CHAPTER 1

COMPARATIVE
 Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity
POLICE
 responsible for maintaining public order and safety
 often also entrusted with various licensing and regulatory activities.
 The word comes via French word Policier, from Latin politia ("civil
administration"), from ancient Greek  polis ("city").
 The modern metropolitan police force began with Sir Robert Peel in
Britain c. 1829.
Secret police
 are often separate, covert organizations established by national
governments
SYSTEM
 Combination of parts in a whole; orderly arrangement according to some
common law
Policing
 literally means, “ controlling, monitoring, tracking and altering (if required)
public conduct.
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
 This refers to the science and art of investigating and comparing the police
system of nations
Comparative research
 Is usually carried out by the “safari” method (a researcher visits another
country) or “collaborative” method (the researcher communicates with a
foreign researcher).

COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

 This pertains to the sub-field of criminal justice

Types of Police System in the World

1. Fragmented Police System

 This system, which is found in the United States of America, is directly

attributed to the federated nature of the political system and local
communities

2. Combined Police System

 This system is marked by the national and local governments

3. National Centralized Police system

 in this system, the central government creates a national police force for
the community.

GLOBALIZATION

 Is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order

to develop the global economy. Globalization refers to the integration
of economics and societies all over the world. Globalization involves
technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made
possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and
infrastructure.
 The increasingly global relationships of culture, people and economic
activity.
 Also, refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, and
popular culture.
EFFECTS/IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION
 Industry
 Culture
 Legislation
 Language
 Information
 Finance
 Politics
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES (OVERVIEW)
Transnational crime
 Committed involving several states or countries/ crime which crosses
boarders
Human Trafficking
 involves the recruitment, transport, harboring, or sale of persons,
within or across national borders, for the purpose of exploiting their
labor.

The commission of crimes (rebellion, murder, kidnapping, hijacking etc.) that sow
or create a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the
populace in order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand.
(R.A. 9372 or the H.S.A.)

TWO GENERAL TYPES OF TERRORISM

 Domestic terrorism - Violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or
groups to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences, such
as those of a political, religious, social, racial, or environmental nature.
 International terrorism - Violent, criminal acts committed by individuals
and/or groups who are inspired by, or associated with, designated foreign
terrorist organizations or nations (state-sponsored).

TERRORISM
 error" comes from a Latin terrere meaning "to frighten".
 is “the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful
violence to inculcate fear
three (3) key elements
 violence, fear, and intimidation and each element produce terror in its
victims.
Four (4) Categories of Approaches to Terrorism Analysis:
 The multi-Causal Approach; This approach incorporates
psychological considerations, economic, political, religious and
sociological factors as contributors to understanding the causes of
terrorism
  The political or Structural Approach; Presupposes that the causes of
terrorism can be found in environmental factors
 The organizational approach; This approach rests on the idea that
organizations consciously make the decision to use the instrument of
terrorism as the best option to attain certain political goals.
 The psychological approach; This approach focuses primarily on the
features and characteristics of the individual perpetrator or terrorist
group; examining the behavior, recruitment methods, individual
profiles, and ‘careers’ of terrorists.
Three (3) Main Weapons of Terrorism
Bombs 
 can consist of commercially produced explosives such as black powder,
TNT, or dynamite
Firearms
 Many terrorists have favored firearms, including automatic weapons such
as assault rifles, submachine guns, and pistols; revolvers; sawed-off
shotguns; hunting rifles with sniper sights, especially for assassination; and
machine guns. 
Chemical and Biological Weapons
 Concern over terrorist use of chemical and biological weapons increased
after the 1995 sarin nerve gas attack on the Tokyo subway and the
discovery in 2001 of anthrax spores mailed in the United States. 
Chemical weapons can be divided into five main classes:

1. Incapacitating 
 The only deliberately nonlethal chemical weapon.
 They include the tear gases and pepper sprays typically used by
police and other law enforcement agencies for crowd control or to
subdue a person temporarily.
2. Choking
 Choking agents attack the victim’s respiratory system and hamper
breathing, leading to death by suffocation.
3. Blistering
  Blister agents produce large blisters on exposed skin that do not heal
readily and therefore easily become infected.
4. Blood
 Blood agents, which victims absorb through breathing, enter the
bloodstream and lead to convulsions, respiratory failure, and death
as they shut down the body’s functioning
5. Nerve Agents 
 Nerve agents are especially effective. They can be either inhaled or
absorbed through the skin and quickly attack the central nervous
system, obstructing breathing 

