CHAPTER 18 - TEXT

What region of the United States was the home of American manufacturing in
the late nineteenth century?
Early manufacturing sprang up mostly in the countryside. Maybe Aiquippa,
Pennsylvania? The northeast
Where were skyscrapers first raised in the U.S.?
They were raised in Chicago. chicago was the pioneer and in the late 1890s New
York took the lead.
What was yellow journalism, and who was responsible for it?
Yellow Journalism was a derogatory term for mass market newspapers. Joseph
Pulitzer built his sales base with sensational investigations, human-interests stories
and targeted sections covering sports and high society by 1890s Randolph Hearst
joined and they could do this because patrons of carnegle’s libraries could read in
addition to books an increasing array of mass-market newspapers. they pressured
the government and also exposed scandals and injustices.
Who was Jane Addams, and what did she achieve?
Jane Addams, a daughter of the middle class, She founded the Hull House social
settlement one of the first on Chicago’s west side in 1889 along Ellen Gates Starr. In
Addams words settlements were “an experimental effort to aid in the solution of the
social and industrial problems which are engendered by the modern condition of life
in a great city”-
What was the purpose of the settlement house movement?
These community welfare centers investigated the plight of the urban poor, raised
funds to address urgent needs and helped neighborhood residents advocate on their
own behalf. It was a nationally recognized reform strategy during the progressive era
Settlements were a crucial proving ground for many progressive experiments, as
well as for the emerging profession of social work, which transformed the provision
of public welfare.
Who was Margaret Sanger, and why was she indicted in the 1910s?
Margaret Sanger a nurse who moved to New York city in 1911 and volunteered with
a lower east side settlement. She launched a crusade for what she called birth
control. She had a newspaper column called “What Every Girl Should Know”
however it soon gained an indictment for violating obscenity laws. However the
publicity helped her launch a national birth control movement.
What was the Pure Food and Drug Act, and why was it passed?
Despite reform efforts, the problems wrought by idustrialization continued to cause
suffering in urban work places and environments. In 1906, Journalist Upton Sinclair
exposed some of the most extreme forms of labor exploitation in his novel The
Jungle, which described appalling conditions in Chicago meatpacking plants. What
caught the nations attention was not Sinclair’s account of workers plight but his
descriptions of rotten meat and filthy packing conditions. With this Congress Passed
the Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 and created the federal FDA to oversee
compliance with the new law.
What were the primary countries of origin for immigrants arriving in the U.S. at
this time?
Young women and men arriving from the countryside, ireland in boston, in
minneapolis swedes, in other northern cities, Germans. In LA mexicans
Who were the muckrakers and what did they do?
It was a critical term first applied by Theodore Roosvelt, for investigative journalists
who published exposes of political scandals and industrial abusers
CHAPTER 19 – TEXT
What were the four main goals of Progressive political reformers?
The four goals were: Cleaning up politics, limiting the power of big business, reducing
poverty and programming social justice. Basically these four goals would aid to eliminate the
problems caused by political corruption and would allow educated people to be in
government.

How did Theodore Roosevelt threaten the coal companies to force them to
engage in collective bargaining?
He threatened to nationalize the big coal companies if their owners refused to
negotiate with the miners’ union.
What was the idea of the Square Deal?
It was the name given to Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic legislative program.
More recently they atribute the square deal to the three C’s: Consumer protection,
corporate regulation and conservationism
What was President Roosevelt’s attitude towards the nation’s natural
resources?

Roosevelt was an avid hunter and outdoorsman. By the end of his presidency he had issued
fifty-one executive orders creating wildlife refuges and signed several bills advocated by
environmentalists. He oversaw the creation of five national parks including Mesa Verde. 18
national monuments, 55 national bird sanctuaries and wildlife refugees and 150 national
forests. Just an additional fact he aided to the eventually worldwide phenomenon of “Teddy
Bears”

Basically his attitude towards natural resources was to enhance them to the best of his
ability.

What did the Niagara Movement try to accomplish?

It resulted in the Niagara principles that called for full voting rights, an end to
segregation, equal treatment in the justice system and equal opportunity in
education, jobs, health care and military service and it guided the civil rights
movement throughout the twentieth century.
It also led to the creation of the national association for the advancement of colored
people.
What is significant about W.E.B. DuBois?

