Comfort Bicycle Design

Diploma Document
Shivani Mohan~Product Design~National Institute of Design~2005
Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

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DIPLOMA PROJECT
Comfort Bicycle for Urban/Semi-Urban Scenario
Sponsor : TI Cycles Of India, Chennai.
Student : Shivani Mohan
Guide : Gaurang Shah
2005
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN FACULTY (PRODUCT DESIGN)
National Institute of Design

Ahmedabad
I’d first like to thank TI Cycles of India for this opportunity.
I’d like to thank my guide Gaurang Shah for his support. Vasant Devaji (DGM
PD) for giving me direction when needed. Sadish for helping me create a more
stable bicycle. Jimmy, Harsha and Vishal for the valuable knowledge they shared
Acknowledgements... about bicycles. Ramachandra for helping conduct the virtual stress test. Nikh-
ilesh for introducing me to the SLR category and giving me interesting insights
into the bicycle market. Ramesh, Padamanabhan, for helping me conduct my
dealer survey. Geetam Tiwari for sharing valuable bicycle data. Shiva for always
helping out.
Shreyas, Atul, for their useful feedback on my project, but more than that, for
helping realize the Mahabalipuram trip, which was one of my greatest learnings.
Dhiman, Pratheek, Poonam, Dawa, Nitin, Neeti for helping me through the many
blocks I wents through and the interesting discussions. Mahendra for being a
good reality check.
Peri ma for sharing her home with me.
.... And Abba and Amma.

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Contents
Introduction: Project Abstract 5
About muruggappa
TI cycles
Research: PHASE I: Evolution of the Bicycle 12
(General) Anatomy of the Bicycle

Types of Bicycles
Ergonomic Considerations
World Bike Scenario
Indian Bike Scenario
Research: PHASE II: About the SLR 57

(Focussed) Market overview
Dealer, User Survey
Case Studies
Issues
Data analysis: Two Scenarios 81

Opportunity mapping
Proposal: New identity for SLR 85

Redefined Brief
Ideation: Mood board 87

Concepts
Towards final direction
Final Concept: Final Virtual model 118

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Project Abstract:
Design gents SLR bicycle for urban/ semi urban scenario.
Background:
The SLR (Sporty Light Roadster) was launched by TI Cycles of India in
the early 1980s, The BSA SLR became very popular for its comfort and
smooth light ride. Since then there has been almost no alteration in its
basic form.
However with the Introduction of the MTB ( Mountain Terrain Bike) cat-
egory of bicycles, there has been a steady decline in the sales of the gents
SLR. Thus it is feasