Word formation. Definition and Basic Peculiarities.

In this chapter I will talk about the Word formation in modern English. Definition
and features of word-formation, productivity and of course word formation as
subject of stydy.

In communication processes, speakers widely use the possibility of compiling new

lexical units on the basis of existing ones, in response to the constantly emerging
and expanding needs for the transmission of new information of various kinds. For
the speaker it is very important to appeal to the existing means in the lexical
system of the language, and the expression of new meanings through their various
combinations. The synthesis of a new name from ready-made verbal forms or their
significant parts allows the speaker to fix some of his knowledge about the
characteristics and characteristics of the named object, its relationships with other
objects, to give the object is not arbitrary, and due to cognitive experience name,
no matter how superficial and random this experience may be.

The lexical system, thanks to the creation of new lexical units, is both sufficient
and economical, which contributes to its relatively easy assimilation, since more
than 70% of its units are complex units, i.e. units, formally and semantically
formed and, consequently, dependent on the corresponding initial producing units
[Kharitonchik, 1992, P. 10].
Language is in a state of continuous development, including certain linguistic
processes, including the creation of new lexical units. This process is called "word
formation". So, we define what is the process of word formation.
The term "word formation" has two main meanings that should be clearly
distinguished. In its first meaning it is used to Express the constant process of
formation of new words in the language. The essence of word-formation processes
is to create new names, new secondary units of notation, and since such names are
words, the term "word-formation" is revealed literally - as the name of the process
of formation of words.
The second meaning of the term "word formation" refers to the section of science
engaged in the study of the processes of formation of lexical units.
The main task of word formation is to study the formal, semantic, genetic and
other laws and features of the formation of new lexical units that arise in the
process of language development.
The problem of productive word formation is the most urgent at the present time.
Such methods as word production and word composition give the main number of
tumors. The study of productive ways of creating new words will contribute more
to the identification of external and internal laws, as well as trends in the
development of word-formation processes in the language. In the creation of new
word-formation methods and means have different activities. Various word-
formative elements, joining the word basis and taking part in the creation of new
words, may show different activity and bear different semantic load [Karashchuk,
1977, P. 111].
Regarding the number of ways of word formation in the English language, there
are different opinions. These differences are explained by the fact that different
ways change their activity and for a long time can be more or less productive or
even freeze. Such methods of word formation as alternation (feed from food),
doubling (murmur), as well as unmolded methods — onomatopoeia (cuckoo,
splash) rhymed repetition (tip–top, hocus–focus) are secondary and unproductive.
It is generally recognized that the most productive currently the following methods
of word formation: affixation, composition, conversion and reduction.
Word-formation model shows how the word is formed in each case, and helps to
create similar meanings by similar means. The concept of word formation as a
whole includes generalizations, combining different models into groups according
to the methods of word formation. [www.studenglish.ru].
Word formation as the Subject of Study
Word formation is that branch of Lexicology which studies the derivative structure
of existing words and the patterns on which a language, in this case English builds
new words. It goes without saying that word formation itself can only deal with
words that are amenable to structural and semantic analysis, that is, with all types
of complexes.
The study of a simple word as such has no place in it. Simple words, however, are
very approximately related to word formation because they serve as the basis, the
main source of parental units, motivating all types of derivatives and complex
words. So words like writer, discontent, atom-free, etc. make a subject of study
in word formation, but words like to write, please, atom, free have nothing to do
with it.
Like any other linguistic phenomenon, word formation can be studied from two
points of view-synchronously and diachronically. It is important to distinguish
these two approaches, for synchronically the linguist investigates the existing
system of the types of word formation, while the diachronic focuses on the history
of word formation. To illustrate the difference in approach, consider an affixation.
Diachronically it the chronological order of the formation of one word from
another word that is relevant. On the synchronic plane, the derived word is
considered to have a more complex structure than its correlated word regardless of
whether it was derived from a simpler or more complex base. In the history of the
English language, there are cases where a structurally more complex word served
as the source element from which a simpler word originated. This process called
back formation (or the opposite conclusion) 1 , cf. beggar-to beg; editor — edit;
chauffeur to chauffeur and some others. The fact that historically the verbs to beg,
to edit, etc. derived from the corresponding agent nouns have no synchronous
relevance.
In the synchronous analysis and description of word formation it is not enough to
distinguish the corresponding structural elements from the word, to describe its
structure in terms of derivational bases, derived affixes and the type of derived
patterns, it is absolutely necessary to determine the position of these patterns and
their components in the structural and semantic system of the language as a whole.

