Lesson 1

Thermal Power plant

A thermal power station is a power plant in which heat energy is converted to

electric power. In most of the places in the world the turbine is steam-driven.
Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an
electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed
in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine
cycle.

The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the
different heat sources; fossil fuel dominates here, although nuclear heat energy
and solar heat energy are also used. Some prefer to use the term energy center
because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy. Certain
thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial
purposes, or district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating
electrical power.

Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste
incineration plants, as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal. Natural
gas is frequently combusted in gas turbines as well as boilers. The waste heat
from a gas turbine, in the form of hot exhaust gas, can be used to raise steam, by
passing this gas through a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG).the steam is
then used to drive a steam turbine in a combined cycle plant that improves
overall efficiency.

Power plants burning coal, fuel oil, or natural gas are often called fossil fuel
power plants. Some biomass fueled thermal power plants have appeared also.

1
Nonnuclear thermal power plants, particularly fossil fueled plants, which do not
use cogeneration are sometimes referred to as conventional power plants.

Combined heat and power plants (CHP plants), often called cogeneration plants,
produce both electric power and heat for process heat or space heating such as
Steam and hot water.

2
1. Cooling tower
2. Cooling water pump
3. Transmission line
4. Step-up transformer
5. Electrical generator
6. Low pressure steam turbine
7. Condensate pump
8. Surface condenser
9. Intermediate pressure steam
turbine
10. Steam Control valve 19. Superheater
11. High pressure steam
20. Forced draught (draft) fan
turbine
12. Deaerator 21. Reheater
13. Feedwater heater 22. Combustion air intake
14. Coal conveyor 23. Economiser
15. Coal hopper 24. Air preheater
25. Precipitator
16. Coal pulverizer
17. Boiler steam drum 26. Induced draught (draft) fan
18. Bottom ash hopper 27. Flue-gas stack

QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text and table.

2-what is the greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations?

3-what is the purpose of the power plant?

4-what is the other name of cogeneration?

5-define the thermal power plant?

6-what are words abbreviation for CHP and HRSG?

7-what fuels are used in thermal power plant?

3
Lesson 2
Gas Turbine

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion

engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine,
and a combustion chamber or area, called a combustor, in between.

The main elements common to all gas turbine engines are:

an upstream rotating gas compressor

a combustor

a downstream turbine

A fourth component is often used to increase efficiency (on turboprops and

turbofans), to convert power into mechanical or electric form (on turboshafts and
electric generators), or to achieve greater thrust-to-weight ratio (on afterburning
engines).

The basic operation of the gas turbine is similar to that of the steam power plant
except that the working fluid is air instead of water.(The basic operation of the
gas turbine is a Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid.). Fresh atmospheric air
flows through a compressor that brings it to higher pressure. Energy is then
added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so the combustion generates a
high-temperature flow. This high-temperature high-pressure gas enters a turbine,
where it expands down to the exhaust pressure, producing a shaft work output in
the process.

4
The turbine shaft work is used to drive the compressor and other devices such as
an electric generator that may be coupled to the shaft. The energy that is not
used for shaft work comes out in the exhaust gases, so these have either a high
temperature or a high velocity. The purpose of the gas turbine determines the
design so that the most desirable energy form is maximized.

Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators,
pumps, gas compressors and tanks.

QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text

2-what is the difference between gas turbine with steam turbine?

3-what is the purpose of the gas turbine?

4-what is the other name of gas turbine?

5
Lesson 3
Cogeneration

Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine or
power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time.
Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) refers to the
simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating and cooling from the
combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector. The terms cogeneration and
trigeneration can be also applied to the power systems generating simultaneously
electricity, heat, and industrial.

Cogeneration is a more efficient use of fuel because otherwise wasted heat from
electricity generation is put to some productive use. Combined heat and power
(CHP) plants recover otherwise wasted thermal energy for heating . This is also
called combined heat and power district heating.

Small CHP plants are an example of decentralized energy. By product heat at

moderate temperatures (100–180 °C, 212–356 °F) can also be used in absorption
refrigerators for cooling.

