CHAPTER IX

IDEOLOGICAL CRIME
(TERRORISM)
ORIGIN OF THE WORD TERRORISM
"Terror" comes from a Latin terrere meaning "to frighten".
The term "terrorism" was originally used to describe the actions of the Jacobin Club during the "Reign of
Terror" in the French Revolution.
"The word terrorism was first used in France to describe a new system of government adopted during
the French Revolution (1789-1799).
The REGIME DE LA TERREUR (Reign of Terror) was intended to promote democracy and popular rule by
ridding the revolution of its enemies and thereby purifying it. However, the oppression and violent excesses
of the terreur transformed it into a feared instrument of the state.
From that time on, terrorism has had a decidedly negative connotation.
The word, however, did not gain wider popularity until the late 19th century when it was adopted by a
group of Russian revolutionaries to describe their violent struggle against tsarist rule.
Terrorism then assumed the more familiar antigovernment associations it has today.

TERRORISM DEFINE
Terrorism is the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear for bringing about political change. It is the
systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.
The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against
people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for
ideological or political reasons.
“The unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, civilian
population, or any segment thereof, in the furtherance of political or social objectives.”
Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim.
Terrorismis also definedas political violence in an asymmetrical conflict that is designed to induce terror
and psychic fear (sometimes indiscriminate) through the violent victimization and destruction of
noncombatant targets (sometimes iconic symbols).
“It is the premeditated use or threatened use of violence or means of destruction perpetrated against
innocent civilians or non-combatants, or against civilians and government properties, usually intended to
influence an audience.
Its purpose is to create a state of fear that will aid in extorting, coercing, intimidating, or causing
individuals and groups to alter their behavior.
Its methods, among others, are hostage taking, piracy or sabotage, assassination, threats, hoaxes, and
indiscriminate bombings or shootings.”
Terrorism is the systematic use of terror, especially as a means of coercion. It refers only to those acts
which are:
1. Intended to create fear
2. Are perpetrated for ideological goal
3. Deliberately target non-combatants

Terrorism is
1. A specific type of violence.
2. Perpetrated.
3. Calculated.
4. Motivated by political, religious, or ideological objectives.
5. Intended to produce fear.
6. Carried out by subnational groups.

Malaysia: Terrorism does not include people’s struggle against foreign occupation, aggression, colonialism,
and hegemony aimed at liberation and self-determination in accordance with the principles of international
law.”

R.A. 9372 - THE HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF 2007

Sec 3. Any person who commits an act punishable under any of the following provisions of the revised penal
code
1. Art 122(Piracy and Mutiny)
2. Art 134 (Rebellion and Insurrection)
3. Art 134-a (Coup d etat)
4. Art 248 (Murder)
5. Art 267 (Kidnapping and serious illegal detention)
 6. Art 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction)

Or under
1. PD 1613 (The Law on Arson)
2. R.A. 6969 (Toxic Substance Control Act)
3. R.A. 5207 (Atomic Energy Regulatory Act)
4. R.A. 6235 (Anti – Hijacking Law)
5. PD 532 ( Anti Piracy and Highway Robbery)
6. PD1866 (Illegal Possession of Fire Arms)
Thereby sowing and creating a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among
populace, in order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand shall be guilty of the
crime of terrorism and shall suffer the penalty of 40 years of imprisonment without the benefit of parole
as provided for under Act 4103, otherwise known as the indeterminate sentence law, as amended

OTHER DEFINITIONS

THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE: Defines "terrorism" to be "premeditated politically-motivated

violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually
intended to influence an audience.

US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DEFINITION

. . . the calculated use of violence or threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to
intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.

THE UNITED NATIONS DEFINITION (1992): An anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action,
employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political
reasons, whereby - in contrast to assassination - the direct targets of violence are not the main targets.
The most commonly accepted academic definition.
United Nation described terrorism as any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians
or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an
international organization to do or abstain from doing any act.
. . . all war crimes will be considered acts of terrorism, in which case most every government in the world
has committed terrorism, though few have ever faced justice or were even disgraced for doing so.

BRITISH GOVERNMENT DEFINITION (1974): The use of violence for political ends, and includes any use of
violence for the purpose of putting the public, or any section of the public, in fear."

The United States Department of Defense: Terrorism is “the calculated use of unlawful violence or
threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in
the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.”
Within this definition, there are three (3) key elements — violence, fear, and intimidation and each
element produces terror in its victims.

THE FBI DEFINITION: Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to
intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political
or social objectives."

THE THREE COMMON ELEMENTS

OF TERRORIST ACTS:
1. Illegal use of force
2. Intended to intimidate or coerce
3. Support of political/social objectives

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM (BRUCE HOFFMAN)

By distinguishing terrorists from other types of criminals and terrorism from other forms of crime,
we come to appreciate that terrorism is:
1. It is exercised by organized groups
2. Ineluctably political in aims and motives. It is inspired by Political Motive.
3. There is systematic and indiscriminate use of violence, treat and breach of Law
4. Use of Violence is intended to arouse fright or alarm
5. Designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate victim or target.
 6. Conducted by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure
(whose members wear no uniform or identifying insignia).
7. Perpetrated by a sub - national group or non-state entity.

INFLUENCING FACTORS

Political influence Economic influence Religious influences

PERSIA

Social Influences Intellectual and Arts Area and Geographical

Influences influences

FOUR CATEGORIES OF APPROACHES TO TERRORISM ANALYSIS:

1. The multi-Causal Approach: This approach incorporates psychological considerations, economic,
political, religious and sociological factors as contributors to understanding the causes of terrorism.
2. The political or Structural Approach: Presupposes that the causes of terrorism can be found in
environmental factors.
3. The organizational approach: This approach rests on the idea that organizations consciously make
the decision to use the instrument of terrorism as the best option to attain certain political goals.
4. The psychological approach: This approach focuses primarily on the features and characteristics of
the individual perpetrator or terrorist group; examining the behavior, recruitment methods,
individual profiles, and ‘careers’ of terrorists.

MOST RELEVANT ROOT AND TRIGGER CAUSES

Based on the prevailing scholarly literature and the above-mentioned list of concrete examples of
identified root and trigger causes of terrorism, we have identified the top five reasons for each.
The specific causes within each category – root and trigger causes – have been ranked from the most
general or broad aspects to the more specific underlying factors.

