Composite Materials

Composite materials
➢What

➢Why

➢When

https://csmd.ornl.gov
 Composite materials

➢ A composite material is a structural material that consists of two or more

combined constituents which are combined at macroscopic level and are not
soluble in each other.

➢ The constituent phases must be chemically dissimilar and separated by a distinct

interface.
Composite materials
➢ One of its constituents is called the reinforcing phase and the other
one, in which the reinforcing phase material is embedded, is called
the matrix.

➢ Matrix – Metal, Polymer, Ceramic

➢ Reinforcement or dispersed phase – Particles, Fibres, Flakes.

Composite materials

https://www.etymonline.com/word/composite
Composite materials
➢ Pearlitic steels
➢ Alternating layers of – ferrite and cementite
Composite materials

➢ APT of Pearlitic steel

https://en.wikipedia.org
 Composite materials

https://www.compositesworld.com http://docshare01.docshare.tips/files/5085/50851653.pdf
Composite materials
➢ Natural Composites

➢ Wood

➢ Cellulose fibers in lignin matrix

➢ Principle of combined action

ISBN 13: 978-1-872691-13-8

 Composite materials
➢ Bone

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20904735 E. I. Suvorovaet al.: SEM and TEM of bone structure

Composite materials

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2019.01.003
Composite materials
Composite materials
Composite materials
Composite materials
 Composite materials

Relationship between specific strength and temperature of alternative aerospace https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2020.08.001

materials
Composite materials

➢ Metal particle reinforced composite

➢ Adding Tungsten and Nickel

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11661-016-3854-3

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2005.07.00
1

DOI: 10.1080/10426914.2017.141544
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.01.0558

C.N. Shyam Kumar 10/25/2022

Composite materials
Microstructural characterization

C.N. Shyam Kumar R . Bauri et al. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2015. 620. 67 25-10-2022
C.N. Shyam Kumar et al. Tribol. Int., 2016. 101. 284
Composite materials
Structure property correlations

Mechanical testing

Tribology
R . Bauri et al. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2015. 620. 67, C.N. Shyam Kumar et al. Tribol. Int., 2016. 101. 284
C.N. Shyam Kumar 25-10-2022
Composite materials

➢ Al-Ni
Composite materials

➢ Al-Ni ➢ Al-W

R . Bauri et al. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2015. 620. 67

 Composite materials
➢ As early as 4000 B.C.
➢ Papyrus paper – Egyptian scirca,
➢ Strips from the fibrous papyrus plant in two layers with
➢ One layer at right angles to the other
➢ In present day, it would be called an unsymmetric, cross-ply laminate

“Do not give them straw for

their bricks, make them find
their own straw” – Book of
Exodus -1300 B.C.

C.T. Herakovich / Mechanics Research Communications 41 (2012) 1– 20

Composite materials

C.T. Herakovich / Mechanics Research Communications 41 (2012) 1– 20

Classification of Composites

Source: NPTEL
Crazing

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.00013-3
Fiber Properties

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3857.7368
B. D. Agarwal, L. J. Broutman and K. Chandrashkhara, “Analysis and
Performance of Fiber Composites,” Wiley, New Jersey, 2006.
Carbon fibers

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3857.7368
Fiber Properties

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3857.7368
Stress strain Behaviour

Fiber
0 Uni directional
0
90
Bi directional
0, 90, 45 
Stress Randome
45 
45 
90 

Matrix

Strain
Stress strain Behaviour

Fiber

Stress

Matrix
m´
Strain
Critical Volume

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.08.005
Halpin-Tsai

B. D. Agarwal, L. J. Broutman and K. Chandrashkhara, “Analysis and

Performance of Fiber Composites,” Wiley, New Jersey, 2006.
 Nanocomposites
➢ Nano composites are composites in which at least one of the phases shows
dimensions in the nanometer range (1 nm = 10–9 m)
➢ Changes in particle properties below critical size

There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom - Richard Feynman Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and New Application
Opportunities, Materials Research Vol. 12, No.1, 2009
Nanocomposites

➢ Interactions at phase interfaces become largely improved

Enhancement in materials properties

➢ Surface area/volume ratio of reinforcement materials is crucial

➢ This affects the structure structure–property relationships

Nanocomposites

➢ Superior properties compared to the constituent materials

➢ Ability to tailor properties (mechanical, electrical,thermal, optical,electro

chemical catalytic etc)
Nanocomposites

Functional nanocomposites and their potential applications: A review

Journal of Polymer Research (2021) 28: 36
Nanocomposites

➢ High surface to volume ratio

➢ Nano partilces, sheets or fibers
➢ Interface area is atleast an order of magnitude higher
➢ Matrix properties are greatly affeceted at the vicinity of the reinforcement
➢ Small amount of nanoscale reinforcement has observable effect
Nanocomposites

➢ Nanolayered composite
➢ Nanofilamentary
➢ Nanoparticulates composite

➢ Functional
➢ Structural

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286567899
Nanocomposites

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286567899
Nanocomposites

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286567899
Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and New Application

Opportunities Materials Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1-39, 2009
Nanocomposites

➢ Ceramics have good wear resistance and high thermal and chemical
stability.

