2 Project Inception

Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A.
Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Instructor’s Profile
Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio
Licensed Civil Engineer
Faculty Member
Technological Institute of the Philippines- Quezon City Campus
Cubao, Quezon City
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, 2015

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
Intramuros, Manila
Master of Science in Civil Engineering

major in Structural Engineering (ongoing)
University of the Philippines- Diliman Campus
Diliman, Quezon City
e-mail: adamsroycedionisio@gmail.com
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
DISCLAIMER:
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References:
Tonias, D. E., Zhao, J. J. (2017). Bridge Engineering (4th
Ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill Education.
References:
Barker, R. M., Puckett, J. A. (2013). Design of Highway
Bridges (3rd Ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
References:
Sons, Inc.
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications (AASHTO 2012). Washington, DC:
AASHTO.
References:
Sons, Inc.
AASHTO.
Department of Public Works and Highways Bureau of
Design. Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards (DGCS
Vol. 5 Bridge Design 2015). Philippines: DPWH.
References:
Sons, Inc.
AASHTO.
Department of Public Works and Highways Bureau of
Design. Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards (DGCS
Vol. 5 Bridge Design 2015). Philippines: DPWH.
www.google.com (for some images and video clips)

Summary of previous Discussion
Bridge engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering that involves the planning,
design, construction, operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of bridges to ensure safe and effective
transportation of vehicles, people and goods (Yaghoubi, 2018).
Parts of a Bridge
Superstructure
→comprises all the components of a bridge above the supports
Substructure
→consists of all elements required to support the superstructure
Appurtenances and Site-Related Features
→appurtenance is any part of the bridge or bridge site that is
not a major structural component yet serves some purpose
in the overall functionality of the structure (e.g., guardrail).
Structure Types
→ Slab-on-girder → Steel and Concrete Box Girder → Suspension → Truss
→ One-Way Slab → Cable-stayed → Steel and Concrete Arch
Intended Learning Outcome for this Discussion:
At the end of the discussion, the students will be able to:
1. State the Principal Categories of Fund Source
2. Explain the different Types of Design Standards
3. Explain the importance of Site Inspection and Site Survey
4. Explain the importance of Physical Testing and the different methods to conduct it
Project Inception Source: https://www.bfwengineers.com/careers/
There are several important issues

that concern the bridge engineer
prior to commencement of design.
Before any design can begin, there is
the issue concerning how bridge
projects are selected and funded.
Then, there is the issue that pertains
to the standards and references that
an engineer utilizes during design.
Finally, when design begins in
earnest, an engineer must determine Source: https://giphy.com/gifs/uviccampuslife-blueprint-civil-engineering-drafting-3gIJALnQCmCFpQqKop
the types of field data, and, in the case

of a rehabilitation project, record
data, are required to commence and
eventually complete the work.
Source: https://dribbble.com/shots/8207635-Garelli-Civil-engineering-company-2
Project Funding
The design and rehabilitation of highway bridges is an activity that has considerable financial demands. With
such huge costs associated with transportation projects, the obvious question is, "Where does all this money
come from?" Funding for highway projects in general, and bridge projects, comes from a variety of sources and
varies from region to region.
Five Principal Categories of Fund Source
User Fees Source: https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/12/09/indefinite-toll-fee-holiday/
→User fees (i.e., taxes imposed on the users of the highway system) imply funds generated through traditional,
highway-related fees such as vehicle registration, gasoline taxes, and trucking fees.
→Another form of user fee is the toll road. Toll facility authorities
have the advantage of a relatively precise form of user funding, so
they can afford a rapid and high level of maintenance compared
to other transportation departments. However, toll roads are
typically restricted-access highways that result in limited
availability to users. One drawback to toll roads is the cost of
implementing and maintaining toll collection facilities. Electronic
toll collection has significantly reduced the operating costs of toll
facilities. Furthermore, by not requiring the vehicle to stop, the
public's acceptance of toll facilities has increased in recent years.
Project Funding
Five Principal Categories of Fund Source Source: https://www.facebook.com/SecMarkVillar/photos/a.809996409016339/4173579209324692/
Nonuser Fees
→Funds obtained from sales taxes, income Bataan- Cavite
taxes, or other general fund sources are Interlink Bridge
known as nonuser fees. At certain times,
governments may invest extra money in
highway projects to stimulate the economy
during recessions. History has shown that this
type of spending program can help promote
economic recovery and produce long-term
benefits to the regional economy, provided
that the funds make their way into
infrastructure projects. Estrella- Pantaleon
Bridge
Source: https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/news/14406
Project Funding
Five Principal Categories of Fund Source Source: https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/04/30/1912592/bridge-
burning-bridges-why-china-funded-binondo-intramuros-structure-controversial
Special Benefit Fees
→A special benefit fee is a tax placed on those
individuals (usually developers) who benefit Binondo- Intramuros Bridge
from a new or rehabilitated highway system.
The special benefit fee provides a source of
revenue for improving or expanding facilities
to meet the needs of a growing community.
Sometimes this takes the form of an impact
fee that calls for developers to pay for part of
a highway expansion or make a direct cash
contribution to meet a new development's
BGC- Ortigas Center
highway-related needs.
Link Road Project
Source: https://wheels.ph/ph-golden-age-of-infrastructure-and-growth/
Project Funding
Private Financing Source: https://www.facebook.com/News5Everywhere/photos/pcb.2421280131362060/2421279144695492
→One form of private financing is for developers to donate to

the transportation department in return for changes in zoning,
building codes, etc. Privatization is another form of private
financing that relies on not only private funding but also
private maintenance of constructed facilities. At one end of the
spectrum, privatization allows for a private organization to
entirely fund, build, and maintain a public facility, such as a
transportation project. Transportation projects, however,
often require the developer to perform activities such as right-
of-way acquisition, environmental assessment, and so on, that
public agencies are better suited to handle. In response to
these, agencies have implemented a privatization scheme Cebu- Cordova Link Expressway (CCLEX)
known as PPP (Private-Public Partnership).
Project Funding
Debt Financing
→Debt financing, usually through
revenue bonds, offers a pay-as-you-go
approach to financing highway Source: https://www.eqmagpro.com/handbook-on-
battery-energy-storage-system-december-2018/
projects. This method has the

advantage of providing highway
departments with immediate access to
funds that can be used on major
projects in a timely fashion. An obvious
danger would be in an agency’s
overborrowing, leaving transportation
departments with a shortfall in
covering maintenance needs.
Source: https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/news/21338?fbclid=IwAR2z8Kk1x27jcmIrYTiDBZUY2XxdMDpKjZA9va-mxFWXH_q73ArVVIU9hcs
Types of Design Standards
The design of a highway bridge, like most any other civil engineering project, is dependent on certain standards
and criteria. Naturally, the critical importance of highway bridges in a modern transportation system would
imply a set of rigorous design specifications to ensure the safety and overall quality of the constructed project.
General Specifications
→General specifications are an overall design code covering most
structures in each transportation system. In the United States, bridge
engineers have used AASHTO's Standard Specifications for Highway
Bridges or AASHTO's LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, depending on
when the bridges were designed and the state in which the bridges are
located. In a similar fashion, Canadian bridge engineers utilize the CSA
bridge design codes, and British designers use Eurocodes. In the
Philippines, DPWH- Bureau of Design’s Design Guidelines, Criteria and
Standards (DGCS) Volume 5 Bridge Design is used. In general, countries
such as Canada and the United Kingdom, which have developed and
maintained major highway systems for a great many years, possess their
own national or regional bridge standards. As is the case with the
Eurocodes, many nations have accepted the AASHTO bridge design codes
as the general code for the design of their bridges.
Material-Related Design Codes
Material design codes are those standards that pertain to bridge components constructed out of various
engineering materials such as steel, concrete, prestressed concrete, timber, etc. General material specifications
are put forth by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
Steel→ The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) offers
structural steel-related design and detailing manuals. Where
AASHTO is comprised of professionals from member state
transportation departments, AISC standards are developed by
steel fabricators, design professionals, and manufacturing Source: https://logodix.com/astm
companies. The principal AISC reference is the Steel Construction

Manual. AISC also publishes design information based on the
allowable stress design (ASD) method, but it is being phased out
since most structural engineers recognize the advantage of LRFD
over ASD. The organization was founded in 1921 and seeks to
advance the use of its material (i.e., steel) in construction projects. Source: https://www.aisc.org/ Source:https://engineersoutlook.files.
wordpress.com/2014/11/scm-shot.jpg
Concrete→ The American Concrete Institute (ACI)
offers bridge engineers a set of standards in the analysis
and design of reinforced concrete structures. The
principal design manual is Building Code Requirements
for Structural Concrete and Commentary. The ACI
Detailing Manual is another important publication that
provides the designer with guidelines on how to detail
concrete structures and elements. Although covered by
ACI, prestressed and precast concrete structures are
also covered by the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Source: https://www.forconstructionpros.com/concrete/press-
release/21201820/american-concrete-institute-the-aci-2020-concrete-detailing-
Institute (PCI) that publishes the PCI Design Handbook. manual-now-available-includes-guidance-on-aci-31819-and-aci-315r18-codes