W.E.B DuBois (1868 - 1963) was a Harvard educated sociologist (the first African American
to earn a PhD in philosophy) who called for the talented tenth of educated blacks to develop
new strategies. In 1905 he called along with trotter a meeting on the Canadian side of the
Niagara Falls. He was co-founder and became editor of the NAACP journal. His ideas were
much bolder than those of Booker and his followers opposed Booker’s ideals. In my opinion
Booker's ideas were much more progressive and important than those of Booker because
Booker compromised with the whites and encouraged African Americans to submit to white
political domination for a little representation in the South. DuBois was adamant on civil
rights and political representation with the talented tenth which in my opinion allowed more
advancement of blacks than those of Booker T. Washington.

In my opinion what is most significant about him is that he managed to found movements
that were elemental in African Americans rights

What did the New Nationalism stand for?

In a 1910 speech, Roosevelt called for “New Nationalism” that promoted government
intervention to enhance public welfare, including federal child labor law, more
recognition of labor rights, a national minimum wage for women, women’s suffrage
and curbs on the power of federal courts to stop reform
What was significant about the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
It was the first federal attempt to forbid any “ combination, in the form of trust or
otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade.
Landmark 1890 act that forbade anticompetitive business activities, requiring the
federal government to investigate trusts and any companies operating in violation of
the act.

CHAPTER 19 – SLIDESHARES, HAND-OUTS, LECTURES

What was The Landlord’s Game?
It was made by Elizabeth Magie in 1903. Several different versions of the game have
been manufactured and sold. It has the theme “get rich and show no mercy”.
How does Monopoly mirror historical developments of the late nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries?
Monopoly mirrors it in the way that one person has to gain full control of everything
without worrying about what might happen or who is stepped on in the way.
How was Theodore Roosevelt like Jack the Giant Killer?
Theodore roosevelt is like Jack in the way that he has to defeat the giants like
Rockefeller, Gould, Hill, Oxnard, Morgan captain of the industry or Barons. He is just
a tiny hero facing them
He liked him because when the Panama Canal was being created and Colombia
didn’t want to agree to sell a part of their land, many countries wanted to be
benefited by the creation of the canal and therefore he made reference that he was
like Jack not letting others feed off of his success.
What was the Morrill Act?
It allowed for the creation of land grant colleges in U.S states using the proceeds of
federal land sales. in 1862
What is the significance of F. W. Taylor?
Was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency.
He was one of the first management consultants.
What were the tenets of Jeffersonian Fundamentalism that the progressives
were influenced by?
What lessons did Theodore Roosevelt learn, mainly from his father, as a youngster?
He learned to live a strenous life and live each day with bigor and conviction-
What reforms did Theodore Roosevelt implement upon becoming Police
Commissioner of New York City?
He strictly enforced the Sunday closing law in order to demonstrate the honesty of
the NYPD. Mostly reforms against corruption
Which president’s assassination led to Theodore Roosevelt’s becoming
President of the United States?
The assassination of William Mckinley
Who said, “As much has been given us, much will be expected of us.” - Luke 12:48?