➢ Ceramic-matrix nanocomposites-significant enhancement on mechanical

properties

➢ Incorporation of energy-dissipating components such as whiskers, fibers, platelets

or particles in the ceramic matrix may lead to increased fracture toughness
 Nanocomposites
➢ Crack deflection or bridging
➢ Al2O3/SiC system
➢ Enhancement even with the addition of 10%
➢ Addition of nano fibers

doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2695.2005.00878.x
Nanocomposites
Processing of Nanocomposites

➢ Metal matrices employed in MMNC are mainly Al, Mg, Pb, Sn, W

➢ CMNC matrix materials include Al2O3, SiC, SiN, etc

➢ Whole range of polymers, e.g. vinyl polymers, condensation polymers, polyolefins,

speciality polymers (including a variety of biodegradable molecules) are used.
Nanocomposites
Reinforcement

➢ Synthetic and natural crystalline reinforcements

➢ Fe and other metal powders, clay, silica, TiO2 and other metal oxides

➢ Clay and layered silicates are the most common

 Nanocomposites
 MMNC
 Spray Pyrolysis
 Liquid infiltration
 Rapid Soldification
 Ball Milling
 CVD/PVD
 Chemical process

Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and New Application

Opportunities Materials Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1-39, 2009
Nanocomposites
 Spray Pyrolysis

DOI: 10.1007/s10854-020-03291-0
Nanocomposites
Rapid Solidification

➢ Spinning
➢ Droplet solidification
➢ Surface melting

DOI: 10.1007/s10904-018-0929-1
Nanocomposites
 Liquid infiltration

DOI: 10.1007/s12540-019-00520-y
Nanocomposites
 Ball Milling

https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102484
 Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and New Application

Opportunities Materials Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1-39, 2009
 Nanocomposites
 CMNC

Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and New Application

Opportunities Materials Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1-39, 2009
 Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and New Application

Opportunities Materials Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1-39, 2009
 Nanocomposites
 PMNC

Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and New Application

Opportunities Materials Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1-39, 2009
Nanocomposites
 Intercalation

Materials Science - Advanced Topics,Yitzhak Mastai, https://www.intechopen.com/books/3482

Nanocomposites
 In situ polymerisation

DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2016.1233281
Nanocomposites
 Melt inercalation
 Blending a molten thermoplastic with nanoparticle.

Synthesis of Polymer Nanocomposites: Review ofVarious Techniques, Vikas

Mittal, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015
 Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and New Application

Opportunities Materials Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1-39, 2009
Nanocomposites
 Nano cabon based
composities

Emerging Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage

2018, Pages 305-325
Nanocomposites

2 nm

C.N. Shyam Kumar et al., Nanoscale, 2017, 9, 12835

Swati Sharma et al., scientif reports 2018, 8, 1628
 Nanocomposites
5 nm 5 nm 5 nm

10 nm 10 nm 5 nm

https://www.nano-lab.com

C.N. Shyam Kumar et al., Unpublished

 Nanocomposites
Thermal and electrical properties of graphene- enriched silicon
oxycarbides

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.07.314
Nanocomposites
 CNT Composites

Plots showing variation of tensile properties of Al-CNT composites as a

function of CNT content. (a) Increase in the YS, (b) Increase in TS and
(c) Strengthening efficiency. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.01.007
Nanocomposites

https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201903753
Nanocomposites
 Nano TiO2 coated flax
fibre epoxy composites
Nanocomposites
 Nano TiO2 coated
flax fibre epoxy
composites
Nanocomposites
Nanocomposites
 Graphitic carbon nitride–titania nanocomposite,
 Single step solvothermal treatment
 Catalyst support for electro-oxidation of methanol.

Karuvatta Nubla et al. New J. Chem., 2019, 43, 3273--3279

Nanocomposites
Nanocomposites
 Fine grained
AZ31
magnesium
alloy
 Treated with
HNO3
 Coated with
electrospun
polycaprolacton
e (PCL)
nanofibres.

