CLIMATE RESILIENCE STUDY FOR

CARTAGENA CITY, COLOMBIA

Introductive Seminar
DESIGN FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE
| Architectural technology & Water Engineering |
A.A. 2022 – 2023

TEAM 11
Fathween Siraj Rahman s307935
Ala Salari s314630
Namitha Mariam Cherian s314186
Professors Kishi Davies s313969
Giordano Roberto, Boano Fulvio
Ivan Karnitckii s314869
Tutors
Munoz Veloza Monica Alexandra, Matteo Pesce Prudhvi Raj Burlagadda s314068
PRESENT & EXPECTED FUTURE
CONDITIONS

TEMPERATURE
STUDY

CLIMATE ACTION
TRACKER & 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜2
EMISSIONS

IMPACTS OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
 Future Scenarios of Irradiance and Temperature -
COLOMBIA
Colombia is a country with an estimated average monthly solar
radiation between 3.0 kWh/m2 and 5.0 kWh/m2, and in comparison

PRESENT AND EXPECTED FUTURE CONDITIONS

with the maximum registered values worldwide, Colombia has regions
with values between 58% and 84% of these maximum values.

Cartagena Bucaramanga Bogota

Three cities were identified for study of Direct normal irradiance and Net radiation on
the basis of location and terrain (coastal, mountainous and main capital city).

DIRECT NORMAL IRRADIANCE NET RADIATION

CARTAGENA 4 kWh/m2/day : 166.8 W/m2 0.654 * 166.8 -20.3 = 88.78 W/m2

1461 kWh/m2/year : 160.71 W/m2 0.654 * 160.71 -20.3 = 84.80 W/m2

BUCARAMANGA 3.6 kWh/m2/day : 150.12 W/m2 0.654 * 150.12 -20.3 = 77.87 W/m2
1314 kWh/m2/year : 144.54 W/m2 0.654 * 144.54 -20.3 = 74.23 W/m2

BOGOTA 3.2 kWh/m2/day : 133.44 W/m2 0.654 * 133.44 -20.3 = 66.96 W/m2
1168 kWh/m2/year : 128.48 W/m2 0.654 * 128.48 -20.3 = 63.72 W/m2

The values suggest that city of Cartagena have a higher DNI and net radiation, followed
by Bucaramanga and Bogota. Colombia having an increased vulnerability to climate
change, the values have important applications which could be used to optimise solar
energy generation and climate resilient modelling.
 Temperature Study – COLOMBIA CARTAGENA

Based on the average of several climate

model scenarios, temperatures across
Colombia are projected to continue rising,

PRESENT AND EXPECTED FUTURE CONDITIONS

with mean monthly temperatures projected
to rise by +1.88°C by the 2050s and by
3.88°C by the end of the century under a
high-emissions scenario (RCP 8.5).
Temperature increase of between 1°C (
Representative Concentration Pathway
(RCP) 2.6) to 2.5° C (RCP 6.0) BY 2100
are projected across the country, with a
more significant increase at higher Cartegena has an increase in mean temperature for 12
month average (28.6 °C) in 2020, with an increase of
altitude. almost 1.8 °C from the year 1860

1851 2020
-0.59 ± 0.55 Mean rate of change in climate stripes +1.32 ± 0.13 °C

BOGOTA BUCARAMANGA
 Projected Mean Temperature - COLOMBIA
Across all emissions scenarios, temperatures are projected to continue to rise in Colombia, through the end of the
century. Under a high-emissions scenario (RCP 8.5), average temperatures are projected to rise rapidly after the
2040s. Rising temperatures and extreme heat conditions will result in significant implications for human and animal

PRESENT AND EXPECTED FUTURE CONDITIONS

health, agriculture, water resources, and ecosystems.