Biological agents 
o Are disease-carrying organisms that infect people through inhalation,
contaminated food or water, or contact with the skin.
OTHER TERRORIST TACTICS & WEAPONS
AK-47 Assault Rifles
- The Soviet era assault rifle began circulating among guerrilla fighters.
Assassination
- The targeted murder of a political or other well-known figure brings
attention to a terrorist's cause.
Car Bombing (VBIEDs)
- Car Bombing, a favored terrorist tactic, turns vehicles into weapons

Dirty Bomb
- Dirty Bomb is the colloquial name for a Radiological Dispersal Device.
Hijacking
- The illegal seizure of an aircraft, ship or vehicle is a long-established
terrorist tactic.
IEDs (Improvised Explosive Devices)
 - IEDs, or Improvised Explosive Devices, are makeshift bombs that can cause
tremendous damage.
Nuclear Terrorism
- Terrorists might Buy, Build or Bomb using nuclear materials. The types of
nuclear terrorism are listed here.
Rocket Propelled Grenades
- Rocket Propelled Grenades are light, cheap and easy to find on the black
market.
Suicide Attacks
- Suicide attacks are committed by assailants who are aware they will be
killed in their attack. 
Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs)
- Lightweight and compact, surface-to-air missiles are ideal weapons in an
insurgent or terrorist arsenal.
PRIMARY REASON FOR TERRORISM
 Political Ideology: The purpose of their terroristic act is to force the
government to abscond and replace it what they have in mind. 
 Religion: They want to establish a secular government on their own with
only one religion.
 Nationalism: It is a devotion to the interest or culture of a group of people
or groups of nation.
 Special Interest Group: They do terroristic act to uphold what they are
advocating.
Characteristic of Terrorist
Separatist
- Separatist groups are those with the goal of separation from existing
entities through independence, political autonomy, or religious freedom or
domination.
Ethnocentric
- Groups of this persuasion see race as the defining characteristic of a
society, and therefore a basis of cohesion.
Nationalistic
 - The loyalty and devotion to a nation, and the national consciousness
derived from placing one nation's culture and interests above those of
other nations or groups. N
Revolutionary
- Dedicated to the overthrow of an established order and replacing it with a
new political or social structure.
Political
- Political ideologies are concerned with the structure and organization of
the forms of government and communities.
Religious
- Religiously inspired terrorism is on the rise, with a forty-three percent
increase of total international terror groups espousing religious motivation
between 1980 and 1995.
Domestic
- These terrorists are "home-grown" and operate within and against their
home country.
International or Transnational
- Often describing the support and operational reach of a group, these terms
are often loosely defined, and can be applied to widely different
capabilities.

Three Groups of Terrorist

o National Terrorist - Those who operate and aspire to win political power
within a single nation. Ex. NPA, MILF and MNLF
o International Terrorist - Those who are controlled by and whose action
represents the interest of a sovereign state. Ex. Hamas (Palestine) and
Hezbollah (Lebanon).
o Transnational Terrorist - Those who operate across international
borders and whose action and political aspirations affects individuals of
various nationalities.  Ex. Al Qaeda 
TYPES OF TERRORISM
Eco-Terrorism 
 Usually refers to acts of violence or sabotage committed in support
of ecological, environmental, or animal rights causes against persons or their
property.
Religious Terrorism 
 Is terrorism by those whose motivations and aims have a predominant
religious character or influence.
Chemical Terrorism 
 Is the form of terrorism that uses the toxic effects of chemicals to kill, injure,
or otherwise adversely affect the interests of its targets.
Nationalist Terrorism
 Is a form of terrorism motivated by nationalism. Nationalist terrorists seek
to form self-determination in some form, which may range from gaining
greater autonomy to establishing a
completely independent, sovereign state (separatism). Nationalist terrorists
often oppose what they consider to be occupying, imperial, or
otherwise illegitimate powers.
Bioterrorism
 Is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological
agents. These agents are(bacteria, viruses, or toxins), and may be in a
naturally occurring or a human-modified form. For the use of this method
in warfare, see biological warfare.
Cyber Terrorism 
Is the use of Internet based attacks in terrorist activities, including acts of

deliberate, large-scale disruption of computer networks, especially of
personal computers attached to the Internet, by the means of tools such
as computer viruses. Cyber terrorism is a controversial term. 
Nuclear Terrorism 
 Denotes the use, or threat of the use, of nuclear weapons or radiological
weapons in acts of terrorism, including attacks against facilities where
radioactive materials are present.  In legal terms, nuclear terrorism is an
offense committed if a person unlawfully and intentionally “uses in any way
radioactive material