ORGANIC REASONING QUESTIONS
Ans.6
SECTION-A
1. Give plausible explanation for each of the following:
(i) Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin in good yield but 2,2,6-
trimethylcyclohexanone does not.
(ii) There are two –NH2 groups in semicarbazide. However, only
one
is involved in the formation of semicarbazones.
(iii) During the preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an
alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, the water or the ester
should be removed as soon as it is formed.
Ans.1 (i) Because there is steric hindrance in case of 2,2,6-
trimethylcyclohexanone & not in Cyclohexanone.
(ii) Because one NH2 group is involved in resonance with carbonyl
group.
(iii) This is a reversible reaction. To shift the equilibrium in forward
direction, water or ester should be removed as soon as it is
formed.
2. Explain why
(i) the dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of
cyclohexyl chloride?
(ii) alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible with water?
(iii) Grignard reagents should be prepared under anhydrous
conditions?
Ans.2 (i) Because C  Cl bond is more polar in case of cyclohexyl
chloride due to less s-character (Sp3 hybd.) of carbon than chloro-
benzene in which C  Cl bond is less polar due to greater s-
character (Sp2 hybd.) of carbon
(ii) Because they do not form H-bonds with water.
(iii) Because they react with water to form hydrocarbons.
3. Out of C6H5CH2Cl and C6H5CHClC6H5, which is more easily
hydrolysed by aqueous KOH?
Ans.3 Hydrolysis by aqueous KOH takes place through the
formation of carbocation.
Hydrolysis of C6H5CH2Cl involves the formation of primary
carbocation while hydrolysis of C6H5CHClC6H5 involves the
formation of secondary carbocation which is more stable. Hence
C6H5CHClC6H5 is more easily hydrolysed by aqueous KOH.
4. p-Dichlorobenzene has higher m.p. and solubility than those of
o- and m-isomers. Discuss
Ans.4 It is due to the symmetrical structure of p-Dichlorobenzene.
Due to its symmetrical structure, p-Dichlorobenzene fits well in
crystal lattice & more energy required to crystal lattice.
5. Arrange each set of compounds in order of increasing boiling
points.
(i) Bromomethane, Bromoform, Chloromethane, Dibromomethane.
(ii) 1-Chloropropane, Isopropyl chloride, 1-Chlorobutane.
Ans.5 (i) Chloromethane< Bromomethane< Dibromomethane<
Bromoform,
(ii) Isopropyl chloride < 1-Chloropropane < 1-Chlorobutane.
6. In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which would
undergo – SN2 reaction faster?
Because it is a primary alkyl halide
Because iodine is a better leaving group due to its large size.
7. Predict the order of reactivity of the following compounds
in SN1 and SN2 reactions:
(i) The four isomeric bromobutanes
(ii) C6H5CH2Br, C6H5CH(C6H5)Br, C6H5CH(CH3)Br, C6H5C(CH3)
(C6H5)Br
Ans.7 (i) Four isomeric bromobutanes are :
CH3CH2CH2CH2Br, (CH3)2CHCH2Br, CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3,
(CH3)3CBr
Reactivity towards SN1 reaction :
CH3CH2CH2CH2Br < (CH3)2CHCH2Br < CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3 <
(CH3)3CBr
Reactivity towards SN2 reaction :
(CH3)3CBr < CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3 <(CH3)2CHCH2Br < CH3CH2CH2CH2Br
(ii) Reactivity towards SN1 reaction :
C6H5CH2Br < C6H5CH(CH3)Br < C6H5CH(C6H5)Br < C6H5C(CH3)
(C6H5)Br
Reactivity towards SN2 reaction :
C6H5C(CH3)(C6H5)Br < C6H5CH(C6H5)Br < C6H5CH(CH3)Br <
C6H5CH2Br
8. Although chlorine is an electron withdrawing group, yet it
is ortho-, para- directing in electrophilic aromatic
substitution reactions. Why?
Ans.8 Chlorine withdraws electrons through inductive effect &
releases electrons through resonsnce.
Through inductive effect, chlorine destablises the intermediate
carbocation formed during electrophilic substitution.
Through resonance, chlorine tends to stabilize the carbocation
& the effect is more pronounced at ortho & para positions.
9. Which alkyl halide from the following pairs would you
expect to react more rapidly by an SN2 mechanism? Explain.
(i) CH3CH2CH2CH2Br or CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3
(ii) (CH3)2CHCH2CH2Br or CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2Br
(iii) CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3 or (CH3)3CBr
Ans.9 (i) CH3CH2CH2CH2Br , because carbon carrying Br is less
hindered(10alkyl halide) & backside attack is easy.
(ii) (CH3)2CHCH2CH2Br, because carbon carrying Br is less
hindered due to more distance of CH3.
(iii) CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3, because carbon carrying Br is less
hindered (20alkyl halide) & backside attack is easy
10. In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which compound
undergoes faster SN1 reaction?