The supply of high temperature heat first drives a gas or steam turbine powered
generator. The resulting low temperature waste heat is then used for water or
space heating. At smaller scales (typically below 1 MW) a gas engine or diesel engine
may be used. Trigeneration differs from cogeneration in that the waste heat is used
for both heating and cooling, typically in an absorption refrigerator. Combined
cooling, heat and power systems can attain higher overall efficiencies than
cogeneration or traditional power plants.

6
In the United States, the application of trigeneration in buildings is called building
cooling, heating and power. Heating and cooling output may operate concurrently
or alternately depending on need and system construction.

Cogeneration was practiced in some of the earliest installations of electrical

generation. Before central stations distributed power, industries generating their
own power used exhaust steam for process heating. Large office and apartment
buildings, hotels and stores commonly generated their own power and used
waste steam for building heat. Due to the high cost of early purchased power,
these CHP operations continued for many years after utility electricity became
available.

Micro combined heat and power or Micro cogeneration is a so-called distributed

energy resource (DER). The installation is usually less than 5 kW in a house or
small business. Instead of burning fuel to merely heat space or water, some of the
energy is converted to electricity in addition to heat. This electricity can be used
within the home or business or, if permitted by the grid management, sold back
into the electric power grid.

QUESTIONS
1-Translate the above Text .

2-what is the purpose of the Trigeneration?

3-what is a word abbreviation for CHP?

4-Define the boiler?

5-what is the cogeneration?

7
Lesson 4
Boiler

A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The fluid does
not necessarily boil. (In North America, the term "furnace" is normally used if the
purpose is not to boil the fluid.) The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for
use in various processes or heating applications ,including water heating, central
heating, boiler-based power generation, cooking, and sanitation.

The pressure vessel of a boiler is usually made of steel (or alloy steel), or
historically of wrought iron. Stainless steel, especially of the austenitic types, is
not used in wetted parts of boilers due to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking
.However, ferritic stainless steel is often used in super heater sections that will
not be exposed to boiling water, and electrically heated stainless steel shell
boilers are allowed under the European "Pressure Equipment Directive" for
production of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.

In live steam models, copper or brass is often used because it is more easily
fabricated in smaller size boilers. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes
(particularly for steam locomotives), because of its better formability and higher
thermal conductivity; however, in more recent times, the high price of copper
often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes (such as steel)
are used instead.

8
The source of heat for a boiler is combustion of any of several fuels, such as
wood, coal, oil, or natural gas. Electric steam boilers use resistance- or immersion-
type heating elements. Nuclear fission is also used as a heat source for generating
steam, either directly (BWR) or, in most cases, in specialised heat exchangers
called "steam generators" (PWR). Heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) use
the heat rejected from other processes such as gas turbine.

QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text .

2-what is the purpose of the boiler useing?

3-where is the term "furnace" normally used ?

4-what fuels are used in boiler for heating?

5-what is a word abbreviation for HRSG?

6-Define the boiler?

7-what is the boiler made of?

9
Lesson 5

Heating system

A heating system is a mechanism for maintaining temperatures at an acceptable level;

by using thermal energy within a home, office, or other places. Often part of an HVAC
(heating, ventilation, air conditioning) system. A heating system may be a central
heating system or distributed.

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and
vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable
indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering,
based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer.
Refrigeration is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation as HVAC&R or HVACR, or
ventilating is dropped, as in HACR (as in the designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).

HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes,

apartment buildings, hotels and senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and
office buildings such as skyscrapers and hospitals, on ships and submarines, and in
marine environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with
respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.

Ventilating or ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in

any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen
replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria,
carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive
moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents
stagnation of the interior air.

10
Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air
within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable
indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into
mechanical or forced and natural types.

QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text?

2-what are words abbreviation for HVAC and HVACR ?

3-what does Ventilation include?

4-what is the other name of Ventilation?

5-what is the ventilation?

6-what is a heating system is a mechanism for ?

11
Lesson 6
Air conditioning

Air conditioning is the process of removing or adding heat from a space, thus
cooling or heating the space's average temperature.

Air conditioning can be used in both domestic and commercial environments. This
process is most commonly used to achieve a more comfortable interior
environment, typically for humans or animals; however, air conditioning is also
used to cool dehumidify rooms filled with heat producing electronic devices, such
as computer servers, power amplifiers, and even to display and store artwork.