T. Hanas and T. S. Sampath Kumar / Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (2017) 6697–6703

https://www.kristechwire.com/more-on-thermoset-vs-thermoplastic-insulation-for-your-
copper-wire/
B. D. Agarwal, L. J. Broutman and K. Chandrashkhara, “Analysis and Performance of Fiber
Composites,”Wiley, New Jersey, 2006.
B. D. Agarwal, L. J. Broutman and K. Chandrashkhara, “Analysis and Performance of Fiber
Composites,”Wiley, New Jersey, 2006.
B. D. Agarwal, L. J. Broutman and K. Chandrashkhara, “Analysis and Performance of Fiber
Composites,”Wiley, New Jersey, 2006.
Fabrication of Composites
Fabrication of MMC
 X D Process
 Martin Marietta Laboratories, Baltimore, MD, USA

S.C. Tjong, Z.Y. Ma / Materials Science and Engineering 29 (2000) 49-113

Fabrication of MMC

➢ In situ TiB2 reinforced Al composite using XD process

➢ Powder blends of Ti, Al and B are first cold-isostatically pressed at a pressure of 200
Mpa

➢ Degassed in vacuum at 723 K for 1 h

S.C. Tjong, Z.Y. Ma / Materials Science and Engineering 29 (2000) 49-113

Fabrication of MMC
➢ The AlTiB compact is heated to 1073 K in an argon atmosphere and held at
that temperature for 15 min.

➢ Resulting porous composite is canned and section-rolled into rods of 6 mm

in diameter.

➢ TiB2 particles with a size of 1 mm are formed

➢ In situ TiB2/2024Al, TiC/Al composite, TiC/2219Al alloy composites

Fabrication of MMC

➢ Spray Deposition- Osprey Process and thermal Spray process

➢ Droplet stream is produced from a molten bath (osprey process)

➢ By continuous feeding of cold metal into a zone of rapid heat injection (thermal
spray process)
Fabrication of MMC

➢ The Osprey Process converts a stream of molten metal into a particulate spray by
gas atomisation,

➢ Which then produces a preform shape by impingement directly on to a collector.

➢ Metal is induction-melted and poured into a tundish located on top of a gas

atomisation chamber.
Fabrication of MMC

https://www.open.edu
Fabrication of MMC

➢ The atomisation gas is generated from a cryogenic source of liquid argon and liquid
nitrogen, which is vaporised and passes through a control system before entry into
the atomiser.
➢ The gases also act as a protective atmosphere to prevent oxidation of the spray
droplets.
➢ An integral part of the preforming unit is the preforming mechanism to which the
preform collector is attached.
Fabrication of MMC
➢ This is driven by means of a hydraulic power pack, which is programmed to
perform a sequence of movements under the spray so as to produce the desired
shape of preform on the collector surface.
➢ 10 kg can be spray-deposited within 20 s.
➢ Capacity of plant ranges from 30 kg to 450 kg.
➢ Size of plant; 4 m long x 2 m wide x 2 m high.
➢ 450 kg roll preforms can be produced. The majority of preforms require
subsequent deformation by extrusion, hot rolling or forging
Fabrication of MMC

➢ A wide range of materials have been processed by the Osprey route.

➢ Fine grain sizes can lead to improvements in mechanical properties and enable
materials which cannot normally be deformed by conventional deformation
techniques to be hot worked >0.6 Tm.
➢ Aluminium alloys can be produced, e.g. Al-4%Cu alloy, new compositions and
rapidly solidified materials.
Fabrication of MMC

➢ Alloy steels and stainless steels

➢ Cu-10%Sn bronze preforms with grain sizes of <0.0015 mm can be hot worked
without cracking.

➢ High temperature nickel- and cobalt-based superalloy aero engine components are
difficult to produce by conventional casting and forging techniques.
Fabrication of MMC

➢ Fine microstructures and lack of segregation

➢ Conventional hot working possible in alloys such as Nimonic 115 and Mar M002.

➢ Room temperature properties of Nimonic 115 are:

➢ Tensile strength - 1250 MPa

yield strength - 875 MPa

Fabrication of MMC

➢ Thermal spray is a plasma spray method,

➢ Extensively used for depositing metallic and ceramic coatings for different purpose
.