1
R.S.Ginzburg A Course in Modern English Lexicology pag 112
Therefore, the performance of the derived type cannot be overlooked in this
description
2.Basic models of word formation

In this chapter I will talk about the types of Word formation in modern
English.There are productive and non-productive ways of word-formation. The
first are: affixation, conversion, shortening, word-composition, the second are:
blending, sound and stress interchange, back formation

2.1Affixation

Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational

affixes to different types of bases.

Derived words formed by affixation may be the result of one or several

applications of word-formation rule and thus the stems of words making up a
word-cluster enter into derivational relations of different degrees. The zero degree
of derivation is ascribed lo simple words, i.e. words whose stem is homonymous
with a word-form and often with a root-morpheme, e.g. atom, haste, devote, horror,
etc. Derived words whose bases are built on simple stems and thus are formed by
the application of one derivational affix are described as having the first degree of
derivation, e.g. atomic, hasty, devotion, etc. Derived words formed by two
consecutive stages of coining possess the second degree of derivation, etc., e.g.
atomical, hastily, devotional, etc.

In conformity with the division of derivational affixes into suffixes and prefixes
affixation is subdivided into suffixation and prefixation Distinction is naturally
made between prefixal and suffixal derivatives according to the last stage of
derivation, which determines the nature of the ICs of the pattern that signals the
relationship of the derived word with its motivating source unit, cf. unjust (un-
+just), justify, (just+-ify), arrangement (arrange + - ment), non-smoker (non- +
smoker). Words like reappearance, unreasonable, denationalize, are often qualified
as prefixal-suffixal derivatives. The reader-should clearly realize that this
qualification is relevant only in terms of the constituent morphemes such words are
made up of, i.e. from the angle of morphemic analysis. From the point of view of
derivational analysis such words are mostly either suffixal or prefixal derivatives,
e.g. sub-atomic -= sub- + (atom + - ic), unreasonable: un- + (reason + - able),
denationalrze - de - +(national + - ize), discouragement - (dis- + courage) + -
ment.

A careful study of a great many suffixal and prefixal derivatives has revealed an
essential difference between them. In Modern English suffixation is mostly
characteristic of noun and adjective formation, while prefixation is mostly typical
of verb formation. .The distinction also rests on the role different types of meaning
play in the semantic structure of the suffix and the prefix. The part-of-speech
meaning has a much greater significance in suffixes as compared to prefixes which
possess it in a lesser degree. Due to it a prefix may be confined to one part of
speech as, e.g., enslave, encage, unbutton or may function in more than one part of
speech as, e.g., over - in overkind a, to overfeed v, overestimation n; unlike
prefixes, suffixes as a rule function in any one part of speech often forming a
derived stem of a different part of speech as compared with that of the base, e.g.
careless a - cf. care n; suitable a-cf. suit v, etc. Furthermore, it is necessary to point
out that a suffix closely knit together with a base forms a fusion retaining less of its
independence than a prefix which is as a general rule more independent
semantically, cf. reading-'the act of one who reads'; `ability to read'; and to re-
read-'to read again.