Air conditioners often use a fan to distribute the conditioned air to an occupied
space such as a building or a car to improve thermal comfort and indoor air
quality. Electric refrigerant based AC units range from small units that can cool a
small bedroom, which can be carried by a single adult, to massive units installed
on the roof of office towers that can cool an entire building. The cooling is
typically achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation or
free cooling is used. Air conditioning systems can also be made based on
desiccants (chemicals which remove moisture from the air) and subterraneous
pipes that can distribute the heated refrigerant to the ground for cooling.

In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology
that modifies the condition of air (heating, cooling, (de-)humidification, cleaning,
ventilation, or air movement). In common usage, though, "air conditioning" refers
to systems which cool air. In construction, a complete system of heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning.

12
QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text .

2-what is the purpose of the Air conditioning ?

3-what is a Air conditioning ?

4- What does the air conditioner use to distribute?

13
Lesson 7
Refrigeration

Refrigeration is a process of removing heat from a low temperature reservoir and

transferring it to a high temperature reservoir. The work of heat transfer is
traditionally driven by mechanical means, but can also be driven by heat,
magnetism, electricity, laser, or other means.

Refrigeration has many applications, including, but not limited to: household
refrigerators, industrial freezers and air conditioning. Heat pumps may use the
heat output of the refrigeration process, and also may be designed to be
reversible, but are otherwise similar to air conditioning units.

Refrigeration has had a large impact on industry, lifestyle, agriculture, and

settlement patterns. The idea of preserving food dates back to at least the ancient
Roman and Chinese empires.

A basic refrigeration cycle consists of four major elements, a compressor, a

condenser, a metering device and an evaporator. As a refrigerant passes through
a circuit containing these four elements and refrigeration occurs. The cycle starts
when refrigerant enters the compressor in a low pressure, moderate
temperature, gaseous form .The refrigerant is compressed by the compressor to a
high pressure and high temperature gaseous state. The high pressure and high
temperature gas then enters the condenser. The condenser converts the high
pressure and high temperature gas to a high pressure liquid by transferring heat
to a lower temperature medium, usually ambient air.

14
The vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators as well as in
many large commercial and industrial refrigeration systems. Figure 1 provides a
schematic diagram of the components of a typical vapor compression
refrigeration system The thermodynamics of the cycle can be analysed on a
diagram as shown in Figure 2.

In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant such as Freon enters the compressor as a

vapor. The vapor is compressed at constant entropy and exits the compressor
superheated. The superheated vapor travels through the condenser which first
cools and removes the superheat and then condenses the vapor into a liquid by
removing additional heat at constant pressure and temperature. The liquid
refrigerant goes through the expansion valve (also called a throttle valve) where
its pressure abruptly decreases, causing flash evaporation and auto refrigeration
of, typically, less than half of the liquid.

That results in a mixture of liquid and vapor at a lower temperature and pressure.
The cold liquid vapor mixture then travels through the evaporator coil or tubes
and is completely vaporized by cooling the warm air. The resulting refrigerant
vapor returns to the compressor inlet to complete the thermodynamic cycle.

15
 Figure 1

Figure 2

16
QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text

2-what does The vapor compression cycle use in?

3-what is a Refrigeration?

4-Where is the liquid vapor mixture completely vaporize?

5-Complete under paragragh with suiatble words.

A basic refrigeration cycle consists of …… major elements, a compressor, a

condenser, a ……. and an evaporator. As a ….. passes through a circuit containing
these four elements and ….. occurs. The cycle starts when refrigerant enters the
compressor in a …. pressure, moderate temperature, …. Form .

17
Lesson 8
Heat pump

Heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical
models for heat pumps and refrigerators. A heat pump is a machine or device that
moves heat from one location (the "source") at a lower temperature to another
location at a higher temperature using mechanical work or a high temperature
heat source. Thus a heat pump may be thought of as a heater if the objective is to
warm the heat sink (as when warming the inside of a home on a cold day), or a
"refrigerator" if the objective is to cool the heat source (as in the normal
operation of a freezer). In either case, the operating principles are identical Heat
is moved from a cold place to a warm place.

A heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a source of heat to what
is called a thermal reservoir. Heat pumps move thermal energy in the opposite
direction of spontaneous heat transfer, by absorbing heat from a cold space and
releasing it to a warmer one. A heat pump uses external power to accomplish the
work of transferring energy from the heat source to the heat sink.The most
common design of a heat pump involves four main components a condenser , an
expansion valve , an evaporator and a compressor. The heat transfer medium
circulated through these components is called refrigerant.

18
 Figure 1

Heat energy naturally transfers from warmer places to colder spaces. However, a
heat pump can reverse this process, by absorbing heat from a cold space and
releasing it to a warmer one. This process requires some amount of external
energy, such as electricity. In heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems, the term heat pump usually refers to vapor-compression refrigeration
devices optimized for high efficiency in both directions of thermal energy transfer.
That is, heat pumps able to provide heating or cooling to the internal space as
required.

According to the second law of thermodynamics heat cannot spontaneously flow

from a colder location to a hotter area; work is required to achieve this. An air
conditioner requires work to cool a living space, moving heat from the cooler
interior (the heat source) to the warmer outdoors (the heat sink). Similarly, a
refrigerator moves heat from inside the cold icebox (the heat source) to the
warmer room temperature air of the kitchen (the heat sink).

19
The operating principle of the refrigeration or heat pump cycle was described
mathematically by Sadi Carnot in 1824 as a heat engine. A heat pump can be
thought of as a heat engine which is operating in reverse.

QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text

2-what is a Heat pump?

3-What is the cycle of a heat pump or a refrigerator cycle?

4- Translate words English to Persian and Persian to English

a- second law of thermodynamics

b- heat source

c- temperature

d- principle

e- refrigeration

20
Lesson 9

Compressor

A Compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by

reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Gas
compressors are used in various applications where either higher pressures or
lower volumes of gas are needed.

Compressors are similar to pumps.both increase the pressure on a fluid and both
can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor
also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible; while
some can be compressed, the main action of a pump is to pressurize and
transport liquids.

Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. They can be either

stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric
motors or internal combustion engines.

Small reciprocating compressors from 5 to 30 horsepower (hp) are commonly

seen in automotive applications and are typically for intermittent duty. Larger
reciprocating compressors well over 1,000 hp (750 kW) are commonly found in
large industrial and petroleum applications. Discharge pressures can range from
low pressure to very high pressure (>18000 psi or 180 MPa).

In certain applications, such as air compression, multi-stage double-acting

compressors are said to be the most efficient compressors available, and are
typically larger, and more costly than comparable rotary units.
21
Another type of reciprocating compressor, usually employed in automotive cabin
air conditioning systems.

Centrifugal compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to

force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas. A
diffuser (divergent duct) section converts the velocity energy to pressure energy.
They are primarily used for continuous, stationary service in industries such as oil
refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and natural gas processing
plants.Their application can be from 100 horsepower (75 kW) to thousands of
horsepower. With multiple staging, they can achieve high output pressures
greater than 1,000 psi (6.9 MPa).

22
QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text

2-what is a Compressor?

3-what is Compressor similar to?

4-Where gas compressors are used?

5-what is Centrifugal compressors use to force the gas to the rim of the impeller?

23
Lesson 10
Condenser

A condenser is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to

its liquid state, by cooling it. In so doing, the latent heat is given up by the
substance and transferred to the surrounding environment.

Condensers can be made according to numerous designs, and come in many sizes
ranging from rather small to very large. For example, a refrigerator uses a
condenser to get rid of heat extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside
air. Condensers are used in air conditioning, industrial chemical processes such as
distillation, steam power plants and other heat exchange systems. Use of cooling
water or surrounding air as the coolant is common in many condensers.

A condenser is designed to transfer heat from a working fluid (e.g. water in a

steam power plant) to a secondary fluid or the surrounding air. The condenser
relies on the efficient heat transfer that occurs during phase changes, in this case
during the condensation of a vapor into a liquid. The vapor typically enters the
condenser at a temperature above that of the secondary fluid. As the vapor cools,
it reaches the saturation temperature, condenses into liquid and releases large
quantities of latent heat.As this process occurs along the condenser, the quantity
of vapor decreases and the quantity of liquid increases; at the outlet of the
condenser, only liquid remains. Some condenser designs contain an additional
length to subcool this condensed liquid below the saturation temperature.

