The Taliban (/ˈtælɪbæn, ˈtɑːlɪbɑːn/; Pashto: ‫طالبان‬, romanized: ṭālibān, lit.

 'students' or 'seekers'), which also

refers to itself by its state name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,[82][83][a] is a Deobandi Islamic
fundamentalist and Pashtun nationalist[86][17] militant political movement in Afghanistan.[87][5][7] It ruled
approximately three-quarters of the country from 1996 to 2001, before being overthrown following the
United States invasion. It recaptured Kabul on 15 August 2021 after nearly 20 years of insurgency, and
currently controls all of the country, although its government has not yet been recognized by any country.
The Taliban government has been criticized for restricting human rights in Afghanistan, including the right of
women and girls to work and to have an education.[88]

The Taliban emerged in September 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War and largely
consisted of students (ṭālib) from the Pashtun areas of eastern and southern Afghanistan who had been
educated in traditional Islamic schools (madāris). Under the leadership of Mullah Omar (r. 1996–2001), the
movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, shifting power away from the Mujahideen warlords. In
1996, the group administered roughly three-quarters of the country, and established the First Islamic Emirate
of Afghanistan. The Taliban's government was opposed by the Northern Alliance militia, which seized parts of
northeast Afghanistan and largely maintained international recognition as a continuation of the interim
Islamic State of Afghanistan. The Taliban held control of most of the country until being overthrown after the
United States invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001. Many members of the Taliban fled to neighboring
Pakistan.

After being overthrown, the Taliban launched an insurgency to fight the United States–backed Islamic
Republic of Afghanistan and the NATO–led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in the War in
Afghanistan. In May 2002, exiled members formed the Council of Leaders (Rahbarī Shūrā) based in the city of
Quetta in Pakistan. They established a political office in Qatar in 2012. Under Hìbatullah Akhundzada's
leadership, in May 2021, the Taliban launched a military offensive, that culminated in the Fall of Kabul on 15
August 2021 and the Taliban regaining control of Afghanistan. The Islamic Republic was dissolved and the
Islamic Emirate was reestablished.

During their rule from 1996 to 2001, the Taliban enforced a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law,[89]
and were widely condemned for massacres against Afghan civilians, harsh discrimination against religious
and ethnic minorities, denial of UN food supplies to starving civilians, destruction of cultural monuments,
banning women from school and most employment, and prohibition of most music. Following their return to
power in 2021, the Afghanistan government budget lost 80% of its funding and food insecurity became
widespread, while all foreign nations refused to recognize the Taliban's regime.[90] The Taliban returned
Afghanistan to many policies implemented under its previous rule, including banning women from holding
almost any jobs, requiring women to wear head-to-toe coverings such as the burqa, blocking women from
travelling without male guardians, and banning secondary school education for girls.[