11. Which compound in each of the following pairs will react
faster in SN2 reaction with –OH?
(i) CH3Br or CH3I (ii) (CH3)3CCl or CH3Cl
Ans.11 (i) CH3I (ii) CH3Cl
12. Arrange the compounds of each set in order of reactivity
towards SN2 displacement:
(i) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromopentane, 2-Bromopentane
(ii) 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 3-Bromo-
2-methylbutan
(iii) 1-Bromobutane, 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane, 1-Bromo-2-
methylbutane, 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane.
Ans.12
(i) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane < 2-Bromopentane <1-Bromopentane,
(ii) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane < 3-Bromo-2-methylbutan <1-Bromo-
3-methylbutane,
(iii) 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane < 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane < 1-
Bromo-3-methylbutane < 1-Bromobutane,
SECTION-B
1. Explain why propanol has higher boiling point than that of the
hydrocarbon, butane?
Ans. It is due to the presence of intermolecular hydrogen in case
of propanol & not in butanol.
2. Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than
hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses. Explain?
Ans. It is due to the presence of intermolecular hydrogen in case
of alcohol & not in hydrocarbon.
3. Explain why is orthonitrophenol more acidic than
orthomethoxyphenol ?
Ans. It is due to the –I effect of nitro group in orthonitrophenol &
+R effect of –OCH3 in orthomethoxyphenol.
4. Give reason for the higher boiling point of ethanol in
comparison to methoxymethane
Ans. It is due to the presence of intermolecular hydrogen in case
of alcohol & not in ether.
5. Preparation of ethers by acid dehydration of secondary or
tertiary alcohols is not a suitable method. Give reason.
Ans. Because these conditions elimination predominates over
substitution and alkenes are formed as major products.
6. Phenols are more acidic than alcohols?
Ans. It is due to the fact that phrnoxidre ion is resonance stabilized
while alkoxide ion is not.
7. Why is sulphuric acid not used during the reaction of alcohols
with KI?
Ans. Sulphuric acid is an oxidizing agent. It oxidise HI produced
during the reaction to I2
2KI+H2SO4 → 2KHSO4+2HI
2HI+H2SO4 → H2O+I2+SO2
8. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of
their acid strength:
Propan-1-ol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 3,5-
dinitrophenol,phenol, 4-methylphenol.
Ans.8 Propan-1-ol < 4-methylphenol < phenol < 3-nitrophenol
<3,5-dinitrophenol < 2,4,6-trinitrophenol
9. Ortho and para nitro phenols are more acidic than phenol. Draw
the resonance structures of the corresponding
phenoxide ions.
Ans.9 It is due to the following reasons:
(i) nitro group have –I effect. It increases the polar nature of O-H
bond.
(ii) nitro group stabilzes phenoxide ion through resonance when
present at ortho & para positions.
10. Which of the following is an appropriate set of reactants
for the preparation of 1-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene and why?
Ans.10 (ii)
11. Explain how does the –OH group attached to a carbon of
benzene ring activate it towards electrophilic substitution?
Ans.11 It is due to the electron releasing mesomeric effect of -OH
group
SECTION-C
1. Give plausible explanation for each of the following:
(i) Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin in good yield but 2,2,6-
trimethylcyclohexanone does not.
(ii) There are two –NH2 groups in semicarbazide. However, only
one is involved in the formation of semicarbazones.
(iii) During the preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an
alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, the water or the ester
should be removed as soon as it is formed.
Ans.1 (i) Because there is steric hindrance in case of 2,2,6-
trimethylcyclohexanone & not in Cyclohexanone.
(ii) Because one NH2 group is involved in resonance with carbonyl
group.
(iii) This is a reversible reaction. To shift the equilibrium in forward
direction, the water or the ester should be removed as soon as it
is formed.
2. Although phenoxide ion has more number of resonating
structures than carboxylate ion, carboxylic acid is a stronger acid
than phenol. Why?
Ans. It is due to the greater dispersal of negative charge in case
of carboxylate ion due to involvement of two Oxygen atoms than
phenoxide ion in which there is only one Oxygen atom.
3. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of
their property as indicated:
(i) Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl
ketone(reactivity towards HCN)
(ii) CH3CH2CH(Br)COOH, CH3CH(Br)CH2COOH,
(CH3)2CHCOOH,CH3CH2CH2COOH (acid strength)
(iii) Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid,4-
Methoxybenzoic acid (acid strength)
Ans. (i) Di-tert-butyl ketone < Methyl tert-butyl ketone < Acetone<
Acetaldehyde
(ii) (CH3)2CHCOOH< CH3CH2CH2COOH< CH3CH(Br)CH2COOH<
CH3CH2CH(Br)COOH
(iii) 4-Methoxybenzoic acid < Benzoic acid < 4-Nitrobenzoic acid<
3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid
4. Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of
their boiling points:
CH3CH2CH2CHO, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH, H5C2-O-C2H5,
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Ans.3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 < H5C2-O-C2H5 < CH3CH2CH2CHO <
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
5. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their
boiling points.
CH3CHO, CH3CH2OH, CH3OCH3, CH3CH2CH3
Ans.4 CH3CH2CH3 < CH3OCH3 < CH3CHO < CH3CH2OH
6. Would you expect benzaldehyde to be more reactive or less
reactive in nucleophilic addition reactions than propanal? Explain
your answer.
7. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their
reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions.
(i) Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone.
(ii) Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde,
Acetophenone.
Ans.6(i) Butanone. Propanone < Propanai < Ethanal
(ii, Acetophenone < p-Tolualdehyde < Benzaldehyde < p-
Nitrobenzaldehyde,
8. Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be
stronger?
(i) CH3CO2H or CH2FCO2H
(ii) CH2FCO2H or CH2ClCO2H
(iii) CH2FCH2CH2CO2H or CH3CHFCH2CO2H
9. Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones. Why?
Ans. (i)Aldehydes have less steric hindrance than ketones.
(ii) In aldehydes carbonyl carbon is more electrophilic due to
lesser
+I effect.
SECTION-D
1. Arrange the following in decreasing order of their basic
strength:
C6H5NH2, C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, NH3
Ans.1 (C2H5)2NH, C2H5NH2, NH3, C6H5NH2
2. Arrange the following in increasing order of their basic strength:
(i) C2H5NH2, C6H5NH2, NH3, C6H5CH2NH2 and (C2H5)2NH
(ii) C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N, C6H5NH2
(iii) CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N, C6H5NH2, C6H5CH2NH2.
Ans.2 (i), C6H5NH2, NH3, C6H5CH2NH2, C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH
(ii) C6H5NH2, C2H5NH2, (C2H5)3N, (C2H5)2NH, ,
(iii) C6H5NH2, C6H5CH2NH2, (CH3)3N, CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH,
3. Account for the following:
(i) pKb of aniline is more than that of methylamine.
(ii) Ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is not.
(iii) Methylamine in water reacts with ferric chloride to precipitate
hydrated ferric oxide.
(iv) Although amino group is o– and p– directing in aromatic
electrophilic substitution reactions, aniline on nitration gives a
substantial amount of m-nitro aniline.
(v) Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction.
(vi) Diazonium salts of aromatic amines are more stable than
those of aliphatic amines.
(vii) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is preferred for synthesising
primary amines.
Ans. (i) pKb of aniline is more than that of methylamine due to
following two reasons:
1. lone pair of aniline is involved in resonance.
2. –I effect of phenyl group
(ii) aniline cannot form H-bond with water due to large size of
phenyl group while ethyl amine can do so due to small size of
alkyl group.
(iii) due to +I effect –CH3 group, methyl amine is more basic than
water & following reactions takes place:
CH3NH2 + H2O → CH3NH3+ + OH-
FeCl3 → Fe+3 + 3Cl-
2Fe + 6OH- → Fe2O3.3H2O
+3
(iv) because under these conditions protonation of aniline takes
place & --NH3+ is electron withdrawing group which is meta
directing
(v) because following reaction takes place:
C6H5NH2 + AlCl3 → C6H5NH2+ AlCl3- (Salt)
NH2 AlCl3 is electron withdrawing group and therefore
+ -
deactivating.
(vi) because Diazonium salts of aromatic amines are stabilized
by resonance While Diazonium salts of aliphatic amines are not.
(vii) because this reaction gives primary amines without any
impurity of secondary & tertiary amines.
4. Arrange the following:
(i) In decreasing order of the pKb values:
C2H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2NH and C6H5NH2
(ii) In increasing order of basic strength:
C6H5NH2, C6H5N(CH3)2, (C2H5)2NH and CH3NH2
(iii) In increasing order of basic strength:
(a) Aniline, p- nitroaniline and p-toluidine
(b) C6H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, C6H5CH2NH2.
(iv) In decreasing order of basic strength in gas phase:
C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N and NH3
(v) In increasing order of boiling point:
C2H5OH, (CH3)2NH, C2H5NH2
(vi) In increasing order of solubility in water:
C6H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, C2H5NH.
Ans. (i) C6H5NH2 < C6H5NHCH3 < C2H5NH2 < (C2H5)2NH
(ii) C6H5NH2 < C6H5N(CH3)2 < CH3NH2 < (C2H5)2NH
(iii) (a) p- nitro aniline < Aniline < p-toluidine
(b) C6H5NH2 <C6H5NHCH3 < C6H5CH2NH2.
(iv) (C2H5)3N > (C2H5)2NH > C2H5NH2 >NH3
(v) (CH3)2NH < C2H5NH2 < C2H5OH
(vi) C6H5NH2 < (C2H5)2NH < C2H5NH.
5. Give plausible explanation for each of the following:
(i) Why are amines less acidic than alcohols of comparable
molecular masses?
(ii) Why do primary amines have higher boiling point than tertiary
amines?
(iii) Why are aliphatic amines stronger bases than aromatic
amines?
Ans. (i) because of more stability of alkoxide ion than amide ion
due to greater electronegativty of O.
(ii) because of presence of extensive H-bonding in primary amines
due to the presence of 2H atoms on N.
(iii) It is due to following two reasons:
1. lone pair of aniline is involved in resonance.
2. –I effect of phenyl group

NAME REACTIONS

1. Finkelstein rxn :-In this reaction alkyl chlorides & R-Cl + NaI → R-I + AgCl
bromides are converted into alkyl iodides.
2. Swarts rxn:-In this reaction alkyl chlorides & R-Cl + AgF → R-F + AgCl
bromides are converted into alkyl fluorides.
3. Wurtz rxn :-In this reaction alkyl halides are 2R-Cl + 2Na → R-R + 2NaCl
converted into hydrocarbons.
4. Wurtz-Fittig rxn:- In this reaction a mixture of an R-Cl + 2Na + C6H5Cl → Ph-R + 2NaCl
alkyl halide and aryl halide in dry ether gives an
alkyl benzene.
5. Fittig rxn:- In this reaction two aryl groups are 2Ph-Cl + 2Na → Ph-Ph +2NaCl
joined together to form diphenyl.
6. Sandmeyers rxn:- In this reaction Diazonium
salts are converted into aryl halides. The reagent
used is cuprous halide & halogen acid
7. Gattermann rxn:-In this reaction Diazonium salts
are converted into aryl halides. The reagent used is
cupper powder & halogen acid
8. Reimer-Tiemann rxn:-In this reaction phenol
reacts with chloroform in the presence of sodium
hydroxide to form salicylaldehyde.

9. Williamson synthesis:- In this reaction alkyl R-Cl + RO-Na+ → R-O-R + NaCl

halide react with sodium alkoxide to give an ether.
10. Kolbe’s rxn:- In this reaction phenol is
converted into salicylic acid. The reaction is given
below:

11.Hydroboration- oxidation rxn-In this reaction

Diborane (BH3)2 reacts with alkenes to give trialkyl
boranes as addition product. This is oxidised to
alcohol by H2O2 in the presence of aqueous NaOH.
12. Rosenmund reduction :-In this reaction Acid RCOCl → RCHO + HCl
chloride is hydrogenated over catalyst, Pd on
BaSO4 to form an aldehyde.
13. Stephen rxn:- In this reaction nitriles are RCN + SnCl2+ 2HCl → RCH=NH → RCH=O
reduced to aldehydes.
14. Etard rxn:- In this reaction methyl benzenes are
converted into benzaldehyde.
15. Gatterman-Koch rxn:- In this reaction benzene
or its derivative is converted into benzaldehyde or
substituted benzaldehyde.