ROOT CAUSES TRIGGER CAUSES

Rapid modernization and Events that call for revenge

or action (i.e. contested
urbanization are strongly elections, police brutality,
correlated with the etc.)
emergence of ideological
terrorism
 Lack of Democracy, civil Lack of opportunity for
liberties and the rule of law is political
a precondition to many forms
of domestic terrorism participation

Historical antecedents of Concrete grievances among

political Violence a subgroup of a larger
population

Repression by foreign Importance of belonging to

occupation a strong group for
development of identity
or colonial powers

Experience of discrimination Peace talks

based on ethnic or religious
origins

OTHER ROOT CAUSE OF TERRORISM

1. Foreign domination and control of Muslim resources.

2. Hatred of the Western way of life.
3. Alienation.
4. Poverty and illiteracy
5. The moral decadence of the West
6. Imperialism
7. West's support for Israel
8. Injustice
9. Politicians
10. Poverty and Illiteracy
11. Media ( Controlled By Politicians)
12. Religious causes

POTENTIAL TARGETS
1. Government facilities
2. Public assembly buildings
3. Mass transit systems
4. Telecommunications
5. Symbolic Sites

AIM OF TERRORISM:
1. Seriously intimidate populace.
2. Unduly compelling a Government or international organization to perform or abstain from
performing any act.
3. Seriously destabilize or destroy the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social
structures of a country or an international organization.

PURPOSE OF TERRORISM
1. Fear
2. Panic
3. Disruption
4. Demoralization
5. Intimidation
6. Embarrass Government
7. Media Attention

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN TERRORIST AND ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS

 1. Hierarchy structure
2. Operate secretly
3. Underground network
4. Control over the individual is strong
5. front organizations (Businesses or Charities)
6. Similar tactics

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TERRORIST AND ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS

Terrorist Organized Crime

1. Ideologically or politically 1. Profit-oriented

motivated

2. Seek media attention

3. Victimization is generally
less discriminate 2. Do not seek media
attention
4. Wish to compete with
governments for 3. Victimization is generally
legitimacy less discriminate

4. Do not do this

TERRORIST ACTS ARE MOTIVATED BY TWO THINGS:

All terrorist acts are motivated by two things:

1. Social and political injustice. People choose terrorism when they are trying to right what they
perceive to be a social or political or historical wrong—when they have been stripped of their land
or rights, or denied these.
2. The belief that violence or its threat will be effective, and usher in change. Another way of saying
this is: the belief that violent means justify the ends. Many terrorists in history said sincerely that
they chose violence after long deliberation, because they felt they had no choice.

– The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that draws the attention of the local
populace, the government, and the world to their cause.
– The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets that symbolize
what they oppose.
– The effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in the act itself, but in the public’s or government’s
reaction to the act.
– For example, in 1972 at the Munich Olympics, the Black September Organization killed 11 Israelis. The
Israelis were the immediate victims. But the true target was the estimated 1 billion people watching
the televised event.
– The Black September Organization used the high visibility of the Olympics to publicize its views on
the plight of the Palestinian refugees.
– Similarly, in October 1983, Middle Eastern terrorists bombed the Marine Battalion Landing Team
Headquarters at Beirut International Airport.
– Their immediate victims were the 241 U.S. military personnel who were killed and over 100 others
who were wounded.
– Their true target was the American people and the U.S. Congress. Their one act of violence
influenced the United States’ decision to withdraw the Marines from Beirut and was therefore
considered a terrorist success.
 Note: Such acts are meant to send a message from an illicit clandestine organization. The
purpose of terrorism is to exploit the media in order to achieve maximum attainable
publicity as an amplifying force multiplier in order to influence the targeted audience(s) in
order to reach short - and midterm political goals and/or desired long-term end states.

THREE CATEGORIES OF MOTIVATION

1. Rational
 2. Psychological
3. Cultural

THREE PERSPECTIVES OF TERRORPERSPECTIVESISM

1. The Terrorist’s Perspectives - The phrase “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter” is
a view terrorists themselves would accept. Terrorists do not see themselves as evil. They believe
they are legitimate combatants, fighting for what they believe in, by whatever means possible.
2. The Victim’s Perspectives - A victim of a terrorist act sees the terrorist as a criminal with no regard
for human life.
3. The General Publics Perspectives. - The general public’s view is the most unstable. The terrorists
take great pains to foster a “Robin Hood” image in hope of swaying the general public’s point of
view toward their cause. This sympathetic view of terrorism has become an integral part of their
psychological warfare and needs to be countered vigorously.

THREE (3) MAIN WEAPONS OF TERRORISM

1. BOMBS (the most common terrorist tactic).Bombs can consist of commercially produced explosives
such as black powder, TNT, or dynamite; military supplies such as plastic explosives; or commercially
available materials made into homemade explosives, such as fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) mixed
with diesel fuel. Bombs can be either explosive or incendiary (designed to cause a fire upon impact).

The most effective bombs typically employ a shaped charge (explosive) that channels the force of
the blast in a specific direction. Bombs are detonated (made to explode) by a variety of means.
1. Time-delay detonators use a clock, wristwatch, or other timing device.
2. Remote-control detonators rely on radio or other electronic signals.
3. Command-wire detonation a button is pressed or a plunger pushed to trigger the
explosion.

2. FIREARMS - Many terrorists have favored firearms, including automatic weapons such as assault
rifles, submachine guns, and pistols; revolvers; sawed-off shotguns; hunting rifles with sniper sights,
especially for assassination; and machine guns. During the 1990s, terrorists increasingly used rocket-
propelled grenades and other armor-piercing projectiles in their attacks.

These weapons, more powerful forms of the bazookas used in World War II (1939-1945), can
penetrate successive layers of ceramic and reinforced-steel that protect vehicles used by the police
and military forces. Another favorite terrorist weapon is the hand grenade or its homemade
equivalent, the Molotov cocktail. This crude grenade is made by filling a glass bottle with gasoline,
stuffing a rag down the bottle’s neck, and igniting the rag just before tossing the bottle at a target.

3. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

Concern over terrorist use of chemical and biological weapons increased after the 1995 sarin
nerve gas attack on the Tokyo subway and the discovery in 2001 of anthrax spores mailed in the
United States.
Chemical weapons consist of toxic chemical compounds, such as nerve gas or dioxin, whereas
biological weapons are living organisms or their toxins, such as anthrax spores.