Mean Air Temperature affected by Mean Air Temperature affected by

1.5°C of warming 3 °C of warming

Land fraction annually exposed to Heatwaves

The CO2 Emissions – COLOMBIA

Terittorial:89 MT CO2

PRESENT AND EXPECTED FUTURE CONDITIONS

Consumption:109 MT CO2
Population: 50,882,891

COLOMBIA
CLIMATE ACTION TRACKER - Highly insufficient

Colombia’s emissions from land use are more than 20% of the country’s total emissions and reducing emissions from deforestation is a vital part of

PRESENT AND EXPECTED FUTURE CONDITIONS

Colombia’s climate mitigation target. Land-based mitigation measures account for approximately 70% of the total mitigation capacity outlined in its
updated NDC (2020) which, if fully implemented, would turn Colombia’s land sector from a current net source of emissions to a net sink.

In order to fully decarbonise its economy, Colombia will also

need to focus on other sectors, especially energy and transport.
Carbon Footprint

PRESENT AND EXPECTED FUTURE CONDITIONS

MITIGATION GOALS - Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)

 Energy efficiency: To optimize the dispatch of electrical energy, to promote increased efficiency in plants that
allow cost-effectively reducing GHG emissions, without affecting the conditions of the electricity market. Promotion of
self-generation of energy through alternative sources, reduce the difference in electricity consumption between peak
and off-peak hours, manage the generation of electricity in off-peak hours from non-polluting sources and promote the
future implementation of technologies such as smart grids and dynamic rates
 Fugitive Emissions
 Sustainable construction: This strategic line is focused on the definition of guidelines for the design and construction
of sustainable buildings, achieving reductions in energy consumption, which allows reducing GHG linked to the
development of housing and other buildings.
 Commercial Forest Plan: contemplates that the goal for 2030 is for Colombia to comply with the first five-year period
of sustainable management of 1,500,000 hectares of forest plantations for commercial purposes to obtain wood in
three strategic development regions for forest plantations for commercial purposes.
 Promotion of energy management and energy efficiency projects in the industry sector: Identification,
structuring, and implementation of projects on good operating practices and implementation of improvements in energy
processes and use of energy sources with a lower emission factor with an impact of up to 15% in the reduction of
energy and/or emissions.

 Implementation of technologies to reduce N2O emissions in the production of raw materials for fertilizers
 Electric Mobility: It is intended to create a regulatory and financial environment that allows accelerating the transition to electric mobility, designing and
implementing policies; establishing regulatory and technical standards for the commercialization and operation of electric vehicles
 Intersectoral reduction of deforestation: Reduction of emissions due to a decrease in the rate of deforestation (change in forest area) concerning an
estimated trend projection of this from the methodological reproduction of the Reference Level of Forest Emissions of Colombia taken to 2030. The stated goal
contemplates a reduction of emissions from deforestation considering a rate of 50,000 hectares/year in 2030.
Adaptation Strategies National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NAP)

It aims to support environmental, territorial and sectoral

planning processes to take into consideration climate change
and its impacts.
It aims to help reduce the vulnerability of populations,

PRESENT AND EXPECTED FUTURE CONDITIONS

ecosystems, and productive sectors and increase their
capacity to respond to extreme weather events and
disasters.

Possible adaptation and mitigation strategies

 Promote innovation and technology transfer for

sustainable energy breakthroughs
 Architecture and town planning: houses fed by
renewable energy and scarcely any concrete buildings
will be built. There will be fewer parking zones in our
streets and more urban allotments, parks, and gardens.
 Consumption: We will share more goods and
services, purchase less and reuse more, and recycle
almost everything. Single-use plastics will have
disappeared and packaging will be easier to sort and
recycle.
 Protect Coastal Wetlands: Salt marshes, mangroves,
and seagrasses defend coasts against sea level rise by
buffering storm surges and floodwaters and storing tons
of carbon in their roots and soils.
 Improve Mass Transit: Expanding urban public
transportation by 40% by 2050 could decrease the
projected number of cars on the road and avoid 6.6
gigatons of carbon emissions.
 Decentralized systems: Often powered by renewable
energy, with shorter transmission lines and smaller
distribution areas are more climate-resilient. Smaller,
more manageable power sources can also recover from
disasters more rapidly. Low-carbon technologies such
as solar panels and batteries can also provide reliable,
clean energy to critical services, like hospitals in remote
areas that aren’t already connected to the grid or
experience frequent power outages.
 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Changes in the precipitation in the future.