16. Friedel-Crafts acylation:- In this reaction acyl

group comes on Benzene or substituted benzene

17. Clemmensen reduction:- In this reaction

carbonyl compounds are converted into
hydrocarbons.
18. Wolff-Kishner reduction:-In this reaction
carbonyl compounds are converted into
hydrocarbons.
19. Aldol condensation:-It is Self condensation rxn 2CH3CH2CHO → CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH2CHO
of aldehydes & ketones to form an aldol in the
presence of a base.
20. cross aldol condensation:-It is Self CH3CHO+CH3CH2CHO →
condensation rxn of two different aldehydes or CH3CH2CH(OH)CH(CH3)CHO +
ketones or aldehydes & ketones to form an aldol CH3CH(OH)CH(CH3)CHO
in the presence of a base. +CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CHO
+CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO
21. Cannizzaro rxn:- Aldehydes which do not have
an α-hydrogen atom gives this reaction. In this
reaction, one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced
to alcohol while another is oxidised to carboxylic
acid salt.
22. Iodoform rxn:- This rxn is given by those
aldehydes & ketones having CH3CO- grouping. In
this reaction yellow precipitates of iodoform are
formed.
23. Esterification:- In this reaction Carboxylic acids RCOOH + R’OH → RCOOR’ + H2O
are esterified with alcohols or phenols in the
presence of a mineral acid
24. Decarboxylation:-In this reaction carboxylic
acids lose carbon dioxide to form hydrocarbons.
25. Kolbe electrolysis:-In this rxn sod. Or pot. Salt
of carboxylic acids is electrolysed to form an
alkane

26. Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky rxn- In this reaction

Carboxylic acids having an α-hydrogen are
halogenated at the α-position.
27. Ammonolysis- The process of cleavage of the
C–X bond of alkyl halide by ammonia molecule is
known as ammonolysis.
28. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis:- In this
reaction phthalimide is converted into aliphatic
primary amines.
29. Hoffmann bromamide rxn:-In this rxn amides RCONH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH →RNH2 + Na2CO3
are converted into primary amines +2H2O
30. Carbylamine rxn:- In this rxn aliphatic and RNH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH → RNC + 3KCl + 2H2O
aromatic primary amines are converted into
isocyanides or carbyl amines.
31. Coupling reaction:- In this rxn Benzene
diazonium chloridere reacts with phenol (or aniline)
to form p-hydroxyazobenzene.

AMRIK SINGH (9992167793)

DISTINCTION BETWEEN PAIR OF COMPOUNDS Dated:- 16.11.2022

1 Alkyl Silver Nitrate Test:-

Halides R-X + AgNO3 à AgX(ppt.)
AgCl white ppt soluble in Aqueous Ammonia
AgBr Pale yellow ppt partially soluble in Aqueous Ammonia
Agl Yellow ppt insoluble in Aqueous Ammonia
2 Alcohol (i) Ester test:- In the presence of acid alcohols form esters which have fruity smell.
ROH + RCOOH à RCOOR + H2O
(ii) Lucas test:- Treating with dil. HCl with Anhy. ZnCl2 (Lucus Reagent)
R-OH + HCl → R-Cl + H2O
Turbidity is formed due to formation of immiscible chloride with Lucas reagent.
(a) 3o -Immidiately (b) 2o - within 5 minutes (C) 1o - only on heating
3 Phenol (i) Neutral FeCl3 test:- Blue/Green or Violet colouration due to formation of ferric complex
C6H5OH + FeCl3 →(C6H5O)3Fe + 3HCl
(ii) Dye Test:- Orange azo dye on treatment with benzene diazonium chloride in alkaline
medium at ice cold temp.

(iii) Br2 water test:- White ppt of 2,4,6- tribromophenol

4 Carbonyl 2,4-DNP test:- Bright orange/yellow crystalline solid formed on treatment with 2,4-DNP
Compds. (Brady’s reagent)

5 Aldehydes (i) Tollen’s test:- Silver mirror/ black ppt on boiling in water bath with ammonical silver
nitrate (Tollen’s reagent)
RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]++ 3OH- → RCOO- + 2Ag(Silver Mirror) + 4NH3 + 2H2O
(ii) Fehling,s/ Benedict’s Test:- Brick red ppt of cuprous oxide on boiling in water bath
with Fehling,s/ Benedict’s reagent.
RCHO + 2Cu2++ 5OH- → RCOO- + Cu2O(Red ppt.) + 3H2O

6 Iodoform Given by methyl ketones & aldehydes, and alcohols which can generate methyl ketones.
Test CH3COR + NaOH/I2 à CHI3(Yellow ppt) + RCOONa

7 Carboxyli (i) Sodium Bicarbonate Test:- Gives Brisk effervescence of CO2 on treatment with
c Acids NaHCO3.
RCOOH + NaHCO3 à RCOONa + H2O + CO2(Effervescence)
(ii) Ester Test :- Carboxylic acids reacts with alcohols in the presence of conc H2SO4 to
form esters.
ROH + RCOOH à RCOOR + H2O
 8 AMINE (i) Carbylamine Reaction:- Primary Amine reacts with chloroform and Alc. KOH to give a
foul smell of isocyanide whereas secondary and tertiary Amine do not respond this test
Ar/R-NH2 + CHCl3 + KOH(alc.) à Ar/R-N=C(Foul Smell) + 3KCl + 3H2O
(ii) Dye test:- Orange azo dye on treatment with benzene diazonium chloride in alkaline
medium at ice cold temp.

(iii) Hinsberg’s Test:- Hinsberg’s reagent is benzenesulphonyl chloride (C 6H5SO2Cl).

(a) 10 amines react with Hinsberg’s reagent to yield N-ethylbenzenesulphonylamide
soluble in alkali.
(b) 20 amines react with Hinsberg’s reagent to yield N,N-diethylbenzenesulphonamide
insoluble in alkali.
(c) 30 amines do not react with Hinsberg’s reagent.

ASSIGNMENT NCERT T.B.

Q-1. Distinguish between:
(i) methanol and ethanol
(ii) methyl amine and dimethyl amine
(iii) formic acid and acetic acid

Q-2. Out of aldehydes and ketones which would reduce Tollen's reagent ? Why

Q-3. How will you distinguish between

(i) Primary & secondary amines
(ii) Alcohols & carboxylic groups

Q-4. Give a chemical test to distinguish between the following:

(i) Ethyl amine and Diethyl amine
(ii) Acetaldehyde and Benzaldehyde

Q-5.Distinguish between the following pairs :

(i) Propanal and propanone
(ii) Acetophenone and Benzophenone
(iii) Phenol and Benzoic acid.

Q-6. Give the chemical test to distinguish between:

(i) phenol and benzyl alcohol.
(ii) Butan-2-ol and 2-methyl propan-2-ol.

Q-7. Give one chemical test to each to distinguish between the compounds in the following pairs
(i) Anilne and Benzylamine
(ii) Ethylamine and aniline

Q-8. Give one chemical test to each to distinguish between the compounds in the following pairs
(i) Aniline and Benzylamine
(ii) Ethanal and propanone
Q-9. Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.
(i) Phenol and Benzoic acid
(ii) Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate

Q-10. Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.
(i) Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one
(ii) Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone
(iii) Ethanal and Propanal
Q-11 Give one chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.
(i) Secondary and tertiary amines
(ii) Aniline and N-methylaniline.

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes(Conversions)

Q-1 How will you bring about the following conversions?
(i) Ethanol to but-1-yne (ii) Ethane to bromoethene (iii) Propene to1-nitropropane (iv) Toluene to benzyl
alcohol
(v) Propene to propyne(vi) Ethanol to ethyl fluoride (vii) Bromomethane to propanone (viii) But-1-ene to but-2-
ene
(ix) 1-Chlorobutane to n-octane (x) Benzene to biphenyl.

Q-2 Write the equations for the preparation of 1-iodobutane from

(i) 1-butanol (ii) 1-chlorobutane (iii) but-1-ene.

Q-3 Write the structure of the major organic product in each of the following reactions:
(i) CH3CH2CH2Cl + NaI →
(ii) (CH3)3CBr + KOH →
(iii) CH3CH(Br)CH2CH3 + NaOH →
(iv) CH3CH2Br + KCN →
(v) C6H5ONa + C2H5Cl →
(vi) CH3CH2CH2OH + SOCl2 →
(vii) CH3CH2CH = CH2 + HBr →
(viii) CH3CH = C(CH3)2 + HBr →

Q-4 How the following conversions can be carried out?

(i) Propene to propan-1-ol (ii) Ethanol to but-1-yne (iii) 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane
(iv) Toluene to benzyl alcohol (v) Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene (vi) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid
(vii) Ethanol to propanenitrile (viii) Aniline to chlorobenzene (ix) 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane
(x) 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (xi) Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid
(xii) But-1-ene to n-butyliodide (xiii) 2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol (xiv) Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform
(xv) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol (xvi) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane (xvii) Chloroethane to butane
(xviii) Benzene to diphenyl (xix) tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide (xx) Aniline to phenylisocyanide

Q-5 What happens when

(i) n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH,
(ii) bromobenzene is treated with Mg in the presence of dry ether,
(iii) chlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis,
(iv) ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous KOH,
(v) methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of dry ether,
(vi) methyl chloride is treated with KCN?

Q-6 Primary alkyl halide C4H9Br (a) reacted with alcoholic KOH to give compound (b). Compound (b) is
reacted with HBr to give (c) which is an isomer of (a). When (a) is reacted with sodium metal it gives
compound (d), C8H18 which is different from the compound formed when n-butyl bromide is reacted
with sodium. Give the structural formula of (a) and write the equations for all the reactions .