Timber→ For bridge structures or
structural components constructed
out of timber, designers can refer to
the Timber Construction Manual
published by the American Institute
of Timber Construction (AITC) and
the National Design Specification for
Wood Construction issued by the
American Wood Council (AWC).
Source: https://www.ebay.com/p/785278
→It is important to note that although these manuals offer information specific to various design materials, the
AASHTO specifications still provides its own interpretation and guidelines for the use of the material in highway
bridge structures. Normally, AASHTO specifications adopt the same design philosophies as those manuals. The
AASHTO code, however, takes a more conservative approach so it may not necessarily use the identical
equations as in other material design manuals.
→One must keep in mind that these material-related codes deal mostly with building structural design;
therefore, they can only be used as references and for background information. Bridge engineers should always
apply the AASHTO code for their design.
Use of Design Standards
→It does not take one long to reach the
disclaimer in a set of design standards like those
listed here. While, in a way, this may frustrate an
engineer looking for the answer in a reference, it
American Institute of Steel
should also serve as a signal for the responsibility Construction. Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings (AISC
the engineer carries in any design. 360-05). Chicago, Illinois: AISC.
→The design should define the boundary

conditions, and the specifications should apply to
those constraints, not the other way around.
→The bridge engineer should also think to
question and improve, upon reference, design
material whenever possible. There is still
considerable room for improvement. Johnson, J. E., Malhas, F. A., Salmon, C. G. (2009). Steel
Structures: Design and Behavior (5th Ed.). Upper
Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
Specifications and Bridge Failures
→For most bridge engineers, it seems that bridge specifications were always there. But that is not the case. The
early bridges were built under a design – build type of contract. The bridge company basically wrote its own
specifications when describing the bridge it was proposing to build. As a result, depending on the integrity,
education, and experience of the builder, some very good bridges were constructed and at the same time some
very poor bridges were built.
→Of the highway and railroad bridges built in the 1870s, one out of every four failed, a rate of 40 bridges per
year (Gies, 1963). The public was losing confidence and did not feel safe when traveling across any bridge.
Something had to be done to improve the standards by which bridges were designed and built.
→On December 12, 1914, the American Association of State Highway Officials
(AASHO) was formed, and in 1921 its Committee on Bridges and Allied Structures
was organized. The charge to this committee was the development of standard
specifications for the design, materials, and construction of highway bridges. These
specifications have been reissued periodically to reflect the ongoing research and
development in concrete, steel, and wood structures. In 1963, the AASHO became
the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Source: https://seeklogo.com/vector-logo/1759/aashto
Specifications and Bridge Failures Source: https://eventsxpo.com/events/arema-
→For railroad bridges, this task began in 1899 with the formation of the 2021-annual-conference-exposition-american-
railway-engineering-and-maintenance-of-way-
association/3yatigfl2nd5jrhu
American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association.

→Specifications are constantly changing and adapting to new Source: https://makeagif.com/i/bI-OpA
developments in the practice of bridge engineering. In some cases,

new information on the performance of bridges was generated by a
bridge failure. Several lessons have been learned from bridge failures
that have resulted in revisions to the standard specifications.
→Most of the memorable bridge failures and the ones that most affect
bridge engineering practice have occurred in structures that were in
service for many years. However, in-service bridges are not the source
of the most common occurrence of failures. Most failures occur during
construction and are likely the most preventable kind of failure.
To know more about the different specifications that came as a result of different bridge failures,
kindly refer to “Chapter 2: Specifications and Bridge Failures” of Barker, R. M., Puckett, J. A. (2013).
Design of Highway Bridges (3rd Ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Source: http://margaretgunnng.blogspot.com/2016_07_30_archive.html
Site Inspection Source: https://www.bfwengineers.com/careers/
Why do we conduct Site Inspection?