➢ Plasma spray forming (PSF) is the modified technique for the architecture of wide
range of alloys, inter-metallics, ceramics, composites and functional gradient
Fabrication of MMC

Advance research progresses in aluminium matrix composites: manufacturing &

applications, j. m a t e r. r e s. t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 9;8(5):4924–4939
Fabrication of MMC

Al2 O3 –Al composite powders fabricated by plasma spraying

Advance research progresses in aluminium matrix composites: manufacturing &
applications, j. m a t e r. r e s. t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 9;8(5):4924–4939
Processing of MMC
Rapid Solidification Processing

➢ Rapid extraction of thermal energy

➢ Both superheat and latent heat

➢ During the transition from a liquid state at high temperatures, to solid material at
room or ambient temperature.
Processing of MMC

➢ The rapid extraction of heat can cause undercooling as high as 100 °C or more
prior to the initiation of solidification.

➢ This is in direct comparison to the few degrees obtained for the case of
conventional casting about 1 °C or less per second.

➢ For a process to be considered in the RS regime, the cooling rate would have to be
of the order greater than 104 K/s
Processing of MMC

➢ The time of contact at high temperatures is limited to milli- seconds followed by

rapid quenching to room temperature.

➢ Quenching medium, water, brine solution, or liquid nitrogen.

➢ Profound influence on solidification rate, microstructural development and the

distribution of second-phases in the final product.
Fabrication of MMC
Salient advantages

➢ Extension of solid solubility, often by orders of magnitude

➢ Enhanced compositional flexibility

➢ Formation of non-equilibrium or metastable crystalline phases from the melt

➢ Through alternate phase selection processes and/or incorporation of desirable

second-phases
Processing of MMC

➢ Reduction in both the number and size of segregated

phases

➢ Retention of disordered crystalline structure in normally ordered materials and

intermetallic compounds

➢ The intrinsic microstructural effects include grain morphology, refinement of size

and shape of grains, and location of the phases present.
Processing of MMC
There are at least four different cooling regions to be considered

➢ Melt temperature to a temperature at which nucleation and growth of crystals occurs

➢ The growth and solidification process.

➢ Through post-solidification cooling, which occurs

upon contact with a solid substrate or on a fluid
medium;

➢ Following separation from a substrate.

The key methods are (1) spray droplet, (2) continuous casting, and (3) melt in situ
The rapid solidification processing of materials: science, principles, technology, advances, and applications, J Mater
Sci (2010) 45:287–325
Fabrication of MMC

➢ The spray methods that involve fragmentation or atomization of a melt stream into
droplets;
➢ Casting of a melt stream (chill methods usually, but not always, involving
stabilization rather than fragmentation of a melt stream);
➢ In situ melting and rapid solidification that takes place at the surface of the heat
sink, which can be the same material as that being rapidly solidified.
Fabrication of MMC
Rapid Solidification

➢ Spinning
➢ Droplet solidification
➢ Surface melting

DOI: 10.1007/s10904-018-0929-1
 Fabrication of MMC
➢Spinning

V.I. Tkatch et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 323 (2002) 91 – 96

 Fabrication of MMC
➢Droplet solidification

The rapid solidification processing of materials: science, principles, technology, advances, and applications, J Mater
Sci (2010) 45:287–325
 Fabrication of MMC
➢Surface melting

The effect of laser surface melting on grain refinement of phase separated

Cu-Cr alloy, Optics and Laser Technology 119 (2019) 105577
Fabrication of MMC

The effect of laser surface melting on grain refinement of phase separated

Cu-Cr alloy, Optics and Laser Technology 119 (2019) 105577
Processing of MMC

Dispersion processing

➢ Stir casting
➢ Compo-casting
Processing of MMC
➢ Stir casting

➢ Mixing of reinforcing agent

into base matrix
material with the help of a
mechanically operated stirrer

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/58816
Fabrication of MMC

➢ Economic rationality

➢ Mass production capability

➢ Ease in process

➢ Better regulations on structural behaviour of composite

 Fabrication of MMC

➢ Furnace,
➢ Mechanically operated stirrer
➢ Reinforcement dispenser.
➢ The melting of the base material
is done in furnace by heating.

Role of Stir Casting in development of Aluminium

Metal Matrix Composite (AMC): An Overview, OP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012022
Processing of MMC

➢ Bottom pouring furnace is more adequate for stir casting process

➢ It does not provide enough time for molten mixture to stabilize at bottom of
molten pot.