Q-7 A hydrocarbon C5H10 does not react with chlorine in dark but gives a single monochloro compound
C5H9Cl in bright sunlight. Identify the hydrocarbon.
Q-8 Predict all the alkenes that would be formed by dehydrohalogenation of the following halides with
sodium ethoxide in ethanol and identify the major alkene:
(i) 1-Bromo-1-methylcyclohexane (ii) 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane (iii) 2,2,3-Trimethyl-3-bromopentane.
Q-9 The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous KOH leads to the formation of alcohols but in the
presence of alcoholic KOH, alkenes are major products. Explain.
Q-10 Write the mechanism of the following reaction:
nBuBr + KCN → nBuCN
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Q-1 Give the equations of reactions for the preparation of phenol from cumene.
Q-2 Write chemical reaction for the preparation of phenol from chlorobenzene.
Q-3 Write the mechanism of hydration of ethene to yield ethanol.
Q-4 You are given benzene, conc. H2SO4 and NaOH. Write the equations for the preparation of phenol
using these reagents.
Q-5 Show how will you synthesise:
(i) 1-phenylethanol from a suitable alkene. (ii) cyclohexylmethanol using an alkyl halide by an SN 2 reaction.
(iii) pentan-1-ol using a suitable alkyl halide?
Q-6 Give equations of the following reactions:
(i) Oxidation of propan-1-ol with alkaline KMnO4 solution. (ii) Bromine in CS2 with phenol.
(iii) Dilute HNO3 with phenol. (iv) Treating phenol with chloroform in presence of aqueous NaOH.
Q-7 How are the following conversions carried out?
(i) Propene → Propan-2-ol. (ii) Benzyl chloride → Benzyl alcohol.
(iii) Ethyl magnesium chloride → Propan-1-ol. (iv) Methyl magnesium bromide → 2-Methylpropan-2-ol.
Q-8 Name the reagents used in the following reactions:
(i) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to carboxylic acid. (ii) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to aldehyde.
(iii) Bromination of phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol. (iv) Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid.
(v) Dehydration of propan-2-ol to propene. (vi) Butan-2-one to butan-2-ol.
Q-9 Write the equation of the reaction of hydrogen iodide with:
(i) 1-propoxypropane (ii) methoxybenzene and (iii) benzyl ethyl ether.
Q-10 Show how would you synthesise the following alcohols from appropriate alkenes?

Q-11Predict the products of the following reactions:

Q-12 Give structures of the products you would expect when each of the following alcohol reacts with
(a) HCl –ZnCl2 (b) HBr and (c) SOCl2.
(i) Butan-1-ol (ii) 2-Methylbutan-2-ol
Q-13 Write structures of the products of the following reactions:

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Q-1 Give names of the reagents to bring about the following transformations:
(i) Hexan-1-ol to hexanal (ii) Cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone (iii) Ethanenitrile to ethanol p-fluorobenzaldehyde
(iv) Allyl alcohol to propenal (vi) But-2-ene to ethanol

Q-2 Write the structures of products of the following reactions;

Q-3 An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C8H8O forms an orange-red precipitate with 2,4-
DNP reagent and gives yellow precipitate on heating with iodine in the presence of sodium hydroxide.
It neither reduces Tollens’ or Fehlings’ reagent, nor does it decolourise bromine water or Baeyer’s
reagent. On drastic oxidation with chromic acid, it gives a carboxylic acid (B) having molecular formula
C7H6O2. Identify the compounds (A) and (B) and explain the reactions involved.

Q-4 An organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O forms 2,4-DNP derivative, reduces
Tollens’ reagent and undergoes Cannizzaro reaction. On vigorous oxidation, it gives 1,2-
benzenedicarboxylic acid. Identify the compound.

Q-5 An organic compound contains 69.77% carbon, 11.63% hydrogen and rest oxygen. The molecular
mass of the compound is 86. It does not reduce Tollens’ reagent but forms an addition compound with
sodium hydrogensulphite and give positive iodoform test. On vigorous oxidation it gives ethanoic and
propanoic acid. Write the possible structure of the compound.

Q-6 An organic compound (A) (molecular formula C8H16O2) was hydrolysed with dilute sulphuric acid to
give a carboxylic acid (B) and an alcohol (C). Oxidation of (C) with chromic acid produced (B). (C) on
dehydration gives but-1-ene. Write equations for the reactions involved.

Q-7 Predict the products of the following reactions:

Q-8 Write chemical reactions to affect the following transformations:

(i) Butan-1-ol to butanoic acid (ii) Benzyl alcohol to phenylethanoic acid
(iii) 3-Nitrobromobenzene to 3-nitrobenzoic acid (iv) 4-Methylacetophenone to benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid
(v) Cyclohexene to hexane-1,6-dioic acid (vi) Butanal to butanoic acid.

Q-9 Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid.
(i) Ethylbenzene (ii) Acetophenone (iii) Bromobenzene (iv) Phenylethene (Styrene)

Q-10 How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?
(i) Propanone to Propene (ii) Benzoic acid to Benzaldehyde (iii) Ethanol to 3-Hydroxybutanal (iv) Benzene to m-
Nitroacetophenone (v) Benzaldehyde to Benzophenone (vi) Bromobenzene to 1-Phenylethanol (vii)
Benzaldehyde to 3-Phenylpropan-1-ol (viii) Benazaldehyde to α-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (ix) Benzoic acid to
m- Nitrobenzyl alcohol

Q-11 How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent
and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom
(i) Methyl benzoate (ii) m-Nitrobenzoic acid (iii) p-Nitrobenzoic acid (iv) Phenylacetic acid (v) p-
Nitrobenzaldehyde.
Q-12 Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products
Q-13 Predict the products formed when cyclohexanecarbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.
(i) PhMgBr and then H3O+ (ii) Tollens’ reagent (iii) Semicarbazide and weak acid (iv) Excess ethanol and acid
(v) Zinc amalgam and dilute hydrochloric acid
Q-14 Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro
reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and
Cannizzaro reaction.
(i) Methanal (ii) 2-Methylpentanal (iii) Benzaldehyde (iv) Benzophenone (v) Cyclohexanone (vi) 1-
Phenylpropanone
(vii) Phenylacetaldehyde (viii) Butan-1-ol (ix) 2,2-Dimethylbutanal
Q-15 How will you convert ethanal into the following compounds?
(i) Butane-1,3-diol (ii) But-2-enal (iii) But-2-enoic acid
Q-16 What is meant by the following terms ? Give an example of the reaction in each case.
(i) Cyanohydrin (ii) Acetal (iii) Semicarbazone (iv) Aldol (v) Hemiacetal (vi) Oxime (vii) Ketal (vii) Imine (ix) 2,4-
DNP-derivative (x) Schiff’s base

Amines
Q-1 Write chemical equations for the following reactions:
(i) Reaction of ethanolic NH3 with C2H5Cl. (ii) Ammonolysis of benzyl chloride and reaction of amine so formed
with two moles of CH3Cl.
Q-2 Write chemical equations for the following conversions:
(i) CH3–CH2–Cl into CH3–CH2–CH2–NH2 (ii) C6H5–CH2–Cl into C6H5–CH2–CH2–NH2
Q-3 Write structures and IUPAC names of
(i) the amide which gives propanamine by Hoffmann bromamide reaction.
(ii) the amine produced by the Hoffmann degradation of benzamide.
Q-4 How will you convert
(i) Benzene into aniline (ii) Benzene into N, N-dimethylaniline (iii) Cl–(CH 2)4–Cl into hexan-1,6-diamine?
Q-5 Complete the following acid-base reactions and name the products:
(i) CH3CH2CH2NH2 + HCl → (ii) (C2H5)3N + HCl →
Q-6 Write reactions of the final alkylation product of aniline with excess of methyl iodide in the
presence of sodium carbonate solution.
Q-7 Write chemical reaction of aniline with benzoyl chloride and write the name of the product
obtained.
Q-8 Convert (i) 3-Methylaniline into 3-nitrotoluene. (ii) Aniline into 1,3,5 - tribromobenzene.
Q-9 How will you convert 4-nitrotoluene to 2-bromobenzoic acid ?
Q-10 How will you convert:
(i) Ethanoic acid into methanamine (ii) Hexanenitrile into 1-aminopentane (iii) Methanol to ethanoic acid
(iv) Ethanamine into methanamine (v) Ethanoic acid into propanoic acid (vi) Methanamine into ethanamine
(vii) Nitromethane into dimethylamine (viii) Propanoic acid into ethanoic acid?
Q-11 Accomplish the following conversions:
(i) Nitrobenzene to benzoic acid (ii) Benzene to m-bromophenol (iii) Benzoic acid to aniline (iv) Aniline to 2,4,6-
tribromofluorobenzene (v) Benzyl chloride to 2-phenylethanamine (vi) Chlorobenzene to p-chloroaniline (vii)
Aniline to p-bromoaniline (viii) Benzamide to toluene (ix) Aniline to benzyl alcohol.
Q-12 Give the structures of A, B and C in the following reactions:

Q-13 Complete the following reactions:

Q-14 An aromatic compound ‘A’ on treatment with aqueous ammonia and heating forms compound
‘B’ which on heating with Br2 and KOH forms a compound C of molecular formula C6H7N. Write the
structures and IUPAC names of compounds A, B and C. Write the reactions of (i) aromatic and (ii)
aliphatic primary amines with nitrous acid.
ROLL NO. ------- NAME------------------ SET:- I MAX. MARKS:-10 MARKS OBTAINED----
Q-1When RNA is hydrolysed, there is no relationship among the quantities of different bases obtained. What does
this fact suggest about the structure of RNA? (2)
ANS. A DNA molecule is double-stranded in which the pairing of bases occurs. Adenine always pairs with thymine, while
cytosine always pairs with guanine. Therefore, on hydrolysis of DNA, the quantity of adenine produced is equal to that of
thymine and similarly, the quantity of cytosine is equal to that of guanine. But when RNA is hydrolyzed, there is no
relationship among the quantities of the different bases obtained. Hence, RNA is single-stranded.