Chemical weapons can be divided into five main classes:

1. Incapacitating: Are the only deliberately nonlethal chemical weapon. They include the tear
gases and pepper sprays typically used by police and other law enforcement agencies for
crowd control or to subdue a person temporarily.
2. Choking: Choking agents attack the victim’s respiratory system and hamper breathing,
leading to death by suffocation.
3. Blistering: Blister agents produce large blisters on exposed skin that do not heal readily
and therefore easily become infected.
4. Blood: Blood agents, which victims absorb through breathing, enter the bloodstream and
lead to convulsions, respiratory failure, and death as they shut down the body’s
functioning
5. Nerve Agents - Nerve agents are especially effective. They can be either inhaled or
absorbed through the skin and quickly attack the central nervous system, obstructing
breathing

Biological agents
1. Are disease-carrying organisms that infect people through inhalation, contaminated food
or water, or contact with the skin.
 2. They include bacterial toxins, such as anthrax, Clostridium botulinum (botulism), and
salmonella; plant toxins such as ricin; and viruses, such as tularemia, yellow fever, and
smallpox.

OTHER TERRORIST TACTICS & WEAPONS

1. AK-47 Assault Rifles - The Soviet era assault rifle began circulating among guerrilla fighters, national
liberation army’s and international terrorists during the Cold War – and it still is today.
2. Assassination - The targeted murder of a political or other well-known figure brings attention to a
terrorist's cause.
3. Car Bombing (VBIEDs) - Car Bombing, a favored terrorist tactic, turns vehicles into weapons
4. DirtyBomb - Dirty Bomb is the colloquial name for a Radiological Dispersal Device.
5. Hijacking - The illegal seizure of an aircraft, ship or vehicle is a long-established terrorist tactic.
6. IEDs (Improvised Explosive Devices) -IEDs, or Improvised Explosive Devices, are makeshift bombs
that can cause tremendous damage.
7. Nuclear Terrorism- Terrorists might Buy, Build or Bomb using nuclear materials. The types of nuclear
terrorism are listed here.
8. Rocket Propelled Grenades - Rocket Propelled Grenades are light, cheap and easy to find on the
black market.
9. Suicide Attacks - Suicide attacks are committed by assailants who are aware they will be killed in
their attack.
10. Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs)- Lightweight and compact, surface-to-air missiles are ideal weapons
in an insurgent or terrorist arsenal.

HOW TERRORISTS OPERATE

1. Assaults & murders
2. Kidnapping & skyjackings
3. Arson & bombings
4. Weapons of mass destruction

PRIMARY REASON FOR TERRORISM

1. Political Ideology - The purpose of their terroristic act is to force the government to abscord and
replace it what they have in mind.
2. Religion - They want to establish a secular government on their own with only one religion.
3. Nationalism - It is a devotion to the interest or culture of a group of people or groups of nation.
4. Special Interest Group - They do terroristic act to uphold what they are advocating.

THE INTENT OF TERRORIST GROUPS

A terrorist group commits acts of violence to -
1. Produce wide spread fear.
2. Obtain worldwide, national, or local recognition for their cause by attracting the attention of the
media.
3. Harass, weaken, or embarrass government security forces so that the government overreacts and
appears repressive.
4. Steal or extort money and equipment, especially weapons and ammunition vital to the operation of
their group.
5. Destroy facilities or disrupt lines of communication in order to create doubt that the government
can provide for and protect its citizens.
6. Discourage foreign investments, tourism, or assistance programs that can affect the target
country’s economy and support of the government in power.’
7. Influence government decisions, legislation, or other critical decisions.
8. Free prisoners Satisfy vengeance.
9. Turn the tide in a guerrilla war by forcing government security forces to concentrate their efforts in
urban areas. This allows the terrorist group to establish itself among the local populace in rural
areas.

CHARACTERISTIC OF TERRORIST
1. Separatist - Separatist groups are those with the goal of separation from existing entities through
independence, political autonomy, or religious freedom or domination. The ideologies separatists
subscribe to include social justice or equity, anti-imperialism, as well as the resistance to conquest or
occupation by a foreign power.
 2. Ethnocentric - Groups of this persuasion see race as the defining characteristic of a society, and
therefore a basis of cohesion. There is usually the attitude that a particular group is superior
because of their inherent racial characteristics.
3. Nationalistic - The loyalty and devotion to a nation, and the national consciousness derived from
placing one nation's culture and interests above those of other nations or groups. This can find
expression in the creation of a new nation or in splitting away part of an existing state to join with
another that shares the perceived "national" identity.
4. Revolutionary - Dedicated to the overthrow of an established order and replacing it with a new
political or social structure. Although often associated with communist political ideologies, this is
not always the case, and other political movements can advocate revolutionary methods to achieve
their goals.
5. Political - Political ideologies are concerned with the structure and organization of the forms of
government and communities. While observers outside terrorist organizations may stress
differences in political ideology, the activities of groups that are diametrically opposed on the
political spectrum are similar to each other in practice.
6. Religious - Religiously inspired terrorism is on the rise, with a forty-three percent increase of total
international terror groups espousing religious motivation between 1980 and 1995. While Islamic
terrorists and organizations have been the most active, and the greatest recent threat to the United
States, all of the major world religions have extremists that have taken up violence to further their
perceived religious goals. Religiously motivated terrorists see their objectives as holy writ, and
therefore infallible and non-negotiable.
7. Social - Often particular social policies or issues will be so contentious that they will incite extremist
behavior and terrorism. Frequently this is referred to as "single issue" or "special interest"
terrorism. Some issues that have produced terrorist activities in the United States and other
countries include animal rights, abortion, ecology/environment, and minority rights
8. Domestic - These terrorists are "home-grown" and operate within and against their home country.
They are frequently tied to extreme social or political factions within a particular society, and focus
their efforts specifically on their nation's socio-political arena.
9. International or Transnational - Often describing the support and operational reach of a group,
these terms are often loosely defined, and can be applied to widely different
capabilities. International groups typically operate in multiple countries, but retain a geographic
focus for their activities. Hezbollah has cells worldwide, and has conducted operations in multiple
countries, but is primarily concerned with events in Lebanon and Israel. Transnational
groups operate internationally, but are not tied to a particular country, or even region. Al Qaeda is
transnational; being made up of many nationalities, having been based out of multiple countries
simultaneously, and conducting operations throughout the world. Their objectives affect dozens of
countries with differing political systems, religions, ethnic compositions, and national