PRESENT AND EXPECTED FUTURE CONDITIONS

A

Changes in annual precipitation by (A) 2030

and (B) 2050 predicted for Colombia under
IPCC SRES emissions scenario A2. Average
data based on 19 global climate models.

As per the EM - DAT database, from 1900 - 2022, due to the extreme climatic events Colombia faced 110 floods, 15
storms and 5 drought years which declares that there are serious impacts on the hydrological cycle due to climate change.
Vulnerability and Projected changes
Central and South America (CSA) are highly exposed, vulnerable and strongly impacted by climate change, a situation
amplified by inequality, poverty, population growth and high population density, land use change particularly deforestation with
the consequent biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and high dependence of national and local economies on natural resources

PRESENT AND EXPECTED FUTURE CONDITIONS

for the production of commodities.

Sea Level Rise of past and future situation in Cartagena de Indias.

Threat of Severe Flooding and Coastal Erosions.
The pessimistic scenario of an increase in sea level due to climate change projected for Cartagena in 2040; it is notable
that the zones bordering on the Virgen Marsh, the tourist zone of the city (Bocagrande, Castillogrande, El Laguito and the

PRESENT AND EXPECTED FUTURE CONDITIONS

Historic Centre) and the Port and industrial zone would be the most affected by the increase in sea level.
Bearing in mind that 59.74% of the coastal zone of Cartagena de Indias shows a high and very high threat of coastal
erosion, this situation becomes more complex. The problems which the inhabitants are facing at present would be more
serious, as well as the infrastructure shown in the figure.

Fig 7. Severe flooding Scenarios (SLR + heavy rains) projected to the year 2040. Fig 8. Threat of coastal erosion in the Cartagena de Indias district.
Sea Level Rise

PRESENT AND EXPECTED FUTURE CONDITIONS

Projection Map -
Barranquilla,
Colombia

A governmental body in
Colombia has estimated that 17
000 hectares of its land could be
reclaimed by the sea by 2040.
This puts its major coastal cities,
Barranquilla, Cartagena, and
Santa Marta, at risk of severe
flooding. This could cause
structural damage, freshwater
shortages, agriculture damage,
and loss of tourism.

More frequent coastal flooding is

a direct impact of sea-level rise.
Based on the Global tides and
surge reanalysis by Muis et al.,
(2016), it is estimated that the
extreme coastal water level could
be from 0.2 – 2.8m over the
mean level.the coastal local flood
level is added on top of the
projected SLR

The SLR scenarios used in this

study are based on the forecasts
from Climate Central – Coastal
Risk Screening Tool with the
following parameters:

• Sea level Projection Source

• Coastal Flood Level
• Pollution Scenario
• Luck
FACTORS AFFECTING
CLIMATE CHANGE

URBAN HEAT
ISLAND

POPULATION
GROWTH & CO2
EMISSIONS

URBAN
GREENING
FACTOR
URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT

-Medellín is a Colombian district, capital of the department of Antioquia .

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

The city has a total area of ​328 km²; of which 110 km² are urban land and
218 km² are rural land.Population of 2.5 millions inhabitants.The climate is
temperate and humid, with an average temperature of 21.6 °C .

-The hottest neighborhoods are those located in the center of the city ( La
Candelaria , El Chagualo, San Benito, among others) and in the northern
part of the Medellín river (La Toscana, Boyacá-Las Brisas , Moravia , Santa
Cruz ).

-The coldest neighborhoods are located in the upper parts of the

surrounding mountains ( Altos del Poblado , San Lucas, La Sierra, Oriente ,
Santo Domingo Savio, San José de la Cima, Carpinelo, Picacho, among
others).

-According to a recent study, each inhabitant has only to 3.6 square meters
of public space like: parks, squares and green areas.