A condenser unit used in central air conditioning systems typically has a heat
exchanger section to cool down and condense incoming refrigerant vapor into
liquid, a compressor to raise the pressure of the refrigerant and move it along,

24
and a fan for blowing outside air through the heat exchanger section to cool the
refrigerant inside.

Larger condensers are also used in industrial scale distillation processes to cool
distilled vapor into liquid distillate. Commonly, the coolant flows through the tube
side and distilled vapor through the shell side with distillate collecting at or
flowing out the bottom.

There are three other condensers used in HVAC systems: Water cooled, Air
cooled and Evaporative

Air cooled – If the condenser is located on the outside of the unit, the air cooled
condenser can provide the easiest arrangement. These types of condensers eject
heat to the outdoors and are simple to install. Most common uses for this
condenser are domestic refrigerators, upright freezers and in residential packaged
air conditioning units. A great feature of the air cooled condenser is they are very
easy to clean.

Water cooled – Although a little pricier to install, these condensers are the more
efficient type. Commonly used for swimming pools and condensers piped for city
water flow, these condensers require regular service and maintenance. They also
require a cooling tower to conserve water. To prevent corrosion and the forming
of algae, water cooled condensers require a constant supply of makeup water
along with water treatment.

Evaporative – While these remain the least popular choice, they are used when
either water supply is inadequate to operate water cooled condenser or
condensation temperature is lower that can achieved by air cooled condenser.

25
Evaporative condensers can be used inside or outside of a building and under
typical conditions, operate at a low condensing temperature.

QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text .

2-what is the purpose of the condenser?

3-where are condensers used?

4-Define the Water cooled?

5-what is the air cooled condenser ?

6-Complete under paragragh with suiatble words.

A condenser is designed to transfer heat from a …… to a secondary fluid or the

surrounding …. . The condenser relies on the efficient heat transfer that occurs
during phase changes, in this case during the condensation of a …… into a liquid.
The vapor typically enters the ….. at a temperature above that of the secondary
fluid .As the ….. cools, it reaches the saturation temperature, condenses into …..
and releases large quantities of latent heat.

26
Lesson 11
Thermal expansion valve and Evaporator

A thermal expansion valve or thermostatic expansion valve (often abbreviated

as TEV, TXV, or TX valve) is a component in refrigeration and air conditioning
systems that controls the amount of refrigerant released into the evaporator
there by keeping superheat, that is, the difference between the current
refrigerant temperature at the evaporator outlet and its saturation temperature
at the current pressure, at a stable value, ensuring that the only phase in which
the refrigerant leaves the evaporator is vapor and at the same time, supplying the
evaporator's coils with the optimal amount of liquid refrigerant to achieve the
optimal heat exchange rate allowed by that evaporator.

Thermal expansion valves are often referred to generically as "metering devices"

although this may also refer to any other device that releases liquid refrigerant
into the low pressure section but does not react to temperature such as a
capillary tube or a pressure controlled valve.

In addition, some thermal expansion valves are also specifically designed to

ensure that a certain minimum flow of refrigerant can always flow through the
system. A thermal expansion valve is a key element to a heat pump; the cycle that
makes air conditioning, or air cooling.

There are two main types of thermal expansion valves: internally or externally
equalized. The difference between externally and internally equalized valves is
how the evaporator pressure affects the position of the needle. In internally
equalized valves, the evaporator pressure against the diaphragm is the pressure
at the inlet of the evaporator, whereas in externally equalized valves, the
evaporator pressure against the diaphragm is the pressure at the outlet of the

27
evaporator. Externally equalized thermostatic expansion valves compensate for
any pressure drop through the evaporator.

Evaporator

In Heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles, an evaporator is a device in a process

used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into its
gaseous form. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas form of the
targeted substance in that process.

Natural circulation evaporators are based on the natural circulation of the

product caused by the density differences that arise from heating. In an
evaporator using tubing, after the water begins to boil, bubbles will rise and cause
circulation, facilitating the separation of the liquid and the vapor at the top of the
heating tubes. The amount of evaporation that takes place depends on the
temperature difference between the steam and the solution.

QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text

2-what is thermal expansion valve referred to ?

3-what is an evaporator?

4-what is a thermal expansion valve?

5-what is a word abbreviation for TEV?

28
Lesson 12
Plumbing

Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications.
Plumbing uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to
convey fluids. Heating and cooling, waste removal, and potable water delivery are
among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to these
applications.

A water pipe is a pipe or tube, frequently made of plastic or metal, that carries
pressurized and treated fresh water to a building (as part of a municipal water
system), as well as inside the building.

The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:

1-potable cold and hot tap water supply

2-plumbing drainage venting

3-sewage systems and septic systems with or without hot water heat recycling
and graywater recovery and treatment systems

4- Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage

5- fuel gas piping

6-heating and cooling systems utilizing water to transport thermal energy, as in

district heating systems.

29
In addition to lengths of pipe or tubing, pipe fittings are used in plumbing
systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. Pipe and fittings are held in
place with pipe hangers and strapping.

Plumbing fixtures are exchangeable devices using water that can be connected to
a building's plumbing system. They are considered to be "fixtures", in that they
are semi permanent parts of buildings. Plumbing fixtures are seen by and
designed for the end users. Some examples of fixtures include water closets ,
showers, bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers,
humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations.

plumbing equipment includes devices often hidden behind walls or in utility

spaces which are not seen by the general public. It includes water meters, pumps,
expansion tanks, back flow preventers, water filters, UV sterilization lights, water
softeners, water heaters, heat exchangers, gauges, and control systems.

30
QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text

2-what is a plumbing?

3- What is the water pipe made of?

4- How many plumbing applications do you name?

5- What are some plumbing equipment?

6-Complete under paragragh with suiatble words.

Plumbing is any system that conveys ….. for a wide range of applications.

Heating and cooling, waste removal, and …… water delivery are among the most
common uses for ….. , but it is not limited to these applications.

A water pipe is a pipe or …… , frequently made of ….. Or…. , that carries

pressurized and treated …… to a building

31
Lesson 13
Pump

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by

mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to
the method they use to move the fluid: direct lift , displacement, and gravity
pumps.

Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and

consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate
via many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind
power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to
large industrial pumps.

Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water

from wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for
water cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and
natural gas or for operating cooling towers. In the medical industry, pumps are
used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as
artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heart prosthesis.

Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or be placed
external to the fluid.

Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive

displacement pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam
pumps and valve less pumps.

32
There are three basic types of pumps: positive displacement, centrifugal and axial
flow pumps. In centrifugal pumps the direction of flow of the fluid changes by
ninety degrees as it flows over impeller, while in axial flow pumps the direction of
flow is unchanged.

Single stage pump When in a casing only one impeller is revolving then it is called
single stage pump.

Double stage pump When in a casing two or more than two impellers are
revolving then it is called double stage pump.

QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text

2-what is a compressor?

3-what is a Single stage pump?

4-what is a double stage pump?

5- How many pump applications do you name?

6- How many pump models do you name?

33
Lesson 14
Tankless water heater

Tankless water heaters also called instantaneous, continuous flow, inline, flash,
on demand, or instant on water heaters are water heaters that instantly heat
water as it flows through the device, and do not retain any water internally except
for what is in the heat exchanger coil. Copper heat exchangers are preferred in
these units because of their high thermal conductivity and ease of fabrication.

Tankless heaters may be installed throughout a household at more than one

point-of-use (POU), far from a central water heater, or larger centralized models
may still be used to provide all the hot water requirements for an entire house.

The main advantages of tankless water heaters are a plentiful continuous flow of
hot water (as compared to a limited flow of continuously heated hot water from
conventional tank water heaters), and potential energy savings under some
conditions. The main disadvantage of these systems are their high initial costs
(equipment and installation).

Tankless heaters is normally turned off, but is equipped with flow sensors which
activate it when water travels through them. A negative feedback loop is used to
bring water to the target temperature. The water circulates through a copper
heat exchanger and is warmed by gas or electrical heating. Since there is no finite
tank of hot water that can be depleted, the Tankless heater provides a continuous
supply.