Q-2 What products would be formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is hydrolysed? (1)
ANS. When a nucleotide from the DNA containing thymine is hydrolyzed, thymine, D-2-deoxyribose and phosphoric acid
are obtained as products.

Q-3Why cannot vitamin C be stored in our body? (1)

ANS. Vitamin C cannot be stored in our body because it is water soluble. As a result, it is readily excreted in the urine.

Q-4What do you understand by the term glycosidic linkage? (1)

ANS.

Q-5What are the common types of secondary structure of proteins? (2)

ANS. There are two common types of secondary structure of proteins:
(i) ∝- Helix structure: in In this structure, the -NH group of an amino acid residue forms H-bond with the group of the
adjacent turn of the right-handed screw (∝-helix).
(ii) β -pleated sheet structure: This structure is called so because it looks like the pleated folds of drapery. In this
structure, all the peptide chains are stretched out to nearly the maximum extension and then laid side by side. These
peptide chains are held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

Q-6 Define the following as related to proteins

(i) Peptide linkage (ii) Primary structure (iii) Denaturation. (2)
ANS. (i) Peptide linkage: The amide formed between -COOH group of one molecule of an amino acid and -NH2group of
another molecule of the amino acid by the elimination of a water molecule is called a peptide linkage.

(ii) Primary structure: The primary structure of protein refers to the specific sequence in which various amino acids are
present in it, i.e., the sequence of linkages between amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The sequence in which amino
acids are arranged is different in each protein. A change in the sequence creates a different protein.

(iii) Denaturation: In a biological system, a protein is found to have a unique 3-dimensional structure and a unique
biological activity. In such a situation, the protein is called native protein.

However, when the native protein is subjected to physical changes such as change in temperature or chemical changes
such as change in pH, its H-bonds are disturbed. This disturbance unfolds the globules and uncoils the helix. As a result,
the protein loses its biological activity. This loss of biological activity by the protein is called denaturation. During
denaturation, the secondary and the tertiary structures of the protein get destroyed, but the primary structure remains
unaltered. One of the examples of denaturation of proteins is the coagulation of egg white when an egg is boiled.

ROLL NO. ------- NAME----------------- SET:- II MAX. MARKS:-10 MARKS OBTAINED------

Q-1 Differentiate between globular and fibrous proteins. (2)
ANS.
Fibrous protein:- 1. It is a fibre-like structure formed by the polypeptide chain. These proteins are held together by
strong hydrogen and disulphide bonds.
2. It is usually insoluble in water.
3. Fibrous proteins are usually used for structural purposes.
4. For example, keratin is present in nails and hair; collagen in tendons; and myosin in muscles.
Globular protein:- 1. The polypeptide chain in this protein is folded around itself, giving rise to a spherical structure.
2. It is usually soluble in water.
3. All enzymes are globular proteins.
4. Some hormones such as insulin are also globular proteins.
Q-2 What type of bonding helps in stabilising the α-helix structure of proteins? (1)
ANS. The H-bonds formed between the -NH group of each amino acid residue and the group of the adjacent turns of the
∝-helix help in stabilising the helix

Q-3What is the effect of denaturation on the structure of proteins? (1)

ANS. As a result of denaturation, globules get unfolded and helixes get uncoiled. Secondary and tertiary structures of
protein are destroyed, but the primary structures remain unaltered. It can be said that during denaturation, secondary
and tertiary-structured proteins get converted into primary-structured proteins. Also, as the secondary and tertiary
structures of a protein are destroyed, the enzyme loses its activity.

Q-4 What are enzymes? (1)

ANS. Enzymes are proteins that catalyse biological reactions. They are very specific in nature and catalyse only a
particular reaction for a particular substrate. Enzymes are usually named after the particular substrate or class of
substrate and some times after the particular reaction.
For example, the enzyme used to catalyse the hydrolysis of maltose into glucose is named as maltase. Again, the
enzymes used to catalyse the oxidation of one substrate with the simultaneous reduction of another substrate are
named as oxidoreductase enzymes. The name of an enzyme ends with ' - ase'.

Q-5 How are vitamins classified? Name the vitamin responsible for the coagulation of blood. (3)
ANS. On the basis of their solubility in water or fat, vitamins are classified into two groups.
(i) Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamins that are soluble in fat and oils, but not in water, belong to this group. For example:
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
(ii) Water-soluble vitamins:Vitamins that are soluble in water belong to this group. For example: B group vitamins (B1,
B2, B6, B12, etc.) and vitamin C
However, biotin or vitamin H is neither soluble in water nor in fat.
Vitamin K is responsible for the coagulation of blood.

Q-6 What are the different types of RNA found in the cell? (2)
ANS. (i) Messenger RNA (m-RNA)
(ii) Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA)
(iii) Transfer RNA (t-RNA)

ROLL NO. ------- NAME--------------- SET:- III MAX. MARKS:-10 MARKS OBTAINED------
Q-1 Why are vitamin A and vitamin C essential to us? Give their important sources. (2)
ANS. The deficiency of vitamin A leads to xerophthalmia (hardening of the cornea of the eye) and night blindness.
The deficiency of vitamin C leads to scurvy (bleeding gums).
The sources of vitamin A are fish liver oil, carrots, butter, and milk.
The sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits, amla, and green leafy vegetables.

Q-2 What are nucleic acids? Mention their two important functions. (2)
ANS. Nucleic acids are biomolecules found in the nuclei of all living cells, as one of the constituents of chromosomes.
There are mainly two types of nucleic acids - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are
also known as polynucleotides as they are long-chain polymers of nucleotides. Two main functions of nucleic acids are:
(i) DNA is responsible for the transmission of inherent characters from one generation to the next. This process of
transmission is called heredity.
(ii) Nucleic acids (both DNA and RNA) are responsible for protein synthesis in a cell. Even though the proteins are
actually synthesised by the various RNA molecules in a cell, the message for the synthesis of a particular protein is
present in DNA.

Q-3What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide? (2)

ANS. A nucleoside is formed by the attachment of a base to position of sugar. Nucleoside = Sugar + Base
On the other hand, all the three basic components of nucleic acids (i.e., pentose sugar, phosphoric acid, and base) are
present in a nucleotide. Nucleotide = Sugar + Base + Phosphoric acid

Q-4 The two strands in DNA are not identical but are complementary. Explain. (2)
ANS. In the helical structure of DNA, the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between specific pairs of
bases. Cytosine forms hydrogen bond with guanine, while adenine forms hydrogen bond with thymine. As a result, the
two strands are complementary to each other

Q-5 Write the important structural and functional differences between DNA and RNA..(2)
ANS.The structural differences between DNA and RNA are as follows:
DNA
1. The sugar moiety in DNA molecules is D-2- deoxyribose.
2. DNA contains thymine (T). It does not contain uracil (U).
3. The helical structure of DNA is double-stranded.
RNA
1. The sugar moiety in RNA molecules is D-ribose.
2. RNA contains uracil (U). It does not contain thymine (T)
3. The helical structure of RNA is single stranded.
The functional differences between DNA and RNA are as follows:
DNA
1 DNA is the chemical basis of heredity.
2 DNA molecules do not synthesise proteins, but transfer coded.
RNA
1 RNA is not responsible for heredity.
2 Proteins are synthesised by RNA.

