CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Electricity is the main source of power of a country, and most of the economic activities depend

on this power. Increase in energy use is inevitable in developing stages of countries and is

necessary to achieve higher quality of living. Various parameters cause energy use growth

including industrialization, urbanization, and surging in population. Energy use increase leads to

several environmental problems. Steam turbines are the largest prime movers and thus the

natural choice when utilizing a steam cycle to convert heat into work and ultimately electricity

[ CITATION Moh18 \l 1033 ]. Centralized power generation became possible when it was

recognized that alternating current power lines can transport electricity at low costs across great

distances by taking advantage of the ability to raise and lower the voltage using power

transformers[ CITATION Kam20 \l 1033 ]. Since 1881, electricity has been generated for the purpose

of powering human technologies from various sources of energy. The first power plants were run

on water power or coal, and today we rely mainly on coal, nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric,

and petroleum with a small amount from solar energy, tidal harnesses, wind generators, and

geothermal sources. Rotating turbines attached to electrical generators produce most

commercially available electricity. Turbines are driven by a fluid, which acts as an intermediate

energy carrier.

A power plant may be defined as a machine or assembly of equipment that generates and

delivers a flow of mechanical or electrical energy. The main equipment for the generation of

electric power is generator. When coupling it to a prime mover runs the generator, the electricity
is generated. The type of prime move determines, the type of power plants. The major power

plants are:

 Steam power plant

 Diesel power plant

 Gas turbine power plant

 Nuclear power plant

 Hydroelectric power plant

The Steam Power Plant, Diesel Power Plant, Gas Turbine Power Plant and Nuclear

Power Plants are called THERMAL POWER PLANT, because these convert heat into electric

energy. The fluids typically used are: steam in steam turbines, water in hydraulic turbines, wind,

hot gasses in gas turbines etc. [ CITATION EKh08 \l 1033 ].

 Steam in steam turbines: water is boiled by nuclear fission or the burning of fossil fuels

(coal, natural gas, or petroleum). Some newer plants use the sun as the heat source: solar

parabolic troughs and solar power towers concentrate sunlight to heat a heat transfer

fluid, which is then used to produce steam. Another renewable source of heat used to

drive a turbine is geothermal power. Either steam under pressure emerges from the

ground and drives a turbine or hot water evaporates a low-boiling liquid to create vapor

to drive a turbine.

 Water in hydraulic turbines: Turbine blades are acted upon by flowing Water in hydraulic

turbines owing water, produced by hydroelectric dams or tidal forces.

 Wind: Wind power generation means getting the electrical energy by converting wind

energy into rotating energy of the blades and converting that rotating energy into
 electrical energy by the generator. Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed

therefore WTGs should be installed in the higher wind speed area.

 Hot gasses in gas turbine: A gas turbine consists of three parts: the compressor,

the combustion chamber into which is introduced the fuel which ignites when contacted

with the hot compressed air, and the turbine in which the gas from the combustion

chamber expands. The turbine drives the air compressor upstream and the alternator

downstream. The significant progress with respect to the nature and the arrangement of

materials allows flue gas to directly feed the first stage of the turbine at a temperature of

the order of 1,200-1,400°C.

Currently, the electric is the most important form of energy used in the world. For this

reason, power plants necessary to study as the crucial energy systems. The thermal power

plants have greater power production among different types of power plants. J. Willard

Gibbs developed the concept of exergy. More development continued by Zoran Rant later. H.

D. Baehr, defined exergy as the part of energy converted into all other forms of energy.

Generally, the performance of thermal power plants is evaluated through energetic

performance criteria based on first law of thermodynamics, including electrical power and

thermal efficiency. In recent decades, the exergetic performance based on the second law of

thermodynamics has found as useful method in the design, evaluation, optimization and

improvement of thermal power plants. Thermoeconomics is nowadays a powerful tool to

study and optimize an energy system. In its application filed is the evaluation of utility costs

as products or supplies of production plants, the energy costs between process operations or

of an energy converter. Those costs are applicable in feasibility studies, in investment

decisions, on comparing alternative techniques and operating conditions, in a cost-effective

section of equipment during an installation, an exchange or expansion of an energy system

Typically, thermal power plants are assessed by applying energetic performance which

obtained from first law of thermodynamic. Another criterion for evaluation energy system is

exergetic performance which is based on second law of thermodynamics. Exergetic

performance is an appropriate method for design, assessment, and optimizing thermal power

plants. 1st law of thermodynamics is usually used for calculations of energy efficiency.

However, the 1st law of thermodynamics is not enough to carry out the optimization of

thermal power cycles. Coupling of 1st law with the 2nd law of thermodynamics is required

and is a useful tool regarding power system analysis in terms of energy and exergy. During

power plant operation, a part of the energy is rejected to the environment i.e., in surface

condenser operation, saturated steam is condensed by heat exchange with cooling water

pumping from the cooling tower, cooling water temperature is lowered by heat exchange

with air, but the heat carried away with the air is not recovered and rejected to the

environment. This type of energy is called Anergy.

1.2 Objective of the Plant

The following are the Objectives of the Project:

 To Designing of Steam Power Plant with capacity of 110MW using HYSIS

 To perform Thermoeconomic analysis of the Design (Steam Power plant) by varying

the operational parameters (inlet and outlet conditions)

1.3 Scope of the Project

The following are the scope of the Project:

 To develop process flow diagram (PFD) and block flow Diagram of the Plant using

HYSIS.

 Developing Material and Energy balance for each of the components of the Steam

Power Plant.

 To vary the parameters while observing its effect on the performance of the plant

putting economic effect into consideration.

1.4 Justification of the Project

In the operation of power plant, some of the widely used fuel includes Coal which are

mixture of combustion products like water vapor, carbon dioxide, particulate, heavy metals

and acidic gases. The depletion of the fuel accompanied with the environmental impact has

made it a point for the need of efficient operation in other to prevent pollution or any adverse

effect on the environment. The over consumption of electricity demands an urgent need to

improve the efficiency of fossil-fueled thermal power generation to save fossil fuel resources

while minimizing contaminants such as SO2, fly ash, and other waste gases.

Thermoeconomic techniques provide effective assistance in identifying, evaluating, and

reducing the thermodynamic inefficiencies and the costs in a thermal system. They improve

the engineer's understanding of the interactions among the system components and variables
and generally reveal opportunities for design improvements that might not be detected by

other methods.