-Related to local ecosystems, Medellín has five protected natural areas,

covering a total of 168.81 square kilometers and offers shelter to
wildlife, endemic species and some of them have a type of threat
category.
According to World Health Organization is recommended 10-15 square
meters per habitant, that means Medellín’s has deficit. As a
consequences, the city needs to provide to the community bigger and
high quality public spaces to the enjoyment and citizen welfare.
2
-The city has important projects to increase green areas such as: the
planting of 800,000 trees, 30 Green Corridors and the "More Forests for
Medellin".
Global Surface UHI for Medellin

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

SUHI Intensity of Medellin for summer of 2012 SUHI Intensity of Medellin for summer of 2022 2022

As climate change drives rising temperatures globally, Medellin has took potential adaptations and strategic approaches and due to these
Strategic approaches, the change in Global surface Urban Heat Island can be noticed across Medellin.
CASE STUDY: GREEN CORRIDORS PROJECT

• Started by Medellin's previous mayor in 2017 and now maintained

by the current administration, 36 "green corridors" provide an

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

interconnected 20-km (12.4-mile) network of shady routes
including new bike lanes and walkways across the city.The green
corridors project has targeted "heat islands" in the city - urban
areas with temperatures often significantly higher than outlying or
rural areas. According to city hall, the project has reduced
Medellin's urban heat island effect by 2 degrees Celsius (3.6F) since
2018. $16.3 million initiative has helped reduce average
temperatures in parts of Medellin.

• The project - which won a 2019 cooling award from climate

solutions charity Ashden - has also helped Medellin tackle high
levels of air pollution that Londoño calls "a crisis”.

• According to the United Nations Environment Programme

(UNEP), Concentrations of concrete and black tarmac roads in
such areas absorb the sun's heat and then radiate it back out,
keeping cities hotter even after sunset. To counteract that
effect, Medellin created more leafy public spaces and parks.

-Other Benefits of green corridors are Decreased exposure to high

temperatures, Reduced mortality, Reduced stress, Improved air quality,
Biodiversity protection, Reduced greenhouse gas emissions, Job
creation, Increased labour productivity.
Parques del rio,
Medellin, Colombia.
The purpose of the Heat Resilient Cities tool is to assess the effectiveness of some urban strategies in the city assigned. The use goes one step further
to highlight the benefits of natural structures that support the city’s ongoing development and assess the people’s wellbeing.

Urban Water

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

1. 1st scenario when RCP* equals 2.6: The expected reduction in the number of days a year with temperatures above the extreme heat threshold,
within the impact area of the action, are 41.7. Reducing the average temperature to 1 ºC. The expected number of lives saved due to a reduction in
extreme heat exposure are 16.
2. 2nd scenario when RCP equals 8.5: The expected reduction in the number of days a year with temperatures above the extreme heat threshold,
within the impact area of the action, are 41. Reducing the average temperature to 1 ºC. The expected number of lives saved due to a reduction
in extreme heat exposure are 17.
Example
Tashkent - capital of Uzbekistan is a city of
water,which is riddled with dozens of water
channels and yaryks, as well as a large number of

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

fountains and small artificial lakes.

The evaporation of green covers (Urban Parks) and

blue covers (Urban Water) shades the land surface
from direct solar irradiance. They also ameliorate
the thermal environment and microclimate in
compact urban areas.
Compared to artificial impervious surfaces, these
nature-based spaces also provide larger heat
capacity and higher reflectance. However, Urban
water usually registers a lower surface temperature
than Urban Parks in the same weather conditions.
Research done in 2014 found that the average
surface temperature of green spaces was around
29.0 °C, whereas water was 26.7 °C at 10 a.m. in
Berlin, Germany.
Population Growth And Co2 Emissions
Population of Colombia VS World

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

1. Demographic Trends on Population 2. GDP per capita 3. Total CO₂ emissions
Population Growth And Co2 Emissions
Population of Colombia VS World

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

Replacement level:2.1
GDP Per Capita And Co2 Emissions
Population of Colombia VS World

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

Colombia Colombia
$964.74 18.69 thousand

Classified as an upper-middle-income country, Colombia had an estimated PPP adjusted GDP per capita of $15,922 in 2021. Following a GDP
contraction of 6.8% in 2020, the economy is set to have grown by 7.6% in 2021, leaving output 0.3% above 2019 levels.

