Wireless communication systems have experienced substantial revolutionary progress over the past years.

The
commercial deployment of 5G applications being deployed all over the world cannot fully meet the challenges
brought by the rapid increase of traffic and the real-time requirement of services [ 1]. In this behalf, industry and
academia are already working towards realizing the next generation (NG) communication systems/networks.
When viewed generally between technologies ranging from 1G to 5G, the proportion of each generation is a
matter of data rates, bandwidth, quality of experience, quality of service and operating frequency etc.

Main challenge in wireless networks is the provision of network resources efficiently while delivering guaranteed
QOE to end users, which can also be used to maximize operator’s profit. Numerous difficulties are to be considered
while delivering a specific service, such as a strict QoS, human-centric features, massive number of devices,
heterogeneous devices and networks, and uncontrollable environments. Thenceforth, the concept of Quality of
Experience (QoE) is gaining visibility, and tremendous research efforts have been spent on improving and/or
delivering reliable and added-value services, at a high user experience.

In (Measuring Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) on 5G Technology: A Review] authors
discussed different approaches in the measurement process of QoS and QoE. Parameters in QoS such as packet
loss, loss rate, network delay, and travel time are considered less effective in 5G mainly for media communication
with video. QoS parameters such as buffering, startup time, and good bitrate do not give high QoE values because
there are various parameters of satisfaction associated with users and are unpredictable. Another concept in
harmonizing QoS and QoE assessments is by combining objective and subjective parameters. Objective parameters
are obtained from packet loss rate and latency which is communication traffic data, while subjective parameters
are obtained from the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) method for user satisfaction through sampling.

In (Quality of Service as a Baseline for 5G: A Recent Study of 4G Network Performance in Thailand ) authors
conducted a study to find current QoS parameters, including latency, jitter,loss, download speed and upload speed
in Thailand. MIQ (Mobile Internet QoS Measurement Tool ) system was designed. It was developed using the API
provided by Ookla, which also provides a very popular speed test application.

In (From 2D to Next Generation VR/AR Videos: Enabling Efficient Streaming via QoE-aware Mobile Networks)
proposed a model to predict video streaming quality based on the observation of performance indicators of the
underlying IP network. Also proposed a Lightweight application QoS and QoE Predictor (LEAP). It is capable of
providing a detailed view of how the network performance affects video streaming applications and, moreover,
the corresponding user experience. The model is designed to receive four network performance indicators as
input: (i) delay, (ii) jitter, (iii) throughput and (iv) packet loss. To capture video playback performance, the model
predicts three video playout performance indicators: (i) startup time, (ii) stall count and (iii) total stall length.
In (QoE Enhancement in Next Generation Wireless Ecosystems: A Machine Learning Approach) authors proposed a
methodology to develop a global QoS management model (QoXphere ) for next generation wireless ecosystems
taking advantage of big data and machine learning (ML). The methodological approach is based on the use of
supervised and unsupervised ML techniques in order to identify both the KQIs (key quality indicators) relevant for
the users and the network performance (NP) anomalies.

Optimizing performance and Quality of Experience (QoE) for video traffic becomes crucial for the next generation
mobile networks. In (Enabling Superior and Controllable Video Streaming QoE with 5G Network Orchestration)
proposed a design to attain superior and controllable QoE in 5G networks through combining advanced network
orchestration and MPEG-DASH SAND protocol to increase end user experience for multiple DASH (Dynamic
Adaptive Streaming over HTTP) clients.

In (A Survey on Multimedia Services QoE Assessment and Machine Learning-Based Prediction) authors provided an
analysis on application-oriented, ML-based QoE prediction models for the goal of QoE management for multimedia
services.

The delivery of multimedia services such as video streaming over 4G/LTE is becoming ever more realistic due to the
High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. The HEVC standard, achieves a 50% gain in compression efficiency
over Advanced Video Coding (AVC) standard, and partly address the bandwidth limitation barrier. In (Video
Transmission over Next Generation Emergency Services) authors presented a comprehensive and realistic study of
the impact of HEVC encoding and transmission over LTE has on delivered video quality. This is vital to enable the
provision of the necessary initial video quality without any wastage of scarce bandwidth.

The quality of experience (QoE) of users about the video contents is important for service providers to improve
services and provide quality of service to end users. The video quality is affected by packet reordering, delay and
loss in the network, which degrades the QoE of end users. In (Measuring Effect of Packet Reordering on Quality of
Experience (QoE) in Video Streaming) authors proposed several experiments on video streaming creating artificial
packet reorder to measure user stratification level of video quality as well as acceptable network level for end
users. Researchers used NetEm tool for creating artificial packet reorder in video streaming, recording and playing
videos for participants for perception, and investigated the QoE of different packet reorder percentage. From
experiments, found that QoE of users is decreased when video quality is reordered due to network traffic.