Question 14.1:Glucose or sucrose are soluble in water but cyclohexane or benzene (simple sixmembered ring
compounds) are insoluble in water. Explain.
Answer A glucose molecule contains five −OH groups while a sucrose molecule contains eight−OH groups. Thus, glucose
and sucrose undergo extensive H-bonding with water. Hence, these are soluble in water.
But cyclohexane and benzene do not contain −OH groups. Hence, they cannot undergo H-bonding with water and as a
result, are insoluble in water.
Question 14.2:What are the expected products of hydrolysis of lactose?
Answer Lactose is composed of β-D galactose and β-D glucose. Thus, on hydrolysis, it gives β-D galactose and β-D
glucose.
Question 14.3:How do you explain the absence of aldehyde group in the pentaacetate of D-glucose?
Answer D-glucose reacts with hydroxylamine (NH 2OH) to form an oxime because of the presence of aldehydic (−CHO)
group or carbonyl carbon. This happens as the cyclic structure of glucose forms an open chain structure in an aqueous
medium, which then reacts with NH 2OH to give an oxime.
But pentaacetate of D-glucose does not react with NH 2OH. This is because pentaacetate does not form an open chain
structure.
Question 14.4:The melting points and solubility in water of amino acids are generally higher than that of the
corresponding halo acids. Explain.
Answer Both acidic (carboxyl) as well as basic (amino) groups are present in the same molecule of amino acids. In
aqueous solutions, the carboxyl group can lose a proton and the amino group can accept a proton, thus giving rise to a
dipolar ion known as a zwitter ion.
Due to this dipolar behaviour, they have strong electrostatic interactions within them and with water.
But halo-acids do not exhibit such dipolar behaviour. For this reason, the melting points and the solubility of amino acids
in water is higher than those of the corresponding halo-acids.
Question 14.5: Where does the water present in the egg go after boiling the egg?
Answer When an egg is boiled, the proteins present inside the egg get denatured and coagulate. After boiling the egg,
the water present in it is absorbed by the coagulated protein through H-bonding
Question 14.6: What are monosaccharides?
Answer
Monosaccharides are carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolysed further to give simpler units of polyhydroxy aldehyde or
ketone.
Monosaccharides are classified on the bases of number of carbon atoms and the functional group present in them.
Monosaccharides containing an aldehyde group are known as aldoses and those containing a keto group are known as
ketoses. Monosaccharides are further classified as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, and heptoses according to the
number of carbon atoms they contain. For example, a ketose containing 3 carbon atoms is called ketotriose and an
aldose containing 3 carbon atomsis called aldotriose.
Question 14.7: What are reducing sugars?
Answer Reducing sugars are carbohydrates that reduce Fehling’s solution and Tollen’sreagent. All monosaccharides and
disaccharides, excluding sucrose, are reducing sugars.
Question 14.8: Write two main functions of carbohydrates in plants.
Answer Two main functions of carbohydrates in plants are:
(i) Polysaccharides such as starch serve as storage molecules.
(ii) Cellulose, a polysaccharide, is used to build the cell wall.
Question 14.9:Classify the following into monosaccharides and disaccharides. Ribose, 2-deoxyribose, maltose,
galactose, fructose and lactose
Answer
Monosaccharides:
Ribose, 2-deoxyribose, galactose, fructose
Disaccharides:
Maltose, lactose
Question 14.5:What do you understand by the term glycosidic linkage?
Answer
Glycosidic linkage refers to the linkage formed between two monosaccharide units through an oxygen atom by the loss
of a water molecule.
For example, in a sucrose molecule, two monosaccharide units, ∝-glucose and β- fructose, are joined together by a
glycosidic linkage.
Question 14.10:What is glycogen? How is it different from starch?
Answer Glycogen is a carbohydrate (polysaccharide). In animals, carbohydrates are stored as glycogen. Starch is a
carbohydrate consisting of two components − amylose (15 − 20%) and amylopectin (80 − 85%).However, glycogen
consists of only one component whose structure is similar to amylopectin. Also, glycogen is more branched than
amylopectin.
Question 14.11:What are the hydrolysis products of (i) sucrose and (ii) lactose?
Answer(i) On hydrolysis, sucrose gives one molecule of ∝-D glucose and one molecule of β- D fructose.
(ii) The hydrolysis of lactose gives β-D-galactose and β-D-glucose
Question 14.12:What is the basic structural difference between starch and cellulose?
Answer Starch consists of two components − amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a long linear chain of ∝−D−(+)
−glucose units joined by C1−C4 glycosidic linkage (∝-link).

Amylopectin is a branched-chain polymer of ∝-D-glucose units, in which the chain is formed by C1−C4 glycosidic linkage
and the branching occurs by C1−C6 glycosidiclinkage

On the other hand, cellulose is a straight-chain polysaccharide of β-D-glucose units joined by C1−C4 glycosidic linkage (β-
link).

Question 14.13:What happens when D-glucose is treated with the following reagents?
(i) HI (ii) Bromine water (iii) HNO3
Answer(i) When D-glucose is heated with HI for a long time, n-hexane is formed

(ii) When D-glucose is treated with Br2 water, D- gluconic acid is produced.

(iii) On being treated with HNO3, D-glucose get oxidised to give saccharic acid.
Question 14.14:Enumerate the reactions of D-glucose which cannot be explained by its open chain structure.
Answer
(1) Aldehydes give 2, 4-DNP test, Schiff’s test, and react with NaHSO4 to form the hydrogen sulphite addition product.
However, glucose does not undergo these reactions.
(2) The pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine. This indicates that a free −CHO group is absent from
glucose.
(3) Glucose exists in two crystalline forms − ∝ andβ. The ∝- form (m.p. = 419 K) crystallises from a concentrated solution
of glucose at 303 K and the β-form (m.p = 423K) crystallises from a hot and saturated aqueous solution at 371 K. This
behavior cannot be explained by the open chain structure of glucose.
Question 14.15: What are essential and non-essential amino acids? Give two examples of each type.
Answer Essential amino acids are required by the human body, but they cannot be synthesized in the body. They must
be taken through food. For example: valine and leucine.
Non-essential amino acids are also required by the human body, but they can be synthesised in the body. For example:
glycine, and alanine
Question 14.16: How do you explain the amphoteric behaviour of amino acids?
Answer
In aqueous solution, the carboxyl group of an amino acid can lose a proton and theamino group can accept a proton to
give a dipolar ion known as zwitter ion.

Therefore, in zwitter ionic form, the amino acid can act both as an acid and as a base.

Thus, amino acids show amphoteric behaviour.

 D & f Block MCQ
Question 1. Electronic configuration of a transition element X in +3 oxidation state is [Ar] 3d5. What is its
atomic number?
(a) 25 (b) 26 (c) 27 (d) 24

Question 2. The electronic configuration of Cu(II) is 3d9 whereas that of Cu(I) is 3d10. Which of the following
is correct?
(a) Cu(II) is more stable . (b) Cu(II) is less stable
(c) Cu(I) and Cu(II) are equally stable. (d) Stability of Cu(I) and Cu(I) depends on nature of copper salts.

Question 3. Metallic radii of some transition elements are given below. Which of these elements will have
highest density?

(a) Fe(126) (b) Co(125) (c) Ni(125)(d) Cu(128)

Question 4. Generally, transition elements form coloured salts due to the presence of unpaired electrons.
Which of the following compound will be coloured in solid state?
(a) Ag2SO4 (b) CUF2  (c) ZnF2 (d) Cu2Cl2

Question 5. On addition of small amount of KMnO4 to concentrated H2SO4, a green oily compound is obtained
which is highly explosive in nature. Identify the compound from the following:
(a) Mn2O7 (b) MnO2 (c) MnSO4 (d) Mn2O3

Question 6. The magnetic nature of elements depend on the presence of unpaired electrons. Identify the
configuration of transition element, which shows the highest magnetic moment.
(a) 3d7 (b) 3d5 (c) 3d8 (d) 3d2

Question 7. Which of the following oxidation state is common for all lanthanoids?
(a) +2 (b) +3 (c) +4 (d) +5

Question 5. Although +3 is the characteristic oxidation state for lanthanoids but cerium
also shows +4 oxidation state because 
(a) it has variable ionization enthalpy (b) it has a tendency to attain noble gas configuration
(c) it has a tendency to attain f° configuration. (d) it resembles Pb4+

Question 9. When KMnO4 solution is added to oxalic acid solution, the decolourisation is slow in the
beginning but becomes instantaneous after some time because
(a) CO2 is formed as the product (b) Reaction is exothermic
(c) Mn04 catalyses the reaction (d) Mn2+ acts as autocatalyst

Question 10. There are 14 elements in actinoid series. Which of the following element does-not belong to
this series?
(a) U (b) Np (c) Tm (d) Fm

Question 11. KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in acidic medium. The number of moles of KMn04 that will be
needed to react with one mole of sulphide ions in acidic solution is

(a) 2/5 (b) 3/5 (c) 4/5 (d) 1/5

Question 12. Which of the following is amphoteric oxide?
Mn2O7, CrO3, Cr2O3, CrO, V2O5, V2O4
(a) V2O5, Cr2O3 (b)Mn2O7, CrO3 (c) CrO, V2O5 (d) V2O5, V2O4
Question 13. Gadolinium belongs to 4f series. Its atomic number is 64. Which of the following is the correct
electronic configuration of gadolinium?