CHAPTER 20 – TEXT
What did Josiah Strong’s Our Country have to say?
It was published in 1885 and it urged Protestants to proselytize overseas. He
predicted that the Anglo-saxon race which represented “the largest liberty, the purest
Christianity, the highest civilization would spread itself over the earth”. Such ideas
were grounded in American exceptionalism.
What was it that made control of the Philippines so appealing to President
McKinley and the Republicans?
It was because that way they now had a major foothold in the western pacific.
Why did McKinley decide to retain control of the Philippines?
Because he decided that the US could not leave the Filipinos to themselves as they
were unfit for self-rule.
What made Hawaii valuable to the U.S.?
They gave hawaiian sugar free access to the american market without tariff payment
and in 1887 they granted a long coveted lease for the US naval base at Pearl harbor.
it acquired strategic value as a halfway station to the philippines
What territories did the United States acquire as a result of the Spanish
American War?
Puerto Rico and Guam and the Philippines
What was the Platt Amendment?
It came in 1902 as a condition from withdrawing from Cuba, this amendment in the
Cuban constitution blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the
US and gave the US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs if it saw fit. Cuba also
granted a lease on Guantanamo Bay where the U.S Navy built a large base.
What did the “open door” note say?
A note in 1899 sent from U.S secretary of state John Hay that claimed the right of
equal trade access - an “open door” policy for all nations seeking to do business in
China.
What was happening to Japan around this time?
They had just won the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895. It was East-Asia’s
dominant power. They attacked Russia’s fleet ast its leased Chinese port and
smashed them because Russia wanted to control Korea and Manchuria.
In 1908 The US and Japan signed the Root takahira Agreement
How did Theodore Roosevelt acquire the land necessary for the construction
of the Panama Canal, and why was the canal so important?
Panamanians long separated from Colombia by remote jungle, chafed under
Colombian rule. The US lent covert assistance to an independence movement,
triggering a bloodless revolution. Until on nov 6, 1903 the US recognized the new
nation of Panama, two weeks later, it obtained a perpetually renewable lease on a
canal zone. Roosevelt never regretted the venture though in 1922 the US paid
Colombia 25 million as a kind of conscience money.
It was important because they needed naval power and rapid access to two oceans
that required a canal
He acquired it by negotiating with Panama after Colombia refused to make any
commitments and it was important because it would mean that the United States
would gain control of the trade and become one of the most important trade makers.
Why did Woodrow Wilson wish to keep the U.S. out of World War I in the early
years of the conflict?
Because he thought he could influence the post war settlement just like Roosevelt
did before him.
What was the attitude of Americans toward involvement in the war in 1915 and
1916?
In 1915 Ford sent a hundred men and women to Europe on a peace ship to urge an
end to the war. Most Americans were trying to remain neutral
What was the difference in our trade with the Central and Allied Powers?
Trade with Britain and France grew fourfold over the next two years, to 3.2 billion in
1916 by 1917 U.S banks had lent the Allies 2.5 billion.
In contrast American trade and loans to Germany stood then at a mere 56 million.
We were gaining much from the trade made during the war however Germany was n
not one of the biggest consumers
What was the Zimmerman Telegram?

It was a 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann
urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the U.S entered the war,
Germany would help them recover Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. It was then published in
American newspapers and it created an outrage and helped the move towards the U.S entry
in the war on the allied side.

What was the most immediate cause of American entry into the war?
In 1917 Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare, a decision dictated by
the impasse on the Western Front. In response Wilson broke off diplomatic relations
with Germany. This was an outrage because Germany has already agreed not to
shoot passenger liners or merchant ships.
To challenge the British navy, Germany launched a devastating new weapon, the U-
boat. in 1915 Germany issued a warning that all ships flying flags of Britain or its
allies were liable to destruction. Once they shot a British boat that held 128
Americans and the following year in the Sussex pledge, Germany agreed not to
target passenger liners or merchant ships unless an inspection showed the latter
carried weapons.
What was the Great Migration?
During world war I due to the creation of tremendous economic opportunities at
home. Jobs in war industries drew thousands of people to the cities. More than
400,000 African Americans moved from the rural South to the industrial cities such
as St. Louis, Chicago, New York, Detroit in what became known as the Great
Migration.
What did the Committee on Public Information do?

It set to turn Americans into war patriots. It managed to distribute 75 million pieces of
literature and enlisted volunteers named the four minute men to deliver pro war speeches at
movie theaters.

What did Wilson say the U.S. was going to do once we entered the war?
Wilson promised that American involvement would make the world “safe for
democracy”
How did women get the right to vote?
After the national women's party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights
Amendment to the U.S Constitution in the early twentieth century. Impressed by
NAWSA’s patriotism and worried by NWP militancy, the anti suffrage Wilson
reversed his position.
In 1918 the constitutional amendment quickly passed the House of Representatives
it took eighteen months to get through the Senate and another year to win ratification
the nineteenth amendment became law. In most parts of the South, the measure
meant that white women began to vote.
Why was it so difficult for the Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?
Because the outlook of the treaty was not promising. Also, open hostile Republicans
held a majority in the senate. Another group worried that Article X would prevent the
U.S from pursuing an independent foreign policy.
What was Article X?
Essential to Wilson’s vision was the creation of an international regulatory body
eventually called the league of nations that would guarantee each country’s
“independence and territorial integrity”. The league would mediate disputes,
supervise arms reduction, and according to its crucial Article X, curb aggressor
nations through collective military action. (provision for collective security)
What was the largest result of the harsh punishment of Germany at the end of
the war?
Britain and France imposed harsh punishments on Germany, they had already made
secret agreements to divide up Germany’s African colonies and take them as spoils
of war. They also forced them to pay 33 billion in reparations and surrender coal
supplies, merchant ships, valuable patents, and even territory along the French
border. These terms caused keen resentment and economic hardship in Germany,
and over the following two decades helped lead to WWII. which was the largest
result in my opinion.
Which nations were harmed most by the war, and which prospered?
Most benefited: the British, the French, the US
Most harmed: Germany, Italy, Russia, Austro-hungary
Where did communism take root during the war?
Russia.