62.5 th
53.57 th

46.55 th
42.47 th

18.69 th
14.14 th
6.12 th
 Global Employment Rate
Population of Colombia VS World

Global Unemployment rate, 2022

Colombia 2006 2011 2016 2021 2022 2026 2031 2036
GDP, USD bn
193 368 257 275 284 321 415 538
(constant prices)

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

Turkiye-10.8
World Economic League Table
Spain-12.7 Uzbekistan-10 China 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
Morroco-11.1
United states 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Sudan-30.6
Colombia-11.3 India 14 10 7 7 6 5 3 3
Germany 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 4
South Africa-34.6 Colombia 40 34 41 44 44 46 43 40

Over the next 15 years, that Colombia will see a modest improvement in its
ranking in the World Economic League Table, rising from 44th place in 2021
to 40th place in 2036.
c

Global Fluctuation

Growth in GDP
538/284 = 1.89
Cartagena has one of the highest informality rates in Colombia.
In 2017, it was 55.3% of the total employed people. Future projection of GDP per capita in 2025
In 2021, 55% of the population lived in poverty, and 5.9% in 1.89 * 18.69 = 35.3241
extreme poverty.
GDP Per Capita And Co2 Emissions
Population of Colombia VS World

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

Urban Greening Factor
Cartagena

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

1.6 km

Water channel

Commercial shop
Mid – rise building

Site features:
• Unused patches of public land
Residential buildings • Sparse vegetation and barren soil
Low - rise 0 10 20 50
• Polluted water basin channel
PROPOSED STUDY SITE - CARTAGENA with sloping edges

SEVERE FLOODING SCENARIOS

CARTAGENA
• Prone to severe flooding
• Potential for Sustainable drainage system
• Strong zones where rain gardens, bio swales etc could be introduced
 Urban Greening Factor
Cartagena

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

Concrete paving Semi-natural vegetation

Buildings Standard trees

Roads Amenity grassland

Interlock paving Hedges

Permeable surface Water channel

0 5 10 25

EXISTING UGF – 0.158

Possible Strategies For Higher Urban Greening Factor
Cartagena

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

01 05
Increasing layers of native vegetation
Ground covers, seasonal hedges, structural Permeable pavers
layers and local trees to increase water Reduce heat island effect and formation of
retention of soil puddles leading to flash flooding

02 03 04
Management of storm-water runoff Implementation of rain gardens Bioswales – Bio retention systems
Passive water capture Treat polluted stormwater, Reduce peak flow, improve water quality, self-irrigating, ,
reconnect communities with natural water cycle

TARGET
Positive impacts on micro climate – evapotranspiration
0.15 UGF 0.7 results in cooling of the nearby atmosphere
NATURE- BASED
SOLUTIONS

SUSTAINABLE
DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS

RAIN GARDEN

DESIGN
INTERVENTIONS
Sustainable Drainage Systems – Watershed area selection
Cartagena

Sustainable drainage systems

are solutions adopting
sustainable management of
rainwater that mimic natural
processes of infiltration and
allow channelling of run-off
stormwater to natural water

SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

courses while reducing the
flooding damage to the city.

Watershed area:
20 hectares

Located : Vista Hermosa,

Cartagena
Watershed area selected in Cartagena for proposing SuDS
• A residential settlement
close to Port facilities.

• Has a water channel that is

connected to the sea, which
is a potential connection to
interact with drainage
networks.