Question 14. Interstitial compounds are formed when small atoms are trapped inside the crystal lattice of
metals. Which of the following is not the characteristic property of interstitial compounds?
(a) They have high melting points in comparison to pure metals (b) They are very hard
(c) They retain metallic conductivity (d) They are chemically very reactive.

Question 15. The magnetic moment is associated with its spin angular momentum and orbital angular
momentum. Spin only magnetic moment value of Cr3+ ion is
(a) 2.87 B.M. (b) 3.87 B.M. (c) 3.47 B.M. (d) 3.57 B.M.

Question 16. KMn04 acts as an oxidizing agent in alkaline medium. When alkaline KMnO 4
is treated with KI, iodide ion is oxidized to
(a) I2 (b)Io– (c) IO3 (d) I04

Question 17. Which of the following statement is not correct?

(a) Copper liberates hydrogen from acids
(b) In its higher oxidation states, manganese forms stable compounds with oxygen and fluorine
(c) Mn3+ and Co3+ are oxidizing agents in aqueous solution
(d) Ti2+ and Cr2+ are reducing agents in aqueous solution

Question 18. When acidified K2Cr2O7 solution is added to Sn2+ salts, Sn2+ changes to

(a) Sn (b) Sn3+ (c) Sn4+ (d) Sn+

Question 19. Highest oxidation state of manganese in fluoride is +4 (MnF4) but highest
oxidation state in oxides is +7 (Mn2O7) because
(a) fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen
(b) fluorine does not possess d-orbitals
(c) fluorine stabilizes lower oxidation state
(d) in covalent compounds fluorine can form single bond only while oxygen forms double bond

Question 20. Although zirconium belongs to 4d transition series and hafnium to 5d

transition series even then they show similar physical and chemical properties because
(a) both belong to d-block. (b) both have same number of electrons
(c) both have similar atomic radius. (d) both belong to the same group of the periodic table

Question 21. Why is HCl not used to make the medium acidic in oxidation reactions of KMnO 4 in acidic
medium?
(a) Both HCl and KMn04 act as oxidizing agents.
(b) KMnO4 oxidises HCl into Cl2 which is also an oxidizing agent.
(c) KMnO4 is a weaker oxidizing agent than HCl.
(d) KMnO4 acts as a reducing agent in the presence of HCl.

Question 22. Generally, transition-elements and their salts are coloured due to the presence of unpaired
electrons in metal ions. Which of the following compounds are coloured?
(a) kMnO4  (b) Ce(SO4)2 (c) TiCl4 (d) Cu2Cl2

Question 23. Transition elements show magnetic moment due to spin and orbital motion of electrons. Which
of the following metallic ions have almost same spin only magnetic moment?
(a) Co2+ (b) Cr2+ (c) Mn2+ (d) Cr3+

Question 24. In the form of dichromate, Cr (VI) is a strong oxidizing agent in acidic medium
but Mo (VI) in MoO3 and W (VI) in WO3 are not because
(a) Cr (VI) is more stable than Mo(VI) and W(VI)
(b) Mo(VI) and W(VI) are more stable than Cr(VI)
(c) higher oxidation states of heavier members of group-6 of transition series are more stable
(d) lower oxidation states of heavier members of group-6 of transition series are more stable

Question 25. Which of the following actinoids show oxidation states up to +7?
(a) Am (b) Pu (c) U (d) Np

Question 26. General electronic configuration of actinoids is (n – 2)f1-14 (n – 1 )d0-2 ns2. Which of the following
actinoids have one electron in 6d orbital?
(a) U (Atomic no. 92) (b) Np (Atomic no. 93). (c) Pu (Atomic no. 94) (d) Am (Atomic no. 95)

Question 27. Which of the following lanthanoids show +2 oxidation state besides the characteristic oxidation
state +3 of lanthanoids?
(a) Ce (b) Eu (c) Yb (d) Ho

Question 28. Which of the following ions show higher spin only magnetic moment value?
(a) Ti3+ (b) Mn2+ (c) Fe2+ (d) Co3+

Question 29. Transition elements form binary compounds with halogens. Which of the following elements
will form MF3 type compounds?
(a) Cr (b) Co (c) Cu (d) Ni

D & f block Elements case study based

Q-1 Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The f-block elements are those in which the differentiating electron enters the (n -2)f orbital. There are two series of f-
block elements corresponding to filling of 4f and 5f-orbitals. The series of 4f- orbitals is called lanthanides. Lanthanides
show different oxidation states depending upon stability of f 0,f7 and f14 configurations, though the most common
oxidation states is +3. There is a regular decrease in size of lanthanides ions with increase in atomic number which is
known as lanthanide contraction.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) The atomic numbers of three lanthanide elements X, Y and 2 are 65, 68 and 70 respectively, their Ln 3+ electronic
configuration is

(a) 4f8, 4f11, 4f13 (b) 4f11, 4f8 , 4f13 (c) 4fo, 4f2, 4f11 (d) 4f3, 4f7, 4f9

(ii) Lanthanide contraction is observed in

(a) Gd (b) At (c) Xe (d) Te

(iii) Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation state.

(a) Cerium (Z = 58) (b) Europium (Z = 63) (c) Lanthanum (Z = 57) (d) Gadolinium (Z = 64)

(iv) Identify the incorrect statement among the following.

(a) Lanthanojd contraction is the accumulation of successive shrinkages.

(b) The different radii of Zr and Hf due to consequence of the lanthanoid contraction.

(c) Shielding power of 4f electrons is quite weak.

(d) There is a decrease in the radii of the atoms or ions as one proceeds from La to Lu.

Q-2 Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The transition elements have incompletely filled d-subshells in their ground state or in any of their oxidation states. The
transition elements occupy position in between s- and p-blocks in groups 3-12 of the Periodic table. Starting from fourth
period, transition elements consists of four complete series : Sc to Zn, Y to Cd and La, Hf to Hg and Ac, Rf to Cn. In
general, the electronic configuration of outer orbitals of these elements is (n - 1) d 1-10 ns1-2. The electronic configurations
of outer orbitals of Zn, Cd, Hg and Cn are represented by the general formula (n - 1)d 10 n2. All the transition elements
have typical metallic properties such as high tensile strength, ductility, malleability. Except mercury, which is liquid at
room temperature, other transition elements have typical metallic structures. The transition metals and their
compounds also exhibit catalytic property and paramagnetic behaviour. Transition metal also forms alloys. An alloy is a
blend of metals prepared by mixing the components. Alloys may be homogeneous solid solutions in which the atoms of
one metal are distributed randomly among the atoms of the other.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer :
(i) Which of the following characteristics of transition metals is associated with higher catalytic activity?

(a) High enthalpy of atomisation (b) Variable oxidation states

(c) Paramagnetic behaviour (d) Colour of hydrated ions

(ii) Transition elements form alloys easily because they have

(a) same atomic number (b) same electronic configuration

(c) nearly same atomic size (d) same oxidation states.

(iii) The electronic configuration of tantalum (Ta) is

(a) [Xe]4f05d16s2 (b) [Xe)4f145d26s2

(c) [Xe]4f145d36s2 (d) [Xe]4f145d46s2

(iv) Which one of the following outer orbital configurations may exhibit the largest number of oxidation states?

(a) 3d54s1 (b) 3d54s2 (c) 3d24s2 (d) 3d34s2

Q-3 Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The unique behaviour of Cu, having a positive Eo accounts for its inability to liberate H2from acids. Only oxidising acids
(nitric and hot concentrated sulphuric acid) react with Cu, the acids being reduced. The stability of the half-filled (d 5)
subshell in Mn2+ and the completely filled (d10 ) configuration in Zn2+ are related to their Eo (M3+ /M2+) values. The low
value for Sc reflects the stability of Sc3+ which has a noble gas configuration. The comparatively high value for Mn shows
that Mn2+(d5) is particularly stable, whereas a comparatively low value for Fe shows the extra stability of Fe 3+ (d5). The
comparatively low value for V is related to the stability of V 2+ (half-filled t2g level).
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer :
(i) Standard reduction electrode potential of Zn2+ /Zn is - 0.76 V. This means

(a) ZnO cannot be reduced to Zn by H2 under standard conditions

(b) Zn cannot liberate H2 with concentrated acids

(c) Zn is generally the anode in an electrochemical cell

(d) Zn is generally the cathode in an electrochemical cell.

(ii) Eo values for the couples Cr3+/Cr2+ and Mn3+ /Mn2+ are -0.41 and +1.51 volts respectively. These values suggest that

(a) Cr2+ acts as a reducing agent whereas Mn3+ acts as an oxidizing agent

(b) Cr2+ is more stable than Cr3+ state

(c) Mn3+ is more stable than Mn2+

(d) Cr2+ acts as an oxidizing agent whereas Mn3+ acts as a reducing agent

(iii) The reduction potential values of M, Nand O are +2.46, -1.13 and -3.13 Y respectively. Which of the following order is
correct regarding their reducing property?

(a) O>N>M (b) O>M>N (c) M>N>O (d) M>O>N

(iv) Which of the following statements are true?