34
To protect the units in acidic environments, durable coatings or other surface
treatments are available. Acid resistant coatings are capable of withstanding
temperatures of 1000 °C.

QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text

2-what is a Tankless water heater?

3-What is the other name of the Tankless water heater?

4-What does the water heater use when it is off?

5-What is the purpose of using the negative feedback loop?

6-what is a word abbreviation for POU ?

35
Lesson 15
Storage water heater

A storage water heater, or a hot water system (HWS), is a domestic water heating
appliance that uses a hot water storage tank to maximize heating capacity and
provide instantaneous delivery of hot water . Conventional storage water heaters
use a variety of fuels, including natural gas, propane, fuel oil, and electricity. Less
conventional water heating technologies, such as heat pump water heaters and
solar water heaters, can also be categorized as storage water heaters.

The primary difference between a storage geyser and an instant geyser would
that of performance is that one has the ability to disperse water instantly whereas
the other takes time.

Instant water heater, as the name suggests, provide hot water almost
instantaneously. There is hardly 1 or 2 minutes of heating time after which hot
water can be accessed. But given the low storage capacity (max 5-6 litres at a
given point of time) of these types of heaters, you cannot expect a bucket or a
barrel full at the same speed. They are priced significantly higher than storage
heaters but have a longer life period. This stands at an average of 15-20 years.
Instant water heater provides water as you need and There are no heat losses.

Storage geysers, on the other hand, may not be as fast as the instant versions,
they have large tanks that heat and store hot water for longer durations. It also
allows you to store hot water for a while and is ideal for large volume usage
(Large tanks can even store about 60 litres at a time too). It is priced far lower
than that of its instant counterpart. But this also pumps up its operating cost and

36
the space required to place it. The lifespan of a storage water geyser stands at an
average of 7 to 12 years.

Natural gas and propane storage water heaters operate identically with a gas or
propane burner located at the bottom of the storage tank heating the water. Fuel
oil fired storage water heaters are configured similarly by igniting a vaporizing
mist of oil and air with an electric spark.

QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text.

2-what is instant geyser referred to ?

3-what is a storage water heater?

4-what is a other name for storage water heater?

5-what is a word abbreviation for HWS?

6-How long does a lifespan of water heater ?

37
Lesson 16
Renewable energy

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are
naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,
waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy often provides energy in four
important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating or cooling,
transportation, and rural (off grid) energy services.

Based on REN21's 2016 report, renewables contributed 19.2% to humans' global

energy consumption and 23.7% to their generation of electricity in 2015,
respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 8.9% coming from traditional
biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (modern biomass, geothermal and solar heat), 3.9%
hydro electricity and 2.2% is electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and
biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more
than $286 billion in 2015, with countries like China and the United States heavily
investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Globally, there are an estimated 7.7
million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar
photovoltaic being the largest renewable employer. As of 2015 worldwide, more
than half of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable.

Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to

other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.
Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in
significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits.

38
At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable
energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. Some places and at
least two countries, Iceland and Norway generate all their electricity using
renewable energy already, and many other countries have the set a goal to reach
100% renewable energy in the future. For example, in Denmark the government
decided to switch the total energy supply (electricity, mobility and
heating/cooling) to 100% renewable energy by 2050.

Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper.
Their share of total energy consumption is increasing. Growth in consumption of
coal and oil could end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables and natural
gas.

39
QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text

2-what is a renewable energy?

3- Which countries use renewable energy?

4- How many renewable energy applications do you name?

5- Translate words English to Persian and Persian to English

a- renewable resources

b- sunlight

c- waves

d- geothermal

e- solar photovoltaic

f- economic

g- hydro electricity

h- geographical areas

40
Lesson 17

Solar energy

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range
of ever evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal
energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.

It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly

characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they
capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power.

Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated

solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar
techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with
favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that
naturally circulate air.

In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of

affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge
longer term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance
on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource,
enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global
warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are
global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should
be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be
widely shared.

41
QUESTIONS

1-Translate the above Text

2-what is a solar energy?

3- Translate words English to Persian and Persian to English

a- concentrated

b- sunlight

c- global warming

d- solar architecture

e- solar photovoltaic

f- economic

g- reduce pollution

h- International Energy Agency

42
43