BEHAVIOR OF TERRORIST
1. Political - A terrorist act is a political act or is committed with the intention to cause a political effect.
Clausewitz' statement that "war is a continuation of policy by other means" is taken as a truism by
terrorists. They merely eliminate the intermediate step of armies and warfare, and apply violence
directly to the political contest.
2. Psychological - The intended results of terrorist acts cause a psychological effect ("terror"). They
are aimed at a target audience other than the actual victims of the act. The intended target
audience of the terrorist act may be the population as a whole, some specific portion of a society
(an ethnic minority, for example), or decision-making elites in the society's political, social, or
military populace.
3. Coercive - Violence and destruction are used in the commission of the act to produce the desired
effect. Even if casualties or destruction are not the result of a terrorist operation, the threat or
potential of violence is what produces the intended effect. For example, a successful hostage taking
operation may result in all hostages being freed unharmed after negotiations and bargaining.
Regardless of the outcome, the terrorist bargaining chips were nothing less than the raw threat of
applying violence to maim or kill some or all of the hostages.
When the threat of violence is not credible, or the terrorists are unable to implement
violence effectively, terrorism fails.
4. Dynamic - Terrorist groups demand change, revolution, or political movement. The radical
worldview that justifies terrorism mandates drastic action todestroy or alter the status quo. Even if
the goals of a movement are reactionary in nature, they require action to "turn back the clock" or
restore some cherished value system that is extinct. Nobody commits violent attacks on strangers
or innocents to keep things "just the way they are."
 5. Deliberate - Terrorism is an activity planned and intended to achieve particular goals. It is a
rationally employed, specifically selected tactic, and is not a random act. Since the victims of
terrorist violence are often of little import, with one being as good for the terrorists' purposes as
another, victim or target selection can appear random or unprovoked. But the target will contain
symbolic value or be capable of eliciting emotional response according to the terrorists' goals.
Remember that the actual target of terrorism is not the victim of the violence, but the psychological
balance
6. Media Exploitation - Terrorism's effects are not necessarily aimed at the victims of terrorist
violence. Victims are usually objects to be exploited by the terrorists for their effect on a third party.
In order to produce this effect, information of the attack must reach the target audience. So any
terrorist organization plans for exploitation of available media to get the message to the right
audiences. Victims are simply the first medium that transmits the psychological impact to the larger
target audience.

THREE GROUPS OF TERRORIST

1. National Terrorist - THOSE who operate and aspire to win political power within a single nation. Ex.
NPA, MILF and MNLF.
National Terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our
government without foreign involvement.
2. International Terrorist - Those who are controlled by and whose action represents the interest of a
sovereign state.

International terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed
by countries or groups outside the United States. Sept. 11 is an example of International Terrorism.

Ex. Hamas (Palestine) and Hezbollah (Lebanon).

3. Transnational Terrorist - Those who operate across international borders and whose action and
political aspirations affects individuals of various nationalities. Ex. Al Qaeda

CATEGORIES TERRORIST INCIDENTS

1. Biological
2. Nuclear
3. Incendiary
4. Chemical
5. Explosive

TERRORIST ORGANIZATION
The organizational structure of a terrorist group determines its strengths and weaknesses.

TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES

1. Hierarchical
2. Networked

The age of an organization is one of the determinants of whether it is likely to adopt a network or
hierarchical structure. Newer groups tend towards organizing or adapting to the possibilities inherent in the
network model.

CELL
– The smallest elements of terrorist organizations that serve as building blocks for the terrorist
organization.
– Terrorists may organize cells based on family or employment relationships, on a geographic basis,
or by specific functions such as direct action and intelligence.
– The terrorist group may also form multifunctional cells.
– The terrorist group uses the cells to control its members.
– Cell members remain in close contact with each other to provide emotional support and to
prevent desertion or breach of security procedures.
– The cell leader is normally the only person who communicates and coordinates with higher
levels and other cells.
– A terrorist group may form only one cell or may form many cells that operate locally or
internationally.
– The number of cells and their composition depend on the size of the terrorist group.
 – A terrorist group operating within one country frequently has fewer cells and specialized teams
than does an international terrorist group that may operate in several countries.

TYPES OF TERRORISM
1975 - The Law Enforcement Assistant Administration in the United States formed the National Advisory
Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the committee wrote was
entitled Disorders and Terrorism, produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the direction
of H.H.A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff. The Task Force classified terrorism into six categories.
1. Civil Disorder – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal
functioning of the community.
2. Political Terrorism – Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate fear in the
community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.
3. Non-Political terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits
“conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is
individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.”
4. Quasi-terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in
form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not
the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of
genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine
terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction. For example, the fleeing felony who
takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but
whose purposes are quite different.
5. Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary
approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological
or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the state.
6. Official or state terrorism –"referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that
reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism
defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often
as part of their foreign policy.

State terrorism may refer to acts of terrorism conducted by a state against a foreign state or
people.
State terrorism refer to acts of violence by a state against its own people.
State terrorism is a system of political domination based on the spreading of terror in society.

OTHER TYPES OF TERRORISM

1. Eco-Terrorism - Usually refers to acts of violence or sabotage committed in support of ecological,
environmental, or animal rights causes against persons or their property.
Eco terrorism is a recently coined term describing violence in the interests of environmentalism.

2. Religious Terrorism - Is terrorism by those whose motivations and aims have a predominant religious
character or influence.
Seek to use violence to further what they see as divinely commanded purposes, often targeting broad
categories of foes in an attempt to bring about sweeping changes.
Examples include Osama bin Laden’s al-Queda network, Palestinian Sunni Muslim organization Hamas,
Lebanese Shiite group Hezbollah, and some American white-supermacist militias.
3. Narco Terrorism - In Narco terrorism, terrorists making, transporting, and selling illegal drugs to fund
terrorists activities.
Narco terrorism has denoted violence used by drug traffickers to influence governments or prevent
government efforts to stop the drug trade.
Example: Making, transporting, and selling illegal drugs to fund terrorists activities.

