COMPARISON ON THE ANTI-DIABETIC

EFFECT OF COSTUS IGNEUS AND

COSTUS LATERIFLORUS
PRESENTED BY FADUNSIN, OLADAPO RIDWAN
CHE/2015/035
SUPERVISOR: PROF SOLOMON B.O
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, OAU ILE-IFE
DIABETES

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder of carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism

resulting from insulin deficiency or abnormality in the use of insulin.
Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that helps transport glucose from the
bloodstream into the cells so they can break it down and use it for energy.People cannot live
without insulin (ADA, 2007).
It is one of the important non-communicable diseases that is rapidly increasing and
affecting about 10% of the world population.
ORIGIN OF DIABETES

The term diabetes is the shortened version of the full diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is derived from the Greek
word diabetes meaning siphon - to pass through and the Latin word mellitus meaning honeyed or sweet. This is because
in diabetes excess sugar is found in blood as well as the urine. It was known in the 17th century as the “pissing evil”.
The term diabetes was probably coined by Apollonius of Memphis around 250 BC. It was in 1675 that Thomas Willis
added the word “'mellitus'” to the word diabetes. This was because of the sweet taste of the urine. This sweet taste had
been noticed in urine by the ancient Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, and Persians as is evident from their
literature(Karamodou, 2016)
Sushruta, Arataeus, and Thomas Willis were the early pioneers of the treatment of diabetes. Greek physicians prescribed
exercise - preferably on horseback to alleviate excess urination. Some other forms of therapy applied to diabetes include
wine, overfeeding to compensate for loss of fluid weight, starvation diet, etc.
 PANCREAS GLANDS

The pancreas is a glandular organ in the upper abdomen which

serves as two glands in one: a digestive exocrine gland and a
hormone-producing endocrine gland (Taylor, 2015).
Functioning as an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes two
hormones called insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar
levels throughout the day.
The endocrine portion of the pancreas is made of small bundles
of cells called islets of Langerhans. There are 2 main types of
endocrine cells that make up the islets: alpha cells and beta cells.
Alpha cells produce the hormone glucagon, which raises blood
glucose levels.
 Beta cells produce the hormone insulin, which lowers blood
glucose levels.
 GLUCOSE

This is a simple sugar, which has a molecular formula C6H12O6. The name Glucose came from
the Greek word “sweet”. It's a type of sugar you get from foods you eat, and your body uses it
for energy.
 As it travels through your bloodstream to your cells, it is called blood glucose or blood sugar
and it is the key to keeping the mechanisms of the body in top working order.
BLOOD GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS

 When the carbohydrates are being consumed, it converts into glucose. Once the glucose are
produced in the bloodstreams, the pancreas gland secretes a hormone called the “Insulin” to
regulate the rising blood sugar levels and also helps in transporting it to the cells.
The leftover glucose is stored in little bundles called glycogen in the liver and muscles and
as triglycerides in the adipose tissue. When the blood glucose level drops and the beta cells
stops producing insulin, the alpha cells produces the glucagon which signals the liver to
break down the stored glycogen and turn it back into glucose and the whole process
continues.
TYPES OF DIABETES

TYPE 1 Diabetes (Insulin dependent)

Type 2 Diabetes (Non-insulin dependent)
Gestational Diabetes
Prediabetes
MODY
LADA
 Double diabetes
 Diabetes Inspidus
 Secondary diabetes
TYPE 1

Formerly, known as Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus(IDDM)

An autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly destroys the insulin-
making beta cells of the pancreas. It typically develops more quickly than other forms of
diabetes. It is usually diagnosed in children and adolescents, and sometimes in young
adults. To survive, patients must administer insulin medication regularly.
TYPE 2

 Formerly, known as Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus(NIDDM)

A disorder of metabolism, usually involving excess weight and insulin resistance. In these
patients, the pancreas makes insulin initially, but the body has trouble using this glucose-
controlling hormone. Eventually the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to respond
to the body’s need for it.
CAUSES OF DIABETES

 Genetics and Family history

 Family medical history
 Overweight and Obesity
 Level of Physical activity
 Diet
 Other diseases
 Hormones
 Medical treatments
 Other chemicals and environmental factors
 SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES

• Increased thirst and urination

• Increased hunger
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision or other vision problems
• Slow healing
• Weight loss
• Tiredness
• Numbness or tingling in the feet or hands
• Presence of ketones in the urine
• Frequent infections, such as skin and vaginal infections
• Male sexual dysfunction
TESTS FOR DIABETES

Various blood tests are available to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes.

1. Casual plasma (blood) glucose/ random plasma test
2. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
3. Oral glucose tolerance test
4. O’Sullivan test
TREATMENT OF DIABETES

Treatments on diabetes depend on the individual person and the type of diabetes.
Treatment of patients with diabetes includes;
Insulin Therapy
Diet
Exercise
Medications.
MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR TREATMENT OF
DIABETES
Many plants have been used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Indian system of
medicine and in other ancient systems of the world. A few of those plants are listed below;
• Raw onion bulb (Allium cepa) and cloves of garlic (Allium sativum)
• Coccinia indica (Hindi Kanduri)
• Pods of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus(Indian cluster bean)
• Ficus bengalensis
• Gymnema sylvestre etc.
 COSTUS IGNEUS

• This is a medicinal plant which is a magical

cure for diabetes. It is also known as Insulin
Plant,
• It is from the family of costaceae, whose
leaves helps to build up insulin in the human
body so it is commonly known as insulin
plant in India.
• It possess an anti-diabetic activity due to the
corosolic acid in the leaves.
 GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE

 It is native to southeast Asia, especially on the great Sunda islands in Indonesia

Also found in India including West Bengal
In southern India, the plant already are used as dietary supplement for the supplement of
diabetics.
 TAXONOMY

• Domain – Eukaryota
• Kingdom – Plantea
• Phylum – Tracheophyta
• Class – Liliopsid
• Order – Zingiberales
• Family – Costacea
• Costus – Genus
• Species -- Igneus
COSTUS LATERIFLORUS

This is a rare African Costus that is epiphytic in

natureand grows almost like a vine, with long thin
stems that twist and turn in typical costus fashion.
The leaves are shiny, medium green and the
flowers form in clusters at the leaf axils, unlike
any most other Costus which either flower
terminally on a leafy stem on a short leafless stem
or direct from the rhizome.
REFERENCES

• American Diabetes Association (2007). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes Care.
• Karamanou M (2016). "Milestones in the history of diabetes mellitus: The main
contributors". World Journal of Diabetes. 
• Tim Taylor(2015). Focus on Insulin Analogues and Insulin Pumps. Exp Diabetes.