2.2Conversion
Conversion consists in making a new word from some existing word by changing
the category of a part of speech; the morphemic shape of the original word remains
unchanged, e.g. work - to work, paper - to paper [17, c. 87]. Sometimes it is called
zero-derivation.
A word of one lexical category (part of speech) is converted to a word of another
lexical category; for example, the noun green in golf (referring to a putting-green)
is derived ultimately from the adjective green. Conversions from adjectives to
nouns and vice versa are both very common and unnotable in English; much more
remarked upon is verbing, the creation of a verb by converting a noun or other
word (e.g., the adjective clean becomes the verb to clean).
The new word acquires a meaning, which differs from that of the original one
though it can be easily associated with it. The converted word acquires also a new
paradigm and a new syntactic function (or functions), which are peculiar to its new
category as a part of speech, e.g. garden - to garden.
Conversion is sometimes referred to as an affixless way of word-building or even
affixless derivation. Saying that, however, is saying very little because there are
other types of word-building in which new words are also formed without affixes
(most compounds, contracted words, sound-imitation words, etc.).
The term «conversion», which some linguists find inadequate, refers to the
numerous cases of phonetic identity of word-forms, primarily the so-called initial
forms, of two words belonging to different parts of speech. This may be illustrated
by the following cases: work-to work; love-to love; paper-to paper; brief-to brief,
etc. As a rule we deal with simple words, although there are a few exceptions, e.g.
wireless-to wireless.
As a type of word-formation, conversion exists in many languages.
The main reason for the widespread development of conversion in present-day
English is no doubt the absence of morphological elements serving as classifying
signals, or, in other words, of formal signs marking the part of speech to which the
word belongs.
Types of conversion. Among the main types of conversion are: 1) verbalization
(the formation of verbs), e.g. to ape (from ape n.); 2) substantivation (the formation
of nouns), e.g. a private (from private adj.); 3) adjectivation (the formation of
adjectives), e.g. down (adj) (from down adv.); 4) adverbalization (the formation of
adverbs), e.g. home (adv.) (from home n.) [18, p. 65].
The two categories of parts of speech especially affected by conversion are nouns
and verbs.
Verbalization is the creation of a verb from a noun, adjective or other word. In
modern linguistics it is also called verbification, or verbing,
Examples of verbification in the English language number in the thousands,
including some of the most common words, such as mail and e-mail, strike, talk,
salt, pepper, switch, bed, sleep, ship, train, stop, drink, cup, lure, mutter, dress,
dizzy, divorce, fool, merge, and many more, to be found on virtually every page in
the dictionary.
Proper nouns can also be verbed in the English language. «Google» is the name of
a popular internet search engine. To google something now means to look it up on
the internet, as in «He didn't know the answer, so he googled it.»
Verbs converted from nouns are called denominal verbs. If the noun refers to some
object of reality (animate or inanimate) the converted verb may denote:
1) action characteristic of the object: ape n. > ape v. 'imitate in a foolish way';
2) instrumental use of the object: whip n. > whip v. 'strike with a whip';
3) acquisition or addition of the object: fish n. > fish v. 'catch or try to catch fish';
4) deprivation of the object: dust n. > dust v. 'remove dust from smth.'
5) location: pocket n. > pocket v. 'put into one's pocket'. [19, c. 65]
Verbs with adjective stems, such as blind, calm, clean, empty, idle, lame, loose,
tidy, total show fairly regular semantic relationships with the corresponding
adjectives. Like verbs with adjective stems that had been formerly suffixed and
lost their endings (e. g. to thin<OE thynnian) they denote change of state. If they
are used intransitively, they mean 'to become blind, calm, clean, empty, etc.', their
formula as transitive verbs is: 'to make blind, calm, clean, etc.'.
Substantivation. Nouns converted from verbs are called deverbal substantives. If
the verb refers to an action, the converted noun may denote:
1) instance of the action: jump v. >jump n. 'sudden spring from the ground';
2) agent of the action: help v. > help n. 'a person who helps';
3) place of the action: drive v. > drive n. 'a path or road along which one drives';
4) result of the action: peel v. > peel n. 'the outer skin of fruit or potatoes taken off;
5) object of the action: let v. > let n. 'a property available for rent'.
In case of polysemantic words one and the same member of a conversion pair may
belong to several groups. For example, the deverbal substantive slide is referred to
the group denoting 'place of the action' (point 3) in the meaning 'a stretch of
smooth ice or hard snow on which people slide' and to the group 'agent of the
action' (point 2) when this noun means 'a sliding machine part'.
Deverbal nouns formed by conversion follow the regular semantic correlations
observed in nouns formed with verbal stems by means of derivation. They fall,
among others, under the categories of process, result, place or agent.
Nouns may be formed by conversion from any other part of speech as well, for
instance from adverbs:.; the bounding vitality which had carried her through what
had been a life of quite sharp ups and downs.
Nouns can be formed from adjectives, in this case they are called substantivized
adjectives, i.e. those that in the course of time have been converted to nouns and
therefore have acquired the ability to name substances or objects: The bride was
dressed in white. You mix blue and yellow to make green one's teens (apheresis
from numerals from 13 to 19).
2.3Word-composition
Word-composition is the way of word-building: a word is formed by joining two
or more stems to form one word.
There are two characteristic features of English compounds:
a) Both components in an English compound are free stems, that is they can be
used as words with a distinctive meaning of their own. The sound pattern will be
the same except for the stresses, e.g. «a green-house» and «a green house».
Whereas for example in Russian compounds the stems are bound morphemes, as a
rule.
b) English compounds have a two-stem pattern, with the exception of compound
words which have form-word stems in their structure, e.g. middle-of-the-road, off-
the-record, up-and-doing etc. The two-stem pattern distinguishes English
compounds from German ones.
Classification of compounds.
1. Compound words can be divided according to the parts of speech compounds:
a) nouns, such as: baby-moon, globe-trotter,
b) adjectives, such as: free-for-all, power-happy,
c) verbs, such as: to honey-moon, to baby-sit, to henpeck,
d) adverbs, such as: downdeep, headfirst,
e) prepositions, such as: into, within,
f) numerals, such as: fifty-five [22, c. 95].
2. According to the way components are joined together compounds are divided
into:
a) neutral, which are formed by joining together two stems without any joining
morpheme, e.g. ball-point, to windowshop,
b) morphological where components are joined by a linking element: vowels «o»
or «i» or the consonant «s», e.g. («astrospace», «handicraft», «sportsman»),
c) syntactical where the components are joined by means of form-word stems, e.g.
here-and-now, free-for-all., do-or-die.
3. According to their structure compounds are subdivided into:
a) compound words proper which consist of two stems, e.g. to job-hunt, train-sick,
go-go, tip-top,
b) derivational compounds, where besides the stems we have affixes, e.g. ear-
minded, hydro-skimmer,
c) compound words consisting of three or more stems, e.g. cornflower-blue,
eggshell-thin, singer-songwriter,
d) compound-shortened words, e.g. boatel, tourmobile, VJ-day, motocross,
intervision, Eurodollar, Camford.
4. According to the relations between the components compound words are
subdivided into:
a) subordinative compounds where one of the components is the semantic and the
structural centre and the second component is subordinate, e.g. honey-sweet,
eggshell-thin, knee-deep, dog-cheap, etc
b) coordinative compounds where both components are semantically independent.
Here belong such compounds when one person (object) has two functions, e.g.
secretary-stenographer, woman-doctor, Oxbridge etc. Such compounds are called
additive [23, p. 69].
5. According to the order of the components compounds are divided into
compounds with direct order, e.g. kill-joy, and compounds with indirect order, e.g.
nuclear-free, rope-ripe.
Concluding of my theoretical I can state that word-formation as a means of
language development is a very important item in lexicology as one of the sources
of language development. There are different types of word-formation. It includes
productive and non-productive kinds (productive are used very frequent in
communication, non-productive are not very common. Word-formation has a
function of forming of new words and replenishing the language
3.BASIC WORD-FORMATION MODELS IN THE TEXTS OF SCIENTIFIC STYLE