4. Chemical Terrorism - Is the form of terrorism that uses the toxic effects of chemicals to kill, injure, or
otherwise adversely affect the interests of its targets.
5. Nationalist Terrorism - Is a form of terrorism motivated by nationalism. Nationalist terrorists seek to
form self-determination in some form, which may range from gaining greater autonomy to establishing a
completely independent, sovereign state (separatism). Nationalist terrorists often oppose what they
consider to be occupying, imperial, or otherwise illegitimate powers.

Itseek to form a separate state for their own national group, often by drawing attention to a fight for
“national liberation” that they think the world has ignored.
 Example groups include Irish Republican Army, Palestine Liberation Organization, Basque Fatherland and
Liberty, and Kurdistan Workers’ Party

6. Bioterrorism – It is a terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents.

These agents are (bacteria, viruses, or toxins), and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified
form.
Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents. These
agents are bacteria, viruses, or toxins.

Bioterrorism is the term used for terrorist activities in which biological substances are used to cause
harm to other people.

Example: They can be contaminated water, food, air and packages to create infection.

7. Cyber Terrorism – It is the use of Internet based attacks in terrorist activities, including acts of
deliberate, large-scale disruption of computer networks, especially of personal computers attached to
the Internet, by the means of tools such as computer viruses. Cyber terrorism is a controversial term.
In this Terrorist use Information Technology to attack civilians. It uses Computer System and
Telecommunications as a tool to attack.
Example: The internet worms and viruses that are designed to take down some of the systems that the
government uses.

8. Nuclear Terrorism - Denotes the use, or threat of the use, of nuclear weapons or radiological weapons in
acts of terrorism, including attacks against facilities where radioactive materials are present.
In legal terms, nuclear terrorism is an offense committed if a person unlawfully and intentionally “uses in
any way radioactive material … with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury; or with the intent
to cause substantial damage to property or to the environment; or with the intent to compel a natural or
legal person, an international organization or a State to do or refrain from doing an act”, according to
2005 United Nations International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism.

"Nuclear terrorism" refers to a number of different ways nuclear materials might be exploited as a
terrorist tactic.
Nuclear terrorism is any different way that nuclear weapons might be used for terrorism.

Example: Use of Radioactive materials through explosion. Use of nuclear reactor method.

9. State-Sponsored Terrorism - Deliberately used by radical states as foreign policy tools.

State Department says Iran is the primary state sponsor of terrorism today. Examples include Hezbollah
backed by Iran, Abu Nibal Organization backed by Iraq, Japanese Red Army that often work on contracts
for Libya
10. Left-Wing Terrorism - Out to destroy capitalism and replace it with a communist or socialist regime.
Examples include Baader-Meinhof Group (Germany), Japanese Red Army (Lebanon), The Weathermen
(America 1970s), and Red Brigades (Italy)
11. Right-Wing Terrorism - Seek to do away with liberal democratic governments and create fascist states in
their place. Examples include neo-Nazi or Neofascist terrorist groups.
12. Anarchist Terrorism - Revolutionaries seek to overthrow established governments launched a wave of
bombing and assassinated a series of heads of state. Leon Czolgosz, anarchist who assassinated
President William McKinley in 1901.
13. Domestic Terrorism - Involves groups or individuals who are based and operate entirely within the
United States or its territories without foreign direction and whose acts are directed at elements of the
U.S. Government or population. Examples include Timothy McVeigh (right-wing), The World Church of
the Creator (right-wing), Aryan Nations (right-wing), Popular Puerto Rican Army (left-wing), and Los
Macheteros (left-wing).

NOTABLE TERRORIST ATTACKS:

HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI ATTACK (1945)

 During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted two atomic bombings
against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, the first on August 6, 1945 &the second on August 9,
1945. These two events are the only use of nuclear weapons in war to date.

PUNJAB TERRORISM (1980S – 1990S)

1987 Punjab killings are killings of 34 Hindu bus passengers in Haryana state in India in July 1987 by the
suspected “Khalistan Commando Force militants”.
The militants attacked two buses and killed 34 bus passengers. The militants created roadblock by using a
car and a Jeep. They singled out Hindu passengers and dragged them off and shot them to death.
The 1991 Punjab killings was a massacre of train passengers that occurred on 15 June, 1991 in Ludhiana
district, Punjab. The Sikh militants killed at least 80 train passengers travelling in two trains near the city
of Ludhiana. The militants attacked two trains about a kilometer from Ludhiana station by having their
emergency cords pulled. They opened fire inside the passenger trains and killed at least 80 passengers. The
survivors stated that on one of the two trains Hindu passengers were identified before being shot. On the second
train the militants fired indiscriminately and many Hindus were killed. Between April, when elections were
announced, and the June attack a total of 700 people had died in the state.
In the same year in December 1991 the militants further killed 49 passengers, mostly Hindu, travelling on
train from Ludhiana to Ferozepur.

WORLD TRADE CENTER, PENTAGON AND SHANKS-VILLE INCIDENT

The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States
in New York City and the Washington D.C. area on September 11, 2001. On that Tuesday morning,
19 terrorists from the Islamist militant group ”Al-Qaeda” hijacked four passenger jets.
The hijackers intentionally crashed two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New
York City; both towers collapsed within two hours.
Hijackers crashed another jet into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.
The fourth jet crashed into a field near Shanks-ville, Pennsylvania, after passengers attempted to
take control before it could reach the hijacker's intended target in Washington, D.C.
Nearly 3,000 died in the attacks.

MUMBAI ATTACKS (2008)

The 2008 Mumbai attacks were more than 10 coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across Mumbai
by Islamist attackers who allegedly came from Pakistan. The attackers received reconnaissance assistance
before the attacks. Ajmal Kasab later claimed upon that the attacks were conducted with the support of
interrogation Pakistan's ISI. The attacks, which drew widespread global condemnation, began on
Wednesday, 26 November and lasted until Saturday, 29 November 2008, killing 164 people and wounding at
least 308.

Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai:

1. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
2. Oberoi Trident
3. The Taj Mahal Palace & Tower
4. Leopold Café
5. Cama Hospital
6. The Nariman House Jewish community centre
7. The Metro Cinema
8. A Lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier's College
There was also an explosion at Mazagaon, in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle.