(i) Mn2+ compounds are more stable than Fe2+ towards oxidation to +3 state.
(ii) Titanium and copper both in the first series of transition metals exhibits +1 oxidation state most frequently.
(iii) Cu+ ion is stable in aqueous solutions.
(iv) The E0 value for the Mn3+ /Mn2+ couple is much more positive than that for Cr 3+/Cr2+or Fe3+/Fe2+.

(a) (ii) and (iii) (b) (i) and (iv) (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)

Q-4 Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Transition metal oxides are compounds formed by the reaction of metals with oxygen at high temperature. The highest
oxidation number in the oxides coincides with the group number. In vanadium, there is a gradual change from the basic
V2O3 to less basic V2O4and to amphoteric V2O5・V2O4 dissolves in acids to give VO2+ salts. Transition metal oxides are
commonly utilized for their catalytic activity and semiconductive properties. Transition metal oxides are also frequently
used as pigments in paints and plastic. Most notably titatnium dioxide. One of the earliest application of transition metal
oxides to chemical industry involved the use of vanadium oxide for catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulphuric acid.
Since then, many other applications have emerged, which include benzene oxidation to maleic anhydride on vandium
oxides; cyclohexane oxidation to adipic acid on cobalt oxides. An important property of the catalyst material used in
these processes is the ability of transition metals to change their oxidation state under a given chemical potential of
reductants and oxidants.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) Which oxide of vanadium is most likely to be basic and ionic ?

(a) VO (b) V2O3 (c) VO2 (d) V2O5

(ii) Vanadyl ion is

(a) VO2+ (b) VO2+ (c) V2O+ (d) VO43-

(iii) The oxidation state of vanadium in V2O5 is

(a) +5/2 (b) +7 (c) +5 (d) +6

(iv) Identify the oxidising agent in the following reaction.

(a) V2O5 (b)Ca (c) V (d) None of these

Q-5 Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Transition elements are elements that have partially filled d-orbitals. The configuration of these elements corresponds
to (n - 1)d1-10 ns1-2. It is important to note that the elements mercury, cadmium and zinc (Ire not considered transition
elements because of their electronic configurations, which corresponds to (n - 1)d 1-10 ns2.
Some general properties of transition elements are :
These elements can form coloured compounds and ions due to d-d transition;
These elements-.exhibit many oxidation states;
A large variety of ligands can bind themselves to these elements, due to this, a wide variety of stable complexes formed
by these ions. The boiling and melting point of these elements are high. These elements have a large ratio of charge to
the radius.
In these questions (i-iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct
answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
(i) Assertion: Tungsten has very high melting point.
 Reason: Tungsten is a covalent compound.
(ii) Assertion: Zn, Cd and Hg are normally not considered transition metals.
Reason: d-Orbitals in Zn, Cd and Hg elements are completely filled, hence these metals do not show the general
characteristics properties of the transition elements.
(iii) Assertion: Copper metal gets readily corroded in acidic aqueous solution such as HCI and dil. H 2SO4
Reason: Free energy change for this process is positive.
(iv) Assertion: Tailing of mercury occurs on passing ozone through it.
Reason: Due to oxidation of mercury.

ANS. 5.(i) (c) :Tungsten is a transition element and is very hard due to high metallic bonding.
(ii) (a) 
(iii) (d): Non-oxidising acids (HCI and dil. H2SO4) do not have any effect on copper. However they dissolve the metal in
presence of air. As it is a non-spontaneous process so, ΔG cannot be -ve.
(iv) (a): When mercury is exposed to ozone it gets superficially oxidised and loses its meniscus and sticks to the glass.
 SET-I
Q-1 What is meant by unidentate, didentate and ambidentate ligands? Give two examples for each.(3)
Ans.

Q-2 Why is geometrical isomerism not possible in tetrahedral complexes having two different types of
unidentate ligands coordinated with the central metal ion ?(I)
Ans.

Q-8 Draw structures of geometrical isomers of [Fe(NH 3)2(CN)4]– (1)

Q-9 Out of the following two coordination entities which is chiral(optically active)?(2)
(a) cis-[CrCl2(ox)2]3– (b) trans-[CrCl2(ox)2]3–

Q-10 Indicate the types of isomerism exhibited by the following complexes and draw the structures for
these isomers:(2)
(i) K[Cr(H2O)2(C2O4)2 (ii) [Co(en)3]Cl3
(iii) [Co(NH3)5(NO2)](NO3)2 (iv) [Pt(NH3)(H2O)Cl2]

Q-11 Give evidence that [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 and [Co(NH3)5SO4]Cl are ionization isomers.
 SET-II
Q-1 How many geometrical isomers are possible in the following coordination entities?(2)
(i) [Cr(C2O4)3]3– (ii) [Co(NH3)3Cl3]

Q-2 Draw the structures of optical isomers of(3)

(i) [Cr(C2O4)3]3– (ii) [PtCl2(en)2]2+ (iii) [Cr(NH3)2Cl2(en)]+

Q-3 Draw all the isomers (geometrical and optical) of:(3)

(i) [CoCl2(en)2]+ (ii) [Co(NH3)Cl(en)2]2+ (iii) [Co(NH3)2Cl2(en)]+

Q-4 Write all the geometrical isomers of [Pt(NH3)(Br)(Cl)(py)] and how many of these will exhibit optical
isomers?(2)
 SET-III
Q-1 Aqueous copper sulphate solution (blue in colour) gives:(2)
(i) a green precipitate with aqueous potassium fluoride and
(ii) a bright green solution with aqueous potassium chloride. Explain these experimental results.

Q-2 Explain on the basis of valence bond theory that [Ni(CN) 4]2– ion with square planar structure is
diamagnetic and the [NiCl4]2– ion with tetrahedral geometry is paramagnetic .(2)

Q-3 [NiCl4]2– is paramagnetic while [Ni(CO)4] is diamagnetic though both are tetrahedral. Why?(2)

Q- 4 [Fe(H2O)6]3+ is strongly paramagnetic whereas [Fe(CN)6]3– is weakly paramagnetic. Explain.(2)

Q-5 Explain [Co(NH3)6]3+ is an inner orbital complex whereas [Ni(NH3)6]2+ is an outer orbital complex.(2)
 SET-IV
Q-1 Predict the number of unpaired electrons in the square planar [Pt(CN)4]2– ion.(2)

Q-2 The hexaquomanganese(II) ion contains five unpaired electrons, while the hexacyanoion contains only
one unpaired electron. Explain using Crystal Field Theory.(2)

Q-3 Discuss the nature of bonding in the following coordination entities on the basis of VBT:(3)
(i) [Fe(CN)6]4– (ii) [FeF6]3– (iii) [Co(C2O4)3]3– (iv) [CoF6]3–

Q-4 Draw figure to show the splitting of d orbitals in an octahedral crystal field.(1)

Q-5 What is spectrochemical series? Explain the difference between a weak field ligand and a strong field
ligand.(2)
 SET-V
Q-1 What is crystal field splitting energy? How does the magnitude of Δo decide the actual configuration of
d orbitals in a coordination entity?(3)

Q- 2 Cr(NH3)6]3+ is paramagnetic while [Ni(CN)4]2– is diamagnetic. Explain why?(2)

Q-3 A solution of [Ni(H2O)6]2+ is green but a solution of [Ni(CN)4]2– is colourless. Explain.(2)

Q-30 [Fe(CN)6]4– and [Fe(H2O)6]2+ are of different colours in dilute solutions. Why?(2)

SET-VI
Q-1 Using IUPAC norms write names of the following:
S.N FORMULA NAME
.
1 [Co(NH3)6]Cl3
2 [Co(NH3)4Cl(NO2)]Cl
3 [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2
4 [Pt(NH3)2Cl(NH2CH3)]Cl
5 [Mn(H2O)6]2+
6 [Co(en)3]3+
7 [NiCl4]2–
8 [Ti(H2O)6]3+
9 [Ni(CO)4]
10 [Pt(NH3)2Cl(NO2)]
11 K3[Cr(C2O4)3]
12 (xii) [CoCl2(en)2]Cl
13 [Co(NH3)5(CO3)]Cl
14 Hg[Co(SCN)4]

Q-2 Using IUPAC norms write formulas for the following

S.N. FORMULA NAME
1 Tetrahydroxozincate(II)
2 Hexaamminecobalt(III)sulphate
3 Potassiumtetrachloridopalladate(II)
4 Potassium tri(oxalato)chromate(III)
5 Diamminedichloridoplatinum(II)
6 Hexaammineplatinum(IV)
7 Potassium tetracyanonickelate(II)
8 Tetrabromidocuprate(II)
9 Pentaamminenitrito-O-cobalt(III)
10 Pentaamminenitrito-N-cobalt(III)
11 Tetraamineaquachloridocobalt(III)
chloride
12 Potassium tetrahydroxozincate(II)
13 Potassium trioxalatoaluminate(III)
14. Dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-
diamine)cobalt(III)