➢ Bottom poring method provides instant feeding of molten mixture in to molds

 Processing of MMC
➢ Stirring blades

Role of Stir Casting in development of Aluminium

Metal Matrix Composite (AMC): An Overview, OP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012022
Processing of MMC

➢ Injection of the particles entrained in an inert carrier gas

into the melt with the help of an injection gun,
➢
The particles are mixed into the melt as the bubbles rise
through the melt

➢ Addition of particles into the molten stream as the mould

is filled
Processing of MMC
Processing of MMC
➢ Pushing particles into the melt through the use of reciprocating rods
➢ Spray casting of droplets of atomised molten metal along
with particles onto a substrate
➢ Dispersion of fine particles in the melt by centrifugal
action
➢ Pre-infiltrating a packed bed of particles to form pellets
of a master alloy, redispersing and diluting into a melt, followed by slow stirring
➢ Injection of particles into the melt while the melt is
irradiated continuously with high intensity ultrasound
Processing of MMC
The vortex method

➢ After the matrix material is melted

➢ It is stirred vigorously to form a vortex at the surface of the melt

➢ The reinforcement material is then introduced at the side of the vortex

➢ The stirring is continued for a few minutes before the slurry

is cast
Processing of MMC

Parameters that affect the distribution of particles

➢ Stirrer size (i.e. diameter of blade)

➢ Stirring speed

➢ Duration of stirring

➢ Blade angle

➢ Feed rate of reinforcements

 Processing of MMC
 Stirrer designs

Metal matrix composites: production by the stir casting method, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 92±93 (1999) 1
 Fabrication of MMC
5 min 10 min
➢ Homogeneous distribution of
the particles is desired
➢ To maximize the mechanical
properties
➢ Lower speed and lower stir 15 min
time-particle clustering

Review of stir casting technique and technical challenges for ceramic reinforcement particulate and aluminium matrix composites, JSBCM 2020/6 Vol. 72, No. 6
 Fabrication of MMC
300 rpm 500 rpm
➢ 15 wt% silicon carbide
particle reinforced
aluminium alloy (SiCp-
6061 Al)
➢ 300 rpm clustering
➢ 500 rpm Optimum,
minimum vortex formation
➢ 700 rpm cracks and
porosity- vigorous vortex
formation, gas entrapment
700 rpm

Review of stir casting technique and technical challenges for ceramic reinforcement particulate and aluminium matrix composites, JSBCM 2020/6 Vol. 72, No. 6
Fabrication of MMC
➢ Non-uniform distribution,
➢ Porosity
➢ The difference in density is between the liquid metal and the reinforcement
➢ Reinforcement will sink or float
➢ Oxidation of Aluminium
➢ A thin lamina of aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
➢ This lamina behaves as shielding agent and prevents furthermore reactions of
molten metal
Fabrication of MMC

➢ Uninterrupted oxidation of molten aluminium occurs due to continuous stirring

and exposure of molten aluminium to outer environment

➢ Reduction in the wettability

➢ Inert atmosphere is necessary

 Fabrication of MMC

Interfacial Aspects of Metal Matrix Composites Prepared from Liquid Metals and Aqueous Solutions: A Review, Metals 2020, 10, 1400.
Fabrication of MMC

➢ Prolonged contact between the matix and reinforcement

➢ Interfacial reactions

➢ Raises the viscosity of the slurry

➢ Degrasdes the final properties of properties of composite

Fabrication of MMC

➢ Compo-casting is a semi-solid processing route in

➢ Reinforcing particulates are added to a semi-solid matrix alloy via mechanical

stirring
 Fabrication of MMC
➢ Compo-casting

A review on the production of metal matrix composites through stir casting – Furnace design, properties, challenges, and research opportunities, Journal of Manufacturing
Processes 42 (2019) 213–245
Fabrication of MMC
➢ Primary solid particles converted into the semi-solid slurry

➢ The slurry agitation can be made by mechanical vibration,

mechanical stirring, electromagnetic stirring (EMS) etc. to distribute the reinforcing
particles.
➢ Semi solid slurry reduces agglomeration or clustering

➢ Better distribution of particles

➢ Matrix grain refinement of the matrix and extremely low

porosity than the stir casting process
 Fabrication of MMC

Optical micrographs of (a) A356 Alloy; (b) A356 reinforced with 1 wt.% nano alumina particles fabricated by compo-casting; and (c)
A356 reinforced with 1 wt.% nano alumina particles fabricated by stir-casting process

Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy/Al2O3 composites fabricated by stir and compo-casting processes,
Materials and Design 34 (2012) 106–111
 Fabrication of MMC

Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy/Al2O3 composites fabricated by stir and compo-casting processes,
Materials and Design 34 (2012) 106–111
 Fabrication of MMC

The variation of (a) 0.2% yield strength; and (b) ultimate strength of the composites with different nano and micro-Al2O3
weight fractions fabricated by compo and stir-casting processes.

Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy/Al2O3 composites fabricated by stir and compo-casting processes,
Materials and Design 34 (2012) 106–111
 Fabrication of MMC

Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy/Al2O3 composites fabricated by stir and compo-casting processes,
Materials and Design 34 (2012) 106–111
 Fabrication of MMC

Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy/Al2O3 composites fabricated by stir and compo-casting processes,
Materials and Design 34 (2012) 106–111
Fabrication of MMC
 Liquid infiltration methods

 Steps to make Al-W composite using gas pressure inflitration?

Fabrication of MMC

 Steps to make Al-W composite using Squeeze Casting inflitration?

Fabrication of MMC
 Fabrication of MMC
 Ultrasonic cavitation infiltration

DOI: 10.1007/s11947-018-2178-2

DOI: 10.3390/nano9111625
Fabrication of MMC
 Centrifugal infiltration process:

https://doi.org/10.3390/met10010149
Fabrication of MMC
Lanxide process

https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/65060/1993-25-Deckard.pdf?sequence=2
Fabrication of MMC
 In Situ Composites

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-015-1424-2
Fabrication of MMC

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-015-1424-2
Fabrication of MMC

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-015-1424-2
Fabrication of MMC
 AlN

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-015-1424-2
Fabrication of MMC

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010052
Fabrication of MMC

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010052
Fabrication of MMC

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010052
Fabrication of MMC

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010052
Fabrication of MMC
 Screw extrusion
Fabrication of MMC
 Screw extrusion

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.02.006
Fabrication of CMC

Infiltration techniques
 Polymer Infiltration and Pyrolysis (PIP)
 Chemical Vapour Infiltration
 Liquid Silicon Infiltration (LSI)
 Direct Metal Oxidation (DIMOX)
 Slurry Infiltration
 Sol-gel Infiltration
Fabrication of CMC

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-022-01763-
Fabrication of CMC
Polymer Infiltration and Pyrolysis (PIP)
Fabrication of CMC
 Chemical Vapour Infiltration
Fabrication of CMC
 Liquid Silicon Infiltration (LSI)
Fabrication of CMC
 Direct Metal Oxidation (DIMOX)
Fabrication of CMC
 Slurry Infiltration

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-022-01763-
Fabrication of CMC
Fabrication of CMC
Powder Processing

 Powders Preparation
 Shaping
 Drying and firing
Fabrication of CMC
 Forming methods

https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315274126
Fabrication of CMC

https://www.princeton.edu/~maelabs/mae324/glos324/slipcasting.htm
Fabrication of CMC
 Tape casting

https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.15694
Fabrication of CMC

•Oxygen electrodes: La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3 (LSCF), La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) LSCF-GDC, LSM-YSZ,

LSM-GDC;
•Fuel electrodes: NiO/(Zr,Y)O2, NiO/Ce0.8Gd0.2O2, NiO/ Ba(Ce,Y,Zr)O3, (Sr,La,Ti)O3,
(La,Sr,Cr,Mn)O3;
•Electrolytes:(Zr,Y)O2, (Zr,Sc)O2, Ce0.8Gd0.2O2, Ba(Ce,Y)O3, (La,Sr,Ga,Mg)O3;
•Metal substrates: Ni, Stainless steel, NiCrAl foam.
https://www.istec.cnr.it/en/research/lines-of-research/energy-and-mechatronics/solid-oxide-fuel-and-electrolysis-cells-sofc-soec/
Fabrication of CMC
 Sintering of ceramics
Fabrication of CMC

http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/4/1/4_1_4.htm
Fabrication of CMC

https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lmc/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/PowderTech-11.pdf
Fabrication of CMC
Stages of sintering

 Initial stage
 Intermediate stage
 Final stage

https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lmc/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/PowderTech-11.pdf
Fabrication of CMC
Stages of sintering

 Initial stage
 Intermediate stage
 Final stage

https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lmc/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/PowderTech-11.pdf
Fabrication of CMC

https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lmc/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/PowderTech-11.pdf
Fabrication of CMC

Driving force for sintering

Interface energy density ϒ

Interface area A

https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lmc/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/PowderTech-11.pdf
 Fabrication of CMC
Mechanisms of sintering

https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lmc/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/TP3-English-2016.pdf
https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lmc/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/PowderTech-11.pdf