LAHORE ATTACKS (OCTOBER, 2009)

The October 2009 Lahore attacks were simultaneous assaults on three buildings across
Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, on October 15, 2009, around 9:15 A.M. local time. The attacks killed 38 and wounded
at least 20. One group of militants attacked the Regional Headquarters of the Federal Investigation
Agency (FIA), while a second group raided the Manawan Police Training School. The third team of militants
attacked the Elite Police Academy.

PREVENTION OF TERRORISM
1. Primary Prevention
a. Education
b. Understand the differences in cultures, religions, beliefs and human behaviors
 c. Think of the peace, freedom and equality of all human beings, not just “my group of
people”
d. Eliminate the root of terrorism

2. Secondary Prevention
a. Establish surveillance and monitoring system on terrorism attack
b. Improve protective system for citizens

3. Tertiary Prevention
a. Early detection of the sources
b. Prevent the extension of impairments
c. Rescue the survivors
d. Console the rest of the population

SOLUTIONS FOR TERRORISM

1. Remove Poverty
2. Justice
3. Dealing with media
4. Improving international behaviour

THE AL-QAEDA
The term Al-Qaeda is literally translated as "The Base" or “The Camp”—meaning the base or camp from
which worldwide Islamic revolution will be fought.
Alternatively spelled al-Qaida and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a global Sunni Islamist militant group founded
by Osama bin Laden sometime between August 1988 and late 1989.
Al Qaeda is an International Islamic Front composed mostly of Sunni Muslims who have declared a jihad
(Holy War) against the Jew (Israel) and the crusaders (US, England and its allies).
It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless army and a radical Sunni Muslim
movement calling for global Jihad.
Al-Qaida also maintains moneymaking front businesses, solicits donations from like-minded supporters,
and illicitly siphons funds from donations to Muslim charitable organizations.

About Al Qaeda

Dates of August 11, 1988 – present

operation
Leader Usama bin Laden /Ayman al-Zawahiri
Active Worldwide
region(s)
Ideology  SunniIslamism
 Islamic fundamentalism
 Pan-Islamism
 Worldwide caliphate
Status  Designated as Foreign Terrorist
Organization by the U.S. State
Department
 Designated as Proscribed Group by
the UK Home Office
 Designated as terrorist group by EU
Common Foreign and Security Policy
Size 500–1,000 operatives (2001)[10]

PURPOSE OF AL-QAIDA
Al-Qaeda seeks to purge Muslim countries of Western—and especially United States—influence and
install fundamentalist Islamic rule.
Generally it is an Islamic Army Group for the Liberation and Preservation of the Holy Sites or Holy
Shrines.

OSAMA BIN LADEN

 He is the founder and leader of Al-Qaida terrorist group. The initial fund for Al-Qaida is $300M (part of
the inheritance of Osama).
Bin Laden, member of a billionaire family that owns the Bin Ladin Group construction empire, is said to
have inherited tens of millions of dollars that he uses to help finance the group.
Osama was dubbed as the world most wanted fugitive. (US $ 50, 000,000.00 Reward). (The "Osama"
spelling is deprecated, because there is no letter "O" in Arabic). His named should be Usama bin Laden.

MISSION
Al-Qaeda seeks to incite a global jihad (holy war) to overthrow regimes with predominantly Arab or
Muslim populations that al-Qaeda considers corrupt and anti-Islamic.
It wants to replace these regimes with a single Muslim nation or empire strictly governed according to
sharia (Islamic law).
1. Al-Qaeda sees the United States and other Western countries as blocking this goal
because they are allied with many of the countries al-Qaeda considers corrupt.
2. Al-Qaeda also considers the presence of U.S. military forces in Saudi Arabia an affront to
the Muslim people because Saudi Arabia is the location of Islam’s two holiest shrines,
Mecca and Medina.
3. Bin Laden has issued two fatwas (Islamic religious edicts) calling for the expulsion of these
forces from the Arabian Peninsula and sanctioning the use of violence to achieve this
objective.
4. A 1998 fatwa, issued in the name of “The World Islamic Front for Jihad Against the Jews
and Crusaders,” declared that “the ruling to kill the Americans and their allies—civilian or
military—is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is
possible to do it.”
5. Bin Laden regards the U.S. military presence as a continuation of the Crusades: A series of
wars during the Middle Ages in which Western Christians sought to capture the Holy Land
from Muslims.

AL-QAEDA AS A TERRORIST GROUP

It has been designated a terrorist organization by the United States, the United Nations Security
Council, the European Union, NATO, and various other countries.

EXTERNAL AID
Al-Qaida has cooperated with a number of known terrorist groups worldwide including:
1. Armed Islamic Group
2. Salafist Group for Call and Combat and the Armed Islamic Group
3. Egyptian Islamic Jihad (Egypt)
4. Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
5. JamaatIslamiyya
6. The Libyan Islamic Fighting Group
7. Bayt al-Imam (Jordan)
8. Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad (Kashmir)
9. Asbat al Ansar
10. Hezbollah (Lebanon)
11. Al-Badar
12. HarakatulAnsar/Mujahadeen
13. Al-Hadith
14. Harakatul Jihad
15. Jaish Mohammed - JEM
16. JamiatUlema-e-Islam
17. Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Pakistan
18. Laskar e-Toiba - LET
19. Moro Islamic Liberation Front (the Philippines)
20. Abu Sayyaf Group (Malaysia, Philippines)
21. Al-Ittihad Al Islamiya - AIAI (Somalia)
22. Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
23. Islamic Army of Aden (Yemen)

THEHEZBOLLAH
 Hezbollah literally "Soldier or Party of God" is a Shi'a Muslim militant/military group and political
party based in Lebanon which they control 2/3 of its territory.Hezbollah is committed to promote Islamic
activism in Lebanon.
Hezbollah is founded during the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990). To be specific Hezbollah was first
emerged in response to the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon.

AboutHezbollah

Leader Hassan Nasrallah

Founded 1982 – 1985 (officially) It receives financial and political
Ideology ShiaIslamism support from Iran and Syria, and its
Religion ShiaIslam paramilitary wing is regarded as a
resistance movement throughout
much of the Arab and Muslim worlds.
It is also engaged in transnational terrorism; the latest of which is the bombing of the USS Cole in
Yemen.
Its leaders were inspired by Ayatollah Khomeini, and its forces were trained and organized by a
contingent of Iranian Revolutionary Guards.
Hezbollah became a part of the government for the first time on 13 June, 2011.