In this chapter I will talk about the different types of word formation in the texts of scientific
style. The study allowed to identify the main word-formation models in the scientific and
technical style, also in General in the English language, to consider their activity and
productivity. I will speak about compound, affixation, conversion in scientific style.

3.1COMBINING FORM COMPOUND WORDS IN SCIENTIFIC STYLE

It is very important to show the difference between the combining forms from the affixes, on the
one hand, and from the full-valued bases included in complex words – on the other. An example
combining forms in English might be a control -cide (from the Latin caedare “kill”), occurring in
words pesticide, herbicide and other. The combining form -cide carries in such cases the
meaning of 'he who kills' or 'what kills', as well as sometimes the 'act of killing or destroying' in
a literal or figurative sense, for example, microbicide, liberticide. Based on the analysis of words
with the component -cide, the structure of the widespread word genocide becomes absolutely
clear, where the first component corresponds to the Greek genos "race, origin, genus, species" [7,
c]. 50].

Combining forms, similar to affixes, can form large rows of words with a standard meaning. For
example, in the dictionary of the English language, the following words ending in component -
cide: microbicide, piscicide, fungicide, apbicide, felicide, filicide, silicide, stillicide, prolicide,
chemicide, homicide, germicide, vermicide, formicide, teenicide, tyrannicide, lapicide,
vulipicide, bactericide, sorocide, uxoricide, matricide, patricide, fratricide, raticide, insecticide,
feticide, foeticide, miticide, parasiticide, adulticide, infanticide, giganticide, rodenticide,
menticide, liberticide, aborticide, pesticide, locuslicide, suicide, ovicide, larvicide, biocide,
genocide, antrycide.