CHAPTER 20 – SLIDESHARES, HAND-OUTS, LECTURES

Who was Frederick Jackson Turner and what did he discuss in his “frontier thesis”?
A historian that in 1893 published the significance of the frontier in American history.
His thesis argued that the distinctive American personality had been formed on the
western frontier where civilized man met and tamed the savage wilderness. These
challenges are what made us great. Since all of the US was conquered there was no
frontier left. And he stated if we would become complacent, lazy, degenerate?
What was the importance of gloire?
Having gloire meant that you were an imperial power, ruler of an empire, you were
important
Who were the three great nations in the world around 1900?
England, Germany and France.
Why were the political leaders and big businessmen of the United States so
concerned over the fate of Cuba during its war with Spain?
Millions had been channeled into Cuban enterprise by American investors. Sugar
plantations and they needed easy access for import-export trade. More than 100
million which translates into over 1 billion modern dollars.
Why was it that some American women referred to President Woodrow Wilson as
“Kaiser Wilson”?
Because he was hugely enthusiastic of self determination or self government for the
Germans so why not then for Americans..
CHAPTER 21 – TEXT
What sorts of problems did African Americans face when they returned home
after the war?
African Americans emerged from the conflict determined to achieve citizenship
rights. Returning veterans, empowered by their military service, often refused to
accept second-class treatment at the hands of whites, whether North or South. This
developments sparked white violence. In what became known as Red summer
because of bloody battles in the summer and fall of 1919 in which antiblack riots by
white americans in more than two dozen cities led to hundreds of deaths. The worst
occurred in Chicago, in which 39 people were killed: 23 blacks, 15 whites, 537
injured and 1,000 black families made homeless. there were also 78 lynchings in
1919 up from 48 in 1917. That number included several murders of returning black
soldiers in uniform
What was the purpose of welfare capitalism?
Its purpose was to create a system of labor relations that stressed management’s
responsibility for employees’ well-being. To create a loyal workforce and head off
labor unrest.
Who were the “Reds,” what was so “scary” about them? (Have a thorough
understanding of this topic)
The bolsheviks were named reds after the color of communist flags. Hatred of
Germans was replaced by hostility towards them. There was communist fear. There
was nationwide panic in 1919 where there was a general strike by 110 unions that
paralyzed Seattle. There was fear because of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
resulting in creation of the USSR.
This led to the Red Scare which led to a series of government raids on alleged
subversives and a suppression of civil liberties. it lead to the creation of the FBI
What was the National Origins Act, what did it do, and was the thinking behind
it?
A 1924 law limiting annual immigration from each country to no more than 2 percent
of that nationality’s percentage of the U.S population as it had stood in 1890. The law
severely limited immigration, especially from southern and eastern europe
What was nativism?
What some native-born Protestants thought was the primary cause of America’s
moral decline, which was according to them immigration. “America must be kept
American” - Coolidge declared in 1924.
How was the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s different from the Klan of the 1860s
and 70s?
The difference was that at first it was a secret society that undertook violence against
African Americans in the South after the Civil war but when it was reborn in 1915 it
not only targeted African Americans but also immigrants, radicals, feminists,
Catholics and Jews, with physical intimidation, arson and economic boycotts.
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
A flourishing of African American artists, writers, intellectuals, and social leaders in
the 1920s, centered in the neighborhoods of Harlem, New York City
What was the Universal Negro Improvement Association?
A Harlem-based group, led by charismatic, Jamaican born Marcus Garvey, that
arose in the 1920s to mobilize African American workers and champion black
separatism.
Which areas of the American economy were in trouble in the 1920s?
Agriculture never fully recovered from the postwar recession. Coal and textiles.
Which industry was behind the growth in consumerism?
THE ADVERTISING INDUSTRY
What sorts of problems did some Americans have with Hollywood and the
movies?
Some of the themes were too crass for some people and they were influenced by
them for instance thousands of young women followed the lead of hollywood’s
famous flapper, who flaunted her boyish figure and defied conventional standards of
conduct by wearing short skirts and makeup and flaunting her liberated lifestyle.
What was Dollar Diplomacy?
It was a policy emphasizing the connection between America’s economic and
political interests overseas. Business would gain from diplomatic efforts on its behalf,
while the strengthened American economic presence overseas would give added
leverage to American diplomacy.
What was significant about Alfred E. Smith?
The first presidential candidate to reflect the aspirations of the urban working class.
A grandson of Irish peasants, Smith rose through NY city’s democratic machine to
become a dynamic reformer. he went against Hoover in 1928
What were the Fourteen Points that are mentioned in the text?
The fourteen points where the principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by
President Woodrow Wilson, as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles. Among
them were open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, territorial integrity, arms
reduction, national self-determination and creation of the League of Nations.
CHAPTER 21 – SLIDESHARES, HAND-OUTS, LECTURES
According to the instructor, what helped to fuel the growth in consumerism in the
1920s?