FOUR MAIN GOALS:

1. Israel's final departure from Lebanon as a prelude to its final obliteration.
2. End any imperialist power in Lebanon.
3. Submission of the Phalangists to "just rule" and bring them to trial for their crimes.
4. Give the people the chance to choose "with full freedom the system of government they want,"
while not hiding its commitment to the rule of Islam.

THEHAMAS
Hamas, meaning “zeal” or “fervor” in Arabic, is an acronym for Harakat
al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, or Islamic Resistance Movement.
It was founded in 1987 (First Intifada) as an offshoot of the Egyptian
Muslim brotherhood in Lebanon it is now the group that controls the Israeli
occupied territories together w/ the Fatah.
It is a terrorist group seeking to create a single, Islamic state in historic
Palestine, which is now largely divided between Israel and the Israeli-occupied West
Bank and Gaza Strip.
Hamas’s charter calls for Israel’s destruction, and Hamas has engaged in terrorist activities.
It entered the political arena for the first time in 2005 by participating in municipal elections in Gaza and
the West Bank.

About Hamas

Founder Sheikh Ahmed Yassin&MahmoudZahar

Chief of the KhaledMashaal[1][2]
Political Bureau
Deputy Chief of the Mousa Abu Marzouq
Political Bureau
Prime Minister Ismail Haniyah
Foreign Minister Mahmoud Zahar
Founded 1987
Preceded by Palestinian Muslim Brethren
Headquarters Gaza, Palestinian territories
Ideology SunniIslamism,
Islamic fundamentalism, Palestinian
nationalism, Religious nationalism
Religion Sunni Islam
International Muslim Brotherhood
affiliation
THENEW PEOPLE'S ARMY
The New People's Army (NPA) (Filipino: BagongHukbong Bayan) is the
armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines. It was formed on
March 29, 1969. The Maoist NPA conducts its armed guerrilla struggle
based on the strategical line of 'protracted people's war'.
The NPA exacts so called "revolutionary taxes" from business
owners. If not paid, negative repercussions could happen to the
person and/or business.

About NPA

Dates of March 29, 1969

operation

Leader José MaríaSison

Motives Proletarian revolution
Active Philippines
region(s)

Ideology Maoism
Notable US Army Colonel James N. Rowe
attacks assassination

Status Designated as Foreign Terrorist

Organization by the U.S. State
Department
Designated as terrorist group by
EUCommon Foreign and Security Policy

ACTIVITIES
The NPA primarily targets Philippine security forces, politicians, judges, government informers, former
rebels who wish to leave the NPA, rival splinter groups, and alleged criminals.
Opposes any US military presence in the Philippines and attacked US military interests, killing several US
service personnel, before the US base closures in 1992. Press reports in 1999 and in late 2001 indicated that
the NPA is again targeting US troops participating in joint military exercises as well as US Embassy personnel.
The NPA claimed responsibility for the assassination of two congressmen from Quezon in May 2001 and
Cagayan in June 2001 and many other killings. In January 2002, the NPA publicly expressed its intent to target
US personnel if discovered in NPA operating areas.

STRENGTH
Slowly growing; estimated at more than 10,000. This number is significantly lower than its peak
strength of around 25,000 in the 1980s.

LOCATION/AREA OF OPERATIONS
1. Operates in rural Luzon, Visayas, and parts of Mindanao.
2. Has cells in Manila and other metropolitan centers.

THE MORO NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (MNLF)

The Moro National Liberation Front that was founded by NurMisuari in 1969. The MNLF struggles
against the Philippine Government to achieve independence of the Bangsamoro
Land (or Bangsamoro Nation). As defined by the MNLF, the territory of
Bangsamoro Land covers Sulu, Mindanao and Palawan, or otherwise
known as MINSUPALA. Bangsamoro Land is also known as Southern Philippines
and it has 25 Provinces.
MNLF is internationally (MNLF) is a nationalist political organization
recognized since 1977 as an observer member of the Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation (OIC, formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference),
the 2nd largest sub-cluster in the United Nations with 56-member States. The Philippine Government also
requested for similar recognition as observer member but was denied by the OIC.
About MNLF

Active Late 1969-present

Ideology Nationalist, Egalitarianism
Leaders NurMisuari
Headquarters Sulu
Area of Mindanao, Sulu, Palawan
operations
Allies Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Opponents Government of the Republic of the
Philippines

THE MORO ISLAMIC LIBERATION FRONT (MILF)

The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) is an Islamist group located in the southern Philippines.
It is one of two Islamic militant groups, the other being the Abu Sayyaf, that are fighting against
Government of the Philippines.
These groups are most active in the Bangsamoro region of
Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago, Palawan, Basilan and other
neighbouring islands.

About MILF

Dates of 1981 (separated from Moro National

operation Liberation Front) – present
Leader MuradEbrahim
Motives Moro "substate" creation
Active region(s) Philippines
Ideology Moro Nationalism, Islamic Socialism
Notable 2007 Basilan beheading incident and among
attacks others.

THE HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF 2007 (R.A. 9372) BY RUFFY BIAZON ON JULY 11, 2007
“An act to Secure the State and Protect our People from Terrorism.”

DECLARATION OF POLICY
It is declared a policy of the State to protect life, liberty, and property from acts of terrorism, to
condemn terrorism as inimical and dangerous to the national security of the country and to the welfare of the
people, and to make terrorism a crime against the Filipino people, against humanity, and against the law of
nations.

TERRORISM – Any person who commits an act punishable under any of the following provisions of the
Revised Penal Code:
1. Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in the High Seas or in the Philippine Waters);
2. Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection);
3. Article 134-a (Coup d‘Etat), including acts committed by private persons;
4. Article 248 (Murder);
5. Article 267 (Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention);
6. Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction,
7. or under
8. Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law on Arson);
9. Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990);
10. Republic Act No. 5207, (Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability Act of 1968);
11. Republic Act No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law);
12. Presidential Decree No. 532 (Anti-piracy and Anti-highway Robbery Law of 1974); and,
 13. Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended (Decree Codifying the Laws on Illegal and Unlawful
Possession, Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition of Firearms, Ammunitions or
Explosives)
Thereby sowing and creating a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the
populace, in order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand shall be guilty of the crime of
terrorism and shall suffer the penalty of forty (40) years of imprisonment, without the benefit of parole as
provided for under Act No. 4103, otherwise known as the Indeterminate Sentence Law, as amended.

CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT TERRORISM

Persons who conspire to commit the crime of terrorism shall suffer the penalty of forty (40) years of
imprisonment.
There is conspiracy when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of the
crime of terrorism as defined in Section 3 hereof and decide to commit the same.

ACCOMPLICE
Any person who, not being a principal under Article 17 of the Revised Penal Code or a conspirator as
defined in Section 4 hereof, cooperates in the execution of either the crime of terrorism or conspiracy to
commit terrorism by previous or simultaneous acts shall suffer the penalty of from seventeen (17) years, four
(4) months one day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment.

ACCESSORY
 Any person who, having knowledge of the commission of the crime of terrorism or conspiracy to
commit terrorism, and without having participated therein, either as principal or accomplice under
Articles 17 and 18 of the Revised Penal Code, takes part subsequent to its commission in any of the
following manner:
 (a) by profiting himself or assisting the offender to profit by the effects of the crime.
 (b) by concealing or destroying the body of the crime, or the effects, or instruments
thereof, in order to prevent its discovery.
 (c) by harboring, concealing, or assisting in the escape of the principal or conspirator of
the crime.
• Shall suffer the penalty of ten (10) years and one day to twelve (12) years of
imprisonment.

ANTI-TERRORISM COUNCIL
The members of the Council are:
1. The Executive Secretary, who shall be its chairperson;
2. The Secretary of Justice, who shall be its Vice Chairperson; and
3. The Secretary of Foreign Affairs;
4. The Secretary of National Defense;
5. The Secretary of the Interior and Local Government;
6. The Secretary of Finance; and
7. The National Security Advisor, as its other members.
The Council shall implement this Act and assume the responsibility for the proper and effective
implementation of the anti-terrorism policy of the country.
The Council shall keep records of its proceedings and decisions. All records of the Council shall be subject
to such security classifications as the Council may, in its judgment and discretion, decide to adopt to
safeguard the safety of the people, the security of the Republic, and the welfare of the nation.
The National Intelligence Coordinating Agency shall be the Secretariat of the Council. The Council shall
define the powers, duties, and functions of the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency as Secretariat of
the Council. The National Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Immigration, the Office of Civil Defense, the
Intelligence Service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the Anti-Money Laundering Council, the Philippine
Center on Transnational Crime, and the Philippine National Police intelligence and investigative elements shall
serve as support agencies for the Council.
The Council shall formulate and adopt comprehensive, adequate, efficient, and effective anti-terrorism
plans, programs, and counter-measures to suppress and eradicate terrorism in the country and to protect the
people from acts of terrorism. Nothing herein shall be interpreted to empower the Anti-Terrorism Council to
exercise any judicial or quasi-judicial power or authority.

FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL

1. Formulate and adopt plans, programs and counter-measures against terrorists and acts of terrorism
in the country;
 2. Coordinate all national efforts to suppress and eradicate acts of terrorism in the country and
mobilize the entire nation against terrorism proscribed in this Act;
3. Direct the speedy investigation and prosecution of all persons accused or detained for the crime of
terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism and other offenses punishable under this Act, and
monitor the progress of their cases;
4. Establish and maintain comprehensive data-base information systems on terrorism, terrorist
activities, and counter-terrorism operations;
5. Freeze the funds property, bank deposits, placements, trust accounts, assets and records belonging
to a person suspected of or charged with the crime of terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism,
pursuant to Republic Act No. 9160 otherwise known as the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001, as
amended;
6. Grant monetary rewards and other incentives to informers who give vital information leading to
the apprehension, arrest, detention, prosecution, and conviction of person or persons who are
liable for the crime of terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism;
7. Establish and maintain coordination with and the cooperation and assistance of other nations in the
struggle against international terrorism; and
8. Request the Supreme Court to designate specific divisions of the Court of Appeals and regional trial
courts in Manila, Cebu City and Cagayan de Oro City, as the case may be, to handle all cases
involving the crime of terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism and all matters incident to said
crimes. The Secretary of Justice shall assign a team of prosecutors from: (a) Luzon to handle
terrorism cases filed in the regional trial court in Manila; (b) from the Visayas to handle cases filed in
Cebu City; and (c) from Mindanao to handle cases filed in Cagayan de Oro City.

EXTRA-TERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF THIS ACT

Subject to the provision of an existing treaty of which the Philippines is a signatory and to any contrary
provision of any law of preferential application, the provisions of this Act shall apply:
1. to individual persons who commit any of the crimes defined and punished in this Act within the
terrestrial domain, interior waters, maritime zone, and airspace of the Philippines;
2. to individual persons who, although physically outside the territorial limits of the Philippines,
commit, conspire or plot to commit any of the crimes defined and punished in this Act inside the
territorial limits of the Philippines;
3. to individual persons who, although physically outside the territorial limits of the Philippines,
commit any of the said crimes on board Philippine ship or Philippine airship;
4. to individual persons who commit any of said crimes within any embassy, consulate, or diplomatic
premises belonging to or occupied by the Philippine government in an official capacity;
5. to individual persons who, although physically outside the territorial limits of the Philippines,
commit said crimes against Philippine citizens or persons of Philippine descent, where their
citizenship or ethnicity was a factor in the commission of the crime; and
6. to individual persons who, although physically outside the territorial limits of the Philippines,
commit said crimes directly against the Philippine government.

JOINT OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE

There is hereby created a Joint Oversight Committee to oversee the implementation of this Act.
The Oversight Committee shall be composed of five (5) members each from the Senate and the House in
addition to the Chairs of the Committees of Public Order of both Houses who shall also Chair the Oversight
Committee in the order specified herein.
The membership of the Committee for every House shall at least have two (2) opposition or minority
members. The Joint Oversight Committee shall have its own independent counsel.
The Chair of the Committee shall rotate every six (6) months with the Senate chairing it for the first six
(6) months and the House for the next six (6) months. In every case, the ranking opposition or minority
member of the Committee shall be the Vice Chair.

Activity Task:

1. Make a reading about the different terrorists groups in the history and compare it to the
modern terrorists groups?

2. Make a reflection paper about the topic on Terrorism?