V. A. Maltsev noted that the abundance of formations with a repeating element and having a
standard value may suggest that the repeating element is an affix. This is how the-cide element is
interpreted in the Concise Oxford Dictionary, where we find: -cide suf. forming nouns meaning
(1) person or substance that kills, killing of.
However, the assignment of the-cide element to suffixes is fundamentally wrong, since suffixes
are characterized by a very abstract lexical value, and the value of the element -cide is very
specific. The difference between the combining form and the suffix in this case will be quite
clear if we analyze a number of words with suffixes denoting "figure", for example, -an
(electrician), -her (employee), -er (teacher), -ist (Marxist). They indicate only that formed with
their help means figure, which is in particular connection with the object or action denoted by the
base. In contrast to the suffixes of the figure, the combining form -cide means not just a figure,
but such a figure who performs a specific action (murder, destruction), i.e. has a more specific
value compared to the suffix.

Of course, the boundary between the affix and the combining form may be controversial and
difficult to distinguish. For example, the element Aro - in words like apogee (apogee, highest
point), has a dual nature. The large English-Russian dictionary does not distinguish the Aro
element either as a combining form or as a prefix. Thus, words that include this element do not
receive word-formative interpretation. An element of Aro - Greek origin with the meaning
'removal'. Understanding this makes it possible to penetrate into the semantic structure of a
number of words. Thus, the word apogee means a point in the orbit of a celestial body, as far as
possible from the earth', similar to apocentre 'point of orbit, the most distant from the center of
gravity. However, the idea of removal, inherent in the semantics of the element Aro-, can be very
generalized and widely modified in semantic terms. For example, the word apobiotic means
'referring to any change that reduces tissue viability'. Consequently, there Aro means as if the
removal from life ability. Thus, the element of the arc carries a quite generic value 'of the
distance from smth.' in the broadest sense, which, of course, brings this element with a prefix.
Words with the element Aro-, as a rule, were borrowed in English from Greek, which gives
reason to assume that the English language consciousness does not distinguish the element Aro-,
just as the Russian language consciousness does not divide the word Apocalypse into elements
APO - and -calypsis, although they are present there .

Another type of compound words with combining forms is represented by words with truncated
bases, connected to the second components by means of a connecting vowel, for example:
electro-duct, electro-conductivity, electro-music. The combining form of compu- — truncation
of the word computer is found in the words compu-talk 'conversation with a cybernetic machine',
computicket 'ticket issued by a cybernetic machine'. The element eco-extracted from the word
ecology is used in the formation of new words, for example: eco-activist 'a person who takes an
active part in the protection of the environment'; ecocatastrophe 'death as a result of the
catastrophic contamination of the environment'. Recently, words with the first component
denoting a part of the world have become widespread: Euro-dinner, Euro-politics, Euro-farmer,
Euro-money, Afro-American, Americologue.

Very interesting combining form of allo - with the meaning of another, different from, for
example, in the word allotheism "veneration of others, not authorized by the Church of the
gods." In chemical terms, allo is used to refer to one of the two organic isomers. In phonetics,
allo means one of the variants of sounds that form a phoneme. In morphology and word
formation allo is one of the forms. So, the suffix able - can have allomorphs: readable,
responsible.

Combining forms can be classified according to various criteria, for example, but the origin:
Greek, Latin, native English, by value: the names of chemical, biological and other elements,
names of nationalities, etc. Among the combining forms can be identified such that the material
is almost completely coincide with the functioning of their own words, for example, curvi–
curved. Other combining forms have no analogues in the form of full-meaning words, for
example, allo. Combining forms can be divided by their position as part of a complex word:
occurring only at the beginning of the word, for example, deca-, only at the end of the word, for
example, -cide, occurring both at the beginning and at the end of the word, for example, -drome-:
aerodrome, dromograph. Combining forms can be written either together or with a hyphen.
Separate writing is not found, which emphasizes their close relationship in the composition of a
complex word.

In conclusion, it can be noted that combining forms are linguistic forms that are used in modern
language as related forms. The question was whether they should be treated as affixes and refer
to words as derivatives, or whether they are closer to the elements of the word structure. Now
they are a special type of language units. You can distinguish the combining forms of complex
words by using elements in the word, such as particles –cide. Combining forms have long been
known in international scientific terminology.

3.2AFFIXATION IN SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL STYLE

In scientific and technical texts affixal formations have the greatest productivity in all parts of
speech, because they have passed the longest path of development in the history of the English
language. This phenomenon is typical not only for the language of science, it is widespread in
almost all styles of speech. However, it should be noted that in each style word-formation
models differ in their productivity and activity. We give examples of the most productive
suffixes in the texts of scientific and technical style.
Suffix -ment, with the help of which a significant number of derivatives are formed in the
language of science: requirement, management, development, investment. Suffix –er: repeater
(V + er)→N, user. Suffix –ate (populate, demonstrate) and suffix –al (functional, potential,
external, commercial).