Quality of service (QoS)-aware and delay-sensitive real-time applications require wireless channel models that can
incorporate QoS-aware evaluation metrics such as delay, data rate, and delay-violation probability. Existing
physical-layer channel models do not consider QoS metrics. To address this issue, QoS-aware link-layer wireless
channel model named as “effective capacity (EC)” has been proposed in (Effective Capacity in Wireless Networks: A
Comprehensive Survey).

In (QoE-aware self-tuning of service priority factor for resource allocation optimization in LTE networks) to access
QoE-aware, a QoE model is created to estimate the QoE score by using the QoS parameters. Authors proposed the
Particle Genetic Algorithm (PGA) to find the optimal parameter of service priority factors, and the proposed
algorithm works efficiently by increasing the average QoE of the network along with maintaining the QoE threshold
for each of the multiservice.

(Forecasting Quality of Service for Next-Generation Data-Driven WiFi6 Campus Networks) Researchers proposed a
WiFi6-specific QoS forecasting engine, which uses a spatio-temporal graph approach to predict QoS parameters,
e.g., throughput, in terms of user position in WiFi6 networks.

Researchers proposed a real-time interactive visualization system that visualizes the large-scale network data
(including the router configuration and port level QoS metrics) and enables the network planners or administrators
to plan and monitor the next-generation communication network efficiently.

In (Towards low-latency service delivery in a continuum of virtual resources: State-of-the-art and

Research Directions) presented a survey on ongoing research aiming to effectively support low latency
services throughout their execution lifetime in next generation networks.

In (The integrated history based prediction for future networks), authors proposed an integrated mobility
prediction scheme which is helpful to reduce resource allocation delays and reduces latency.

(High Speed and Low Latency Passive Optical Network for 5G Wireless Systems) To meet the latency and
bandwidth requirements of 5G mobile services and next-generation residential/business services,
researchers presented high speed and low-latency passive optical network (PON) enabled by time
controlled-tactile optical access (TIC-TOC) technology. The TIC-TOC technology could support
bandwidth-intensive as well as low-latency services for 5G mobile network by using channel bonding
and low-latency oriented dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA).

(6G Wireless Systems: Vision, Requirements, Challenges, Insights, and Opportunities) Another
recommendation introduced for next generation networks is holographic communications where high
 data rates and ultra-low latency is required. 5G is incapable of delivering ultra-low latencies and high
data rates for holographic applications that demand data rates of up to 4.3 Tbps.
For data compression, holograms required massive bandwidths. Holographic displays are the next
evolutions in multimedia experience delivering 3-D images from one or multiple sources to one or
multiple destinations, providing an immersive 3-D experience for the end user. Interactive holographic
capability in the network will require a combination of very high data rates and ultralow latency.

1G 2G 3G 4G 5G 6G

Year 1970-1984 1980-1999 1998-2001 2000-2010 2010-2019 2020-2030

technology AMPS, NMT, GCM, GPRS, EDGE WCDMA, LTE, WiMAX MIMO, MM Thz Communication
TACS UMTS wavs VLC
Frequency 30 KHz, FDMA 1.8 GHz, 1.6-2GHz, 2-8 GHz, 3-30 GHz, 95 GHz – 3 THz,
multiplexing circuit TDMA/CDMA, CDMA, packet OFDMA, all OFDM, all OFDM, all packet
switching circuit, packet packet packet
Core PSTN PSTN Packet internet internet internet
network network
Primary Voice calls International Video Mobile Web Machine Tactile and haptic
services roaming voice calls, Conferencing, Access, IP vision, internet, connected
conference calls, GPS telephony, 3D connected autonomous
SMS, MMS, WAP, videos, HD cars, smart systems,
WWW and emails mobile TV homes, AR holographic society
Peak Data 50 kbps, 1 Mbps 21 Mbps 100 Mb/s 20 gb/s >= 1 Tb/s
Rate
Mobility 300 ms 100 ms 10 ms 1 ms 10-100 us
support
Latency
Network 0.01x 0.1x 1x >=10x >=100x
energy
efficiency
Spectral 0.6x 1x 3x >=15x
efficiency
Area traffic 1 Kbps/ m2 0.1 Mbps/ m2 10 Mbps/ m2 1 Gbps/ m2
capacity
Connection 104 105 106 107
density
bandwidth 30 KHz 200 KHz 5 MHz 1.25-20 MHz 0.25-1 GHz Upto 3 THz
uplink 824-845 MHz 880-915 MHz 1920-1980 2500-2570 10 Gbs 1 Tbs
downlink 869-894 925-960 2110-2170 2620-2690 20 GBs >1 Tbs
Security Unencrypted One-way IP privacy MAC layer NFV, SDN and AI/ ML threats,
issues telephone authentication issues, attacks and new cloud threats system architecture
services issues, wireless devices threats attacks
unauthorized interface
access threats