For the construction of a new bridge structure → inspection of geologic
conditions, highway alignment orientation, and underpass crossing features.
To observe and determine the present condition of an existing bridge and site and
to fulfill standard requirements such as from National Bridge Inspection Standards
(NBIS) → maintenance inspections, conducted to rate a bridge structure and judge
its condition and performance (more rapidly conducted than the other two) with a
principal intent of meeting standard requirements (such as NBIS’s), document the
structure's condition, provide input data for the bridge management system
(BMS), and assist in the decision to maintain or rehabilitate the structure.
For the rehabilitation or replacement of a structure from an existing bridge
and site → inspection of existing structure elements to determine what needs Source:https://dribbble.com
Source:https://www.snohomishre.c
simple maintenance and what needs extensive rehabilitation or replacement. om/blog/projects-underway-62019 /shots/6882350-Checklist
A bridge inspection can fail if the inspector does not consider important site features, such as drainage
channels, wetland, embankments, utility lines, etc., and how they function within the confines of the bridge site.
To know more about the different things an inspector must check in inspecting a bridge structure and site,
kindly refer to “Section 2.3: Site Inspection” of Tonias, D. E., Zhao, J. J. (2017). Bridge Engineering (4th Ed.). USA:
McGraw-Hill Education.
Site Survey
Why do we conduct Site Survey?
→to create a model of topographic features that
detail the surface of the overpass and underpass
roadways as well as the surrounding site
→to create a model of delineate wetland and buffer
zones if they exist at the vicinity of the bridge site
→to create a model of planimetric features
that detail various natural and human-made
items such as culverts, utilities, railing, edge
of pavement lines, vegetation, drop inlets, etc.
→to create a model of water channel cross
sections if the bridge crosses a waterway
→to create a model of structural features that detail
the location and elevation of bridge structure key
points such as bridge seats, top of walls, and
pylons, in the case of a rehabilitation design.
Physical Testing
Why do we conduct Physical Testing?
to supply needed information concerning the adequacy of materials used in the construction of the bridge.
Methods of Physical Testing Source: https://giphy.com/gifs/Eibenstock-power-tools-tool-eibenstock-Jq28aPyOlWHR0mRt2P
Coring → performed when components of the bridge

are to stay in place to ensure the adequacy of the
material to remain. Structural cores should be taken at
key points in certain concrete elements such as piers
(in pier caps) and abutments (in abutment stems).
Compression tests are then performed at the testing
laboratory to indicate the strength of the samples
taken. For timber structures, cores are taken to
determine the moisture content and the extent of
decay within the timber element.
Source: https://giphy.com/gifs/giatec-breaking-explode-3ov9jHhVmhvNAj26Dm
Physical Testing
Source: https://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete-delamination.html
Methods of Physical Testing
Delamination Testing → delaminations are cracks
that occur below the concrete surface, typically at
the location of the upper reinforcing steel. The most
basic method of testing is to use a hammer and
sound for hollow spots. Obviously, such a method is
quite time consuming and, for large surfaces such
as decks, can prove impractical. As an alternative, a
Source: https://gfycat.com/zanypeacefulgalapagoshawk
chain can be dragged along the deck surface to
cover a greater area, but surrounding noises may
make it difficult to detect hollow sounds. Source:http://rockscapesconcrete.blogspot.com/
2019/02/delamination-spalling-and-surface.html
→To facilitate delamination detection, machines based on the acoustic method are available. Typically, it is
walked by the inspector, like a lawn mower, or it is mounted onto a vehicle, recording delaminations as it travels
along the bridge deck. Infrared thermography is used to look for voids beneath the surface by measuring the
temperature differential that exists due to the presence of moisture at a void. Ground-penetrating radar, which
can detect voids and delaminations in concrete, has also been used for concrete deck inspections.
Physical Testing
Testing for Cover → the chances for spalling
greatly increase when there is insufficient cover
between the concrete surface and the reinforcing
steel. Devices, such as a pachometer, can be used
to determine the amount of cover present in an
element. While the pachometer determines the
location of a reinforcing bar via a magnetic field, Source: https://www.proceq.com/compare/rebar-detection-and-cover-measurement/
other methods are available that utilize

ultrasound to locate the steel and to determine
the concrete cover thickness.
Source: https://www.roadsbridges.com/column-pier-cap-repair-i-385-bridge
Physical Testing
Measuring Steel Thickness → while a micrometer
and/or calipers can be used to determine flange
and web thickness at the ends of members, the
problem of picking up web readings along a
stringer requires another method. One approach
is to use an ultrasonic gage. The ultrasonic gage,
a handheld device about the size of a calculator,
has a probe connected to it which, when placed
on the steel, determines the thickness by sending Source:
https://www.tqcsheen.com/ko/product/po
ultrasonic waves through the steel. sitector-ultrasonic-wall-thickness-gauge-en/
Source: http://lothamprojects.co.za/service.php?slug=wall-thickness
Physical Testing
Methods of Physical Testing Source: https://fhwaapps.fhwa.dot.gov/ndep/DisplayTechnology.aspx?tech_id=2
Detecting Fatigue Cracks → unlike most