• Offers some large and

vacant public spaces in
multiple corners of
residential layouts as well as
adjacent to commercial
blocks.
Street views of SuDS area selected for proposal
Sustainable Drainage Systems
Cartagena

SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Watershed area plan with the proposed SuDS layout
Calculation of rainfall volume managed by SuDS
Cartagena

SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Sizing a City Rain Garden
Cartagena

RAIN GARDEN
Sizing a City Rain Garden
Cartagena

RAIN GARDEN
Green design EXISTING SITE 1

interventions/solutions
Building an extensive network
of rain gardens, pavement
details, wetlands, and other
infrastructure to capture
stormwater from
overwhelming sewers and
polluting waterways is a
requirement as analyzed in
the previous sections with an
increase in flooding scenarios

NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS
in Colombia. For the same
PROPOSED SITE 1
area considered in the
analysis of Urban Greening
Factor (Section 2.3), some
design schemes to transform
the greening quality of the city
are visualized for some of the
identified SuDS areas
Green design
interventions/solutions

Bioretention system using filter

medias and stone edges can be
designed to provide visual as well as
ecological connectivity within
strategic open space network and
direct water into the channels. As
the water percolates, the soil
particles are filtered from the water
as it infiltrates downwards through
the engineered mixtures of highly-
permeable soil media, which directs

NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS
it into the channel using drainpipes. EXISTING SITE 2

Stormwater from roadways is also

allowed to flow through the openings
under the pavement into the planting
bed for better management of
drainage during flooding.

PROPOSED SITE 2
Recalculating the Urban Greening Factor
Cartagena
Urban Greening Factor Calculator
Area
Surface Cover Type Factor Contribution Notes
(m²)
Semi-natural vegetation (e.g. trees, woodland, species-rich
1 2086 2086
grassland) maintained or established on site.
Wetland or open water (semi-natural; not chlorinated) maintained or 1 321.24 321.24
established on site.
Intensive green roof or vegetation over structure. Substrate
0.8 0 0
minimum settled depth of 150mm.
Standard trees planted in connected tree pits with a minimum soil
volume equivalent to at least two thirds of the projected canopy area 0.8 2655.87 2124.696
of the mature tree.
Extensive green roof with substrate of minimum settled depth of

SOLUTIONS
0.7 0 0
80mm (or 60mm beneath vegetation blanket)

Flower-rich perennial planting. 0.7 312.95 219.065

Rain gardens and other vegetated sustainable drainage elements. 0.7 593.72 415.604

Hedges (line of mature shrubs one or two shrubs wide). 0.6 104.24 62.544

FACTOR
Standard trees planted in pits with soil volumes less than two thirds
0.6 0 0
of the projected canopy area of the mature tree.

NATURE-BASED
Green wall –modular system or climbers rooted in soil. 0.6 0 0

Groundcover planting. 0.5 0 0

URBAN GREENING
Amenity grassland (species-poor, regularly mown lawn). 0.4 40.24 16.096

Extensive green roof of sedum mat or other lightweight systems that

0.3 0 0
do not meet GRO Code 2014.

Water features (chlorinated) or unplanted detention basins. 0.2 0 0

Permeable paving. 0.1 1687.17 168.717

Sealed surfaces (e.g. concrete, asphalt, waterproofing, stone). 0 5633.36 0

Total contribution 5413.962

Total site area (m²) 10778.92
NEW PROPOSED UGF – 0.5023
Urban Greening Factor 0.502273141

The value of UGF has been increased from 0.15 to 0.502 with the proposed nature- based solutions in the public areas. Quality
greening interventions like retrofitting public buildings with green roofs (extensive & intensive), green walls, rain gardens etc would
improve the urban sustainable-development issues, especially related to climate change, drainage issues and biodiversity loss.
REFRENCES

A. Links:
https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/medellin-population
https://www.urbangreenup.eu/cities/followers/medellin.kl
https://urbanresiliencehub.org/medellins-ongoing-history-of-resilience/
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0
%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0

B. Links:
https://population.un.org/wpp/Graphs/
https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/datasets/WEO
https://cebr.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/WELT-2022.pdf
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-vs-gdp?yScale=log
Colombia Population 2022 (Live) (worldpopulationreview.com)
https://www.ceicdata.com/en/colombia/population-household-survey/population-cartagena