CHAPTER 22 – TEXT
What was the philosophy of government and economics that influenced
President Hoover in the early years of the Depression?
He turned into two influential American traditions. The first was the belief that
economic outcomes were the product of individual character in which basically he
said people held their fate in their own hands, and success went to those who
deserved it. The second tradition held that through voluntary action, the business
community could right itself and recover from economic downturns without relying on
government assistance or, worse, submitting to government regulation.
What did Hoover ask Americans to do to get through the Depression?
Hoover asked Americans to tighten their belts and work hard.
“Any lack of confidence in the economic future or the strength of business in the
United States is foolish”
Why did people hate Hoover so much?
Because he was reluctant to break with the philosophy of limited government and
insisted that recovery was just around the corner. American’s perceived he was
insensitive to the depth of economic suffering
What was the Bonus Army, and what happened to it?
A group of fifteen thousand to twenty thousand unemployed WWI veterans who set
up camps near the Capitol building in 1932 to demand immediate payment of
pension awards due to be paid in 1945. They set up camps near the Capitol building
and Hoover deployed regular Army troops under the command of General Douglas
MacArthur, who forcefully evicted the marchers and burned their encampment to the
ground.
Which American ideal caused people to blame themselves for what the
Depression had done to them?
The self-made man
What did the Twentieth Amendment change?
Roosevel elected in November would not begin his presidency until March 1933, and
the twentieth Amendment set subsequent inaugurations for January 20.
What did the Agricultural Adjustment Act do?
it provided cash subsidies to farmers who cut production of seven major
commodities: wheat, cotton, hogs, corn, rice, tobacco, and dairy products. It briefly
stabilized the farm economy.
What was FDR’s attitude regarding welfare payments to the unemployed?
Roosevelt wanted to avoid a budget deficit, but he still asked Congress to provide
relief for millions of unemployed Americans. And the Federal Emergency Relief
Administration (FERA) was created. Both Roosevelt and Hopkins didn’t want people
to adjust to receiving the relief so Congress established the Public Works
Administration a few months later the Civil Works Administration and a longer term
program the Civilian Conservation Corps to provide jobs to Americans
What was the purpose of the SEC?
Its purpose is to regulate the stock market. The commision had broad powers to
determine how stocks and bonds were sold to the public, to set rules for margin
transactions, and to prevent stock sales by those with inside information about
corporate plans.
Why was Huey Long a problem for President Roosevelt?
Because he, like Townsend, broke with the New Deal and established a National
movement. As the governor of Louisiana he has increased taxes on corporations,
lowered the utility bills of consumers and built new highways, hospitals and schools
and therefore gained some popularity. Roosevelt feared that Long and Townsend
might join forces and form a third party.
How was liberalism redefined because of FDR’s embrace of John Maynard
Keynes’ economic thinking?
Historians called it New Deal liberalism. They said that to preserve individual liberty,
the government must assist the needy and guarantee the basic welfare of citizens.
This liberal welfare state was opposed to the ideology of laissez-faire capitalism, who
gradually became known as conservatives.
What was the New Deal coalition?
It was the majority of Democratic voters. It consisted generally of ordinary people:
the unemployed, the elderly, workers, industrial workers, farmers that were hit by the
depression. Black voters.
Which groups and movements benefited most from the New Deal?
Immigrants from Mexico and Asia, white migrants from the midwestern states.
How did the New Deal change the voting patterns of minorities?
Roosevelt’s magnetic personality and innovative programs brought millions of voters
into the Democratic fold. Democratic recruits included first and second generation
immigrants from southern and central Europe, Italians, Poles, Russians, and Slavs,
among others, most Catholic or Jewish. As well as African American migrants to
northern cities.