structural failure mechanisms, fatigue failure
offers almost no warning. A fatigue crack
spends about 95 percent of its life growing Source: https://gfycat.com/ko/graveconcernedhartebeest
slowly (almost dormant) and as a barely

visible hairline crack, so early detection is the
key to prevent catastrophic structural failures.
Once the crack passes the dormant period, it
will develop rather rapidly, leaving little
chance that bridge inspectors will detect it.
Source: http://www.itech-inspection.com/dye_penetrant_testing.php Source: https://gfycat.com/fondeveryelkhound
→Fatigue cracks should be inspected where stress concentrations or weld connections exist. Because most
fatigue cracks are barely visible, special dye penetrant may be used to assist in visual inspections. If fatigue
cracks are suspected, other advanced methods such as X-ray, magnetic field disturbance, and ultrasonic tests
can be used to detect any discontinuity in steel, and thus detect fatigue cracks that might not be visible to naked
eyes.
Conclusions
→As evidenced by the preceding discussion, there are many factors of which the bridge engineer must be
cognizant before he or she ever lifts a pencil in anger at a design pad. If bridge engineering teaches us anything
as civil engineers, it should serve to illustrate the dangers of excessive specialization. While there are solid
arguments for professionals to seek a vertical arena of expertise, there are many compelling reasons for
engineers in general, and bridge engineers, to be well versed in all aspects of the engineering design and
management processes.
→The project inception phase is, for lack of a better term, an information-gathering period. At the end of this
phase, the design team should have most, if not all, of the information (such as as-built plans and other record
data) necessary to create a sound and professional design of the new or rehabilitated structure. In addition,
they should understand the owner's wishes and desires and how they impact the eventual design.
Summary of this Discussion
User Fees Special Benefit Fees Debt Financing
Nonuser Fees Private Financing
General Specifications Material-Related Design Codes
Why do we conduct Site Inspection?
For the construction of a new bridge structure
To observe and determine the present condition of an existing bridge and site and to fulfill standard
requirements such as from National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS)
For the rehabilitation or replacement of a structure from an existing bridge and site
Why do we conduct Site Survey?
→to create a model of topographic features →to create a model of structural features
→to create a model of planimetric features
Coring Testing for Cover Detecting Fatigue Cracks
Delamination Testing Measuring Steel Thickness
Thank You for Listening!

For questions, clarifications, and any other concern, please do not hesitate to contact me via:
𝐴𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑅𝑜𝑦𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑜

෤ 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜
𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜. 𝑐𝑒@𝑡𝑖𝑝. 𝑒𝑑𝑢. 𝑝ℎ

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Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A.

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, 2015

Master of Science in Civil Engineering

www.google.com (for some images and video clips)

1. State the Principal Categories of Fund Source

2. Explain the different Types of Design Standards

3. Explain the importance of Site Inspection and Site Survey

There are several important issues

the types of field data, and, in the case

→One form of private financing is for developers to donate to

projects. This method has the

1. State the Principal Categories of Fund Source

2. Explain the different Types of Design Standards

3. Explain the importance of Site Inspection and Site Survey

companies. The principal AISC reference is the Steel Construction

Institute (PCI) that publishes the PCI Design Handbook. manual-now-available-includes-guidance-on-aci-31819-and-aci-315r18-codes

→The design should define the boundary

American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association.

developments in the practice of bridge engineering. In some cases,

1. State the Principal Categories of Fund Source

2. Explain the different Types of Design Standards

3. Explain the importance of Site Inspection and Site Survey

Why do we conduct Site Inspection?

1. State the Principal Categories of Fund Source

2. Explain the different Types of Design Standards

3. Explain the importance of Site Inspection and Site Survey

Coring → performed when components of the bridge

other methods are available that utilize

Detecting Fatigue Cracks → unlike most

slowly (almost dormant) and as a barely

1. State the Principal Categories of Fund Source

2. Explain the different Types of Design Standards

3. Explain the importance of Site Inspection and Site Survey

Thank You for Listening!

𝐴𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑅𝑜𝑦𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑜

𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜. 𝑐𝑒@𝑡𝑖𝑝. 𝑒𝑑𝑢. 𝑝ℎ

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