b,} are divergent () {a,} is convergent and and {b,} is [201s : 2 Marks} divergent (c {a,} is divergent and {b,} is convergent i © 8 } gent) Let {s,] be a sequence of positive real (@ Both {a,} and {b,} are convergent i : : numbers satisfying 2a, mart =miedeae (2019 : 1 mark] mG @ 011-26837527 © DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Sarai, Hauz Khas, Near |1T., New Delhi-110016 @_88-00-22-1386 @ info@dipsacademy.com fg www.dipsacademy.com A ‘Scanned with CamScanner @and flare the roots of the equation x24 3n0 and @ 1 Then which of the following statements is/ are TRUE? (a) If x, +} then {x,} converges to 1 ® fx, -3 then {x,} converges to 2 © Ix, - 3, then {x,} converges to 1 @ fx, 3, then {x,} converges to -3 [2017 : 2 Marks} 2A: Let (a,), baenegene area a, = max4sin("*),cos(")|,n21 mee ade Then hae ofthe folowing weateies sb) are TRUE about the subsequences {a,,,,) and fe) Seth the eubetquerioeare macs rpe Only one of taetuecauances te (c) {a,,,,} converges to (4) {a,,,,} converges to [2019 : 2 Marks} @ DIPS HOUSE, 28, Jia Sarai, Havz Khas, Near |.1.T., New Delhi-110016 @ info@dipsacademy.com fH www dipsacademy.com 26. 27. 28. Let {a,} be the sequence of real numb such that a, =1and @,., =4, +4; forall n > Then 9g (a) a, =a,(1+a,)(1+a,)(1+as) [2019 : 2 Marks} sQ Subjective Questions Let (a,) and (b,) be sequences of real numbers such that @, 0 forany a,beR. Then lit i [2010 : 9 Marks) ieee [2016 : 1 Mark) 31. For each xeR, let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Further, fora 37. The value of lim (an 1 isequalto__. fixed f<(0,1), define a, Inp]+n®p™ for al } 2 Marks} all neN. Show that the sequence { 38. Let a, =(-1)"",s,=a,+a,+..+a, and converges to fi [oda opera 0, = (5, +5; +0-+5,)/ny where kyneN. 32. Let {x,} be a sequence in R such that SO ie (correct up to two decimal places). for all nN. Show that the [2018 : 2 Marks} 1 Pena = al <5 sequienea tea arcane een 39. The greatest lower bound of the set [2012 : 9 Marks} {(e42r)!" sme}, (round off to 2 decimal places) is [2019 : 2 Marks} eee 33. Let O

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