QUESTION 7 (25 MARKS)

In 21st century Terrorism and Insurgency possess great challenge to the state actors in
international system. Compare terrorism and insurgency in strategic studies with relevant
examples.

(CO2:PO2 – 25 marks)

In 21st century, Terrorism and Insurgency possess great challenge to the state actors in
international system. (* mention irregular warfare). Terrorists and insurgents ultimately seek to

achieve a political result from their use of force. Terrorism can be defined as sustained use
of violence against symbolic or civilian targets by small groups for political purposes through
coercion, fear, drawing widespread attention to a political grievance and provoking a
draconian or unsustainable response. Insurgency is hard to define, but it is best defined as a
planned movement aimed at the constituted government by using subversion, agent or spy,
terrorism, and armed conflicts.

There has so much differences between terrorism and insurgency from the
perspectives if political objectives, use of force, as well as sources of income.

The first difference is political objectives. Terrorism is an act committed and legitimized by a
political nature suck as hijacking, remote bombing and assassination. They seek attention to
generate domestic and international support or empathy among a population for the cause
that drove them to arms. The insurgency is an organized resistance movement to overthrow
existing social order, establish autonomous national territory, and extract political
concessions.

Second, they are difference from the aspect of use of force. Terrorism is also calculated use
of violence or threat to inculcate fear and intended to coerce government or societies to
pursue goals. Insurgent groups …..

The insurgency is an organized resistance movement to overthrow existing social order,

establish autonomous national territory, and extract political concessions. Next

The third difference lays in the sources of income. , For terrorist groups, the source of
financing in terrorism is by income making an action, include : kidnapping, extortion,
smuggling, and fraud. The insurgency is by financial support, donations, community
solicitation, fundraising initiatives, and large organizations.
 Some History of terrorism examples will be discussed. The Hezbollah and Al-Qaeda
regimes are two classical examples of terrorism. First, the Syrian war in which Assad, Iran,
and Russia support non-state actors, the Hezbollah, to attack the enemy (US, Saudi Arabia,
and Israel). Hezbollah used terrorist tactics such as kidnappings and suicide bombing to fight
long and short guerrilla campaigns against Israeli forces. This war can also be called the
proxy war, which means all fight each other. NextSecond, the September 11 attacks on the
US. The Al-Qaeda, a non-state actor, challenged and attacked the US. On September 11, The
hijackers' express intention was to crash each jet into a significant US building, resulting in
mass deaths and partial or complete damage to the buildings targeted.

Furthermore, the example of Insurgency is MaoOn the other hand, the Chinese
Communist Party founded by Mao Zedong and the Liberation of Tamil Tigers of Eelam are
two significant examples of insurgency. Mao has three stages which are strategic defensive
is to tactical offensives with local numerical superiority are carried out to stretch enemy
resources further., Stalemate is prolonged battle to wear down the enemy’s physical and
moral strength., and strategic offensive is to main forces conduct the battle and use
overwhelming force to destroy decimated enemy forces. MoreoverMeanwhile, the
liberation of Tamil Tigers of Eelam (LTTE) also launched insurgency for more than four
decades (40 years) in Sri Lanka. They have internal support from Tamil people in the north
and east of Sri Lanka, but they have no popular support from the international community.
The LTTE has military, air tigers, air force, and the sea tiger, which is navy to national
security.

In my opinionAs a conclusion, terrorism would remain a significant threat to

national, regional, and international peace and security as there is deliberate violence of
international law and human rights. Not only that, threats from terrorism such as explosives
technology, air travel, the internet can pose significant dangers across borders without
national support. While on that, the development of insurgency would change when time
passed with new trends, and it may relate to terrorism.