1- Energy hub:

Energy hub (EH) is a concept commonly used to describe multi-carrier power

systems. New developments in the field of energy conversion and storage have led
to the development of Energy hubs So, An energy hub can be identified as a unit
that provides the basic features in- and output, conversion, and storage of different
energy carriers. Thus, the energy hub represents a generalization or extension of a
network node in an electric power system. An energy hub exchanges power with
the surrounding systems, primary energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, hydro), loads,
and other components via hybrid input and output ports, all types of gaseous,
liquid, and solid fuels as well as other forms of energy can be inputs and outputs.
Typically, the hub is supplied by common grid-bound energy carriers that are
converted and/or conditioned within the hub in order to meet the load requirement
at the output
Energy hubs contain three basic elements:
Direct connections,
Converters,
And storage devices
There are a number of examples of real facilities that can be modeled as energy
hubs:
• Power plants (co- and trigeneration);
• Industrial plants (steel works, paper mills, refineries);
• Big buildings (airports, hospitals, shopping malls);
• Bounded geographical areas (rural and urban districts, towns, cities).
Operations of energy hub are conducted using various devices such as combined
heat and power (CHP) units, electrical and thermal energy storage, boilers, power
electronic devices, etc. The main issue is connecting different types of energies in
the energy hub (EH). In addition, the low efficiency of plants operating with fossil
fuels have encouraged researchers to use this concept for using and combining
different types of energy, especially after the expansion in the world economy has
led to increase in energy demand and created an energy crisis in the process
(Johansson 1). Petroleum production dwindles every year with also cartels such as
OPEC hiking the price of oil at their wish. And here exactly the needing to the
renewable energy appear, that is the centerpiece of eco-energy planning, which is
effect directly on electricity market prices, for solving the EH management
problem by considering a DR program for the problem faced by large consumers
of power systems to procure their energies, it can affect the decisions of
consumers, operators, and generation companies. The decisions will be more
complicated in the presence of uncertainties arisen by different types of
technology, and therefore, it is essential to consider them in the problem to
increase the robustness of the solution