Productive suffixes in scientific and technical texts are suffixes –ism (with an abstract meaning)
– nuclearism, and suffix –ion (-tion, - ation), which also has an abstract meaning. With the help
of the latter, a noun from the verbs V→N Is formed in the English language:

denuclearize – denuclearization,

depollute – depollution,

bourgeoisificate – bourgeoisification,

computerize – computerization,

culturalize – culturalization,

Suffixes –ist, and –man, as well as in the language of the newspaper, remain the most productive
in the language of science. However, in connection with the operation of linguistic norms and
stylistic constraints, the number of stems of words to append suffixes in scientific style is more
limited: computerman, programmist, etc.

High productivity has the prefix non-, with the value “opposite, reverse”, and can also Express a
negative attitude of the person to anything: non-nuclear, noncandidate, non-aligned (against a
political Union with a large state), non-book, nondebate, nonpolicy.

The prefixes over-, extra-, super-, de-also refer to the most productive affixes of the English
language. There are many derivatives with the prefix re-: reuse, reinstall, reestimate, etc.

Affixal derivatives have a very large percentage of distribution in the scientific text. It is safe to
say that most affixal word-formation models with high productivity and described in the first
Chapter are present in scientific and technical texts. Particular attention should be paid to the fact
that affixal word-formation models have almost lost their activity, i.e. the ability to actively form
new lexical units. And such their quality as productivity indicates only that in the language there
is already a huge number of words formed by means of affixation.

3.3THE CONVERSION OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STYLE

This method of word formation as conversion also plays an important role in enriching the
vocabulary of scientific and technical style. Conversion as a method of word formation began to
be used in the English language in the ancient English period. Non-affixal derivatives, as well as
complex words, contribute to the compression of means of expressing information in a scientific
text. However, the number of tumors obtained through this method is much lower than in the
language of the newspaper. The fact is that such features of the scientific and technical style as
formality, rigor and the various stylistic restrictions that arise in this regard, requiring
compliance with the language norm, do not allow the frequent use of conversion formations.
Conversions are usually more common in informal documents, articles speaking. For the
scientific and technical text, the most characteristic are conversion formations built on the model
N→V:

model → to model

map → to map

result → to result

massage → to massage

computer → to compute

A. L. Pumpyansky noted that in journal articles there are conversives, not devoid of imagery and
stylistic coloring. These are conversion formations of the same model N → V

As a result of consideration of this issue, we can say that the conversion introduces diversity in
the scientific and technical style, using the model N→V (from noun to verb), enriching it with
vocabulary. Currently, conversion has a high activity not only in the scientific and technical
style, but also in others too.

CONCLUSION:

The study allowed to identify the main word-formation models in the scientific and technical
style, also in General in the English language, to consider their activity and productivity. The
conclusion is that affixal formations have the greatest productivity, because they have come a
long way of development in the history of the English language. Word composition is the second
most productive way to form new words. At the same time, conversion formations are the most
active.

As it turned out during the study, the most common, productive ways of word formation in
scientific and technical texts are affixation and composition. In scientific texts, some word-
formative elements (- cide,- apo,- allo,-deca,- drom,- poly,- uni,- macro,- mini,- micro,- tele,-
homo, - auto, etc.) were identified, which occupy an intermediate position between the affixation
and the structure. Unproductive methods also contribute to the creation of new lexical units.

Complex adjectives (N + Part II, Adv + Part II) and complex nouns (N + N) Have high
productivity in the scientific and technical style. There are cases of formation of complex nouns
from complex verbs plus conversion (V + Adv – N). Common in the language of science and
complex verbs, formed by models: Adj + N – V, N + V – V. Found in the scientific and technical
style of a large number of complex words-phrases ( high-speed last mile connectivity).

This method of word formation as conversion also plays an important role in enriching the
vocabulary of scientific and technical style. Non-affixal derivatives, as well as complex words,
contribute to the compression of means of expressing information in a scientific text (model – to
model, computer – to compute, etc.).).

It was found that a careful study and identification of the most significant aspects of the word-
formation process is important not only in theoretical terms, to determine the nature of the
processes of language development, science and journalism, but also in practical terms. The
study of productive ways of creating new words will contribute more to the identification of
external and internal laws of the word-formation process, which will make it possible to freely
master the structures of the morphological level and more correctly and deeply understand the
semantics of derivative words