UNIVERSITY OF MONTENEGRO

CETINJA MUSIC ACADEMY

Study program: music associate

Subject: history of music

Seminary work:

GUITAR

mentor: Vladimir Djurišić student : Nikolina Arapović

index number: 1261 /21

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 The content:

1. Introduction................................................. ................................................... .
............3
2. Material................................................... ................................................... .....
.......3
3. How to play the
guitar................................................... ........................................4
4. Musical
forms................................................... ........... ...................................5
5. Poet Sappho................................................ ..............................................5
6. From guitar to
guitar................................................... ............................................6
7. Literature................................................... ................................................... ...
...8

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 1. Introduction

GUITAR is one from the the oldest wired intrumenata , which was until 1700 before new ones a
mess Semitic races , in Egypt , Assyria , Mali Asia , Greece . It is considered to lead origin from
Asia Minor . In modern Greek language word guitar means " guitar " ― this word Too pulls
origin from the words  guitar . It is one of the most important instruments in ancient Greece. It
was mostly played by professional players, who were called guitarists. It was important for the
creation of some musical forms. The guitar evolved from the phorminx. 1Hesiod and Pindar use
the name phorminx for Orpheus' instrument; after that it dies out it is only used to show the
archaic sound. As time passed, the lyre took on new forms, and the number of strings increased.
In the 6th and 5th centuries, phorminxes played 7 strings that were stretched across the bridge
and attached to the resonance box with some kind of cord; and their arms were longer. The large
classical guitar developed from the phorminx. The guitar is associated with the cult of Apollo.
Apollo was often depicted holding a guitar in his hand. It was intended for public concert
performances, and was also played in ceremonial occasions occasions , on feasts , games and
competitions. It was played with the aulos in religious ceremonies. Although , is in mythology
hers the invention was attributed To Hermes who made an instrument out of tortoise shell armor
( chelys ). Musicians ( guitarists ) are had to have big they can play this one heavy instrument.

2. Material
1
Forminx is musical stringed instrument, identical guitars or lire ; it is mentioned for the first
time in Homer's book Iliads

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It appears in the literature of Epicharmus from Kos and Euripides , with a flat, almost rectangular
body and massive handles, which were at a certain distance above the narrow transverse board.
The wires were laid on it and the lower part was attached to the resonator, which was usually
made of a wooden box; composed of two resonant plates, which could be flat or slightly curved.
Them were connecting ribs, or sides of equal width . On top , wires were wrapped _ eye bars , so
called " yoke " ( ζυγόν , zugon ), or were tied to rings _ strung together across bars , or were
wrapped _ eye round wedges . The second the end every one from the wire he was crossing over
one flat bridge and then was tied to the cable car , or are bridge and cable car were connected . By

moving rings could be adjusted tension wire . Its strings were of equal length, and could produce

only one tone. The pitch depended on the thickness and tension of the string. In the beginning,
the guitar had 7-8 strings; in the 5th century, that number increased to 11, and at the end of
the 5th century, or at the beginning of the next, one was added below the deepest and 3 above
the highest, so that there were fifteen. Pindar is credited with increasing the number of strings
to seven. 2There were also guitars that had a range of 16-18, and a more modest range (8-9
strings). At some point, this number increased to 19 or 20, so that the performer could play in
different modes of the Greek musical system.

3. The way playing guitars

It was played with the fingers or with a plectrum (pick, as it is called today), or both ways at the
same time. This was especially practiced in solo guitar performances; then the performer would
perform the tune with the pick (which he held in his right hand, with the elbow extended and the
palm bent inward), while he would accompany it with the fingers of his left hand. The strings
were also muted with the fingers of the left hand; whose tones were not supposed to be heard
when playing. Playing with the fingers was an artistic method, because with the fingers you can
achieve various shades of tone that cannot be achieved with a plectrum. The strength of the

2
Pindar was an ancient Greek a poet who counts as nine canonical lyrical poet antiquity .
Plato classifies him as one of the poets who are " full God" , that is divine inspiration . According to one ancient
anecdotes , when are in Delphi asked Pindar what did he bring Apollo on the gift , he answered : " Brought go to
him alone !" .
His creativity choir song reaches own peak , beauty perfection . Still alive _ he became famous .

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accent and the great brightness of the tone, however, can only be achieved by the use of the
plectrum.

The painting on the Greek vase on the who is the play the man who
plays guitar with eight wire . playing on the to her requires big skill .

4. Musical forms in which the guitar was represented

Kitarody (solo singing with the guitar) belongs to the oldest form. There, the singer would
accompany himself on the guitar, and he would perform the accompaniment with the fingers of
his left hand. During breaks, the singer played interludes with a pick. The kitharods first
performed the prelude, then the nomos (melody of divine origin) which was the main point in the
kitharody; and it was dedicated to Apollo and consisted of several parts. Its most significant
representative is Terpander (around 675 BC). Such a nomos was also performed for competitive
purposes. Other forms in which the guitar was represented are songs of various content: love,
satirical, political... The guitar is also been musical entourage along with dance and recitals epic
poetry and rhapsodes ,3 along with he goes4 and lyrical songs . Guitaristics (auletics), a form of

3
Rhapsody are in antiquity Greek were professional performers epic songs ; primarily Homer's .

4
Odes are laudatory, solemn songs. They originate from ancient Greece, and were performed with or without

musical accompaniment .

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purely instrumental music, in which the guitar and the aulos performed together, is very
important. It should be said that guitar solo performances were not as popular as aulos solo

performances. The first competitions for solo playing guitars and for solo playing aulos are
established at 8. Pythian games .

5. Poet Sappho

Greece a poet Sappho she was close related to music , especially with wired instruments like
table are guitar and barbitone .5 She belonged to the tall social layers and wrote songs full strong
sensitivity . According to one legends , climbed up _ steep slope Parnassus , where they
welcomed her Muses .6 Walking through _ one the grove where it grew laurel , she came
across Apollo's cave . she bathed in the water nearby of Castalia source , took
Apollo's plectrum and then played on the guitars . Nymphs are they danced while Sappho _ she
played .

Performance with with a guitar are Usually were popular on the festivals and musical
competitions like which was Delia, the great one ionic music festival held on the Delos during
archaic period . Playing the guitar was also important part general of education every young
Greek .

Cytaroed records _ spread out se on the more from the thirteen vijeekova ,
and share se on the two divisions : (1) mythological period , approximately
from the 13th century  before _ new ones era to the the first Olympics ,
776  before new ones era _ and (2) historical period of time to the of Ptolemy of the
day new ones era 161. One from the few saved authentic Greek O yes is
Pythian O yes from the Pindara , in which se mentions Apollo's phorminx .
and this one statement .
5
A barbiton is a guitar which produced _ bass tones .
6
Muses are daughter of God, Zeus , i Mnemosyne , goddess poetry , art and science . There are some nine . They
were an inspiration poet .

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Deterioration music like art among Romans , and hers gradual degradation
united with sensory parties , almost is brought to the hers extinction at the
end of the 4th century , when is condemnation Churches closed theaters , a
instrumental music happens turned off from civil of life , as well as from
religious rites .

6. From Guitar to Guitar

Asia was _ the cradle guitars ; among Asia Minor to the Greeks several happened _ steps in
transition with guitars on the the guitar . The first of these steps he produced rotta 7, by
construction body , hands and transverse bars in one piece . Semitic races are used rottu in very
far away period ( 1700 BC ). It is important to display the rota fresco in Beni - Hasan , which
dates back from rule Senvosria II, who shows procession foreigners . Among to them too
bearded musician Semitic of the wearing type rott which one holding horizontally in front of
myself . In Assyrian way , i quite different _ from the Greeks , who are always played the lyre
and upright guitar _ position . Unique copy these rectangular rotte it was found in alamanic
tombs from the 5th or 6th century in Oberflacht in the Black Forest . It is now kept in the
Museum Volker in Berlin ; a is derived from guitars with rectangular with the body , while it is
from the guitar with body who is has curve bottom half of the violins produced company with
outline bodies guitars . Obey kinds of were common in Europe _ until the 14th century , some
are what? played with a bow , others were twitching _ with fingers , and carried are both names ,
cithara and rotta . Adding fingerboard , which extends _ _ _ like short the door from the body to
transverse bars , leaving with every one sides fingerboards _ _ space to hand can pass _ to stop it
wires , it produced power or crowd , and led to a reduction number of strings on three or four .
Conversion rotte u guitar was _ easy transition accomplished adding long the door to the body
performed from oval rotten . When the bow was played apply , result were guitars _ or
troubadour fiddle. At first the instrument was called cithara in Latin versions .
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Rotta is medieval stringed instrument performed from Greek guitars .

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7. Literature

1. ANDREIS, Josip. History music , Zagreb: SNL, 1989.

2. Gerald Abraham, Oxford history music , Belgrade, 2002.
3. Bundrick, Sheramy D. (2005), Music and Image in Classical Athens , New York:
Cambridge University Press
4. Kathleen Schlesinger, "Cithara", Encyclopaedia Britannica , 1911, p. 395–397.
5. MMA staff, The Kithara in Ancient Greece | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art
History , The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accessed April 2013
6. Hagel, Stefan, Ancient Greek Music , Oeaw.ac.at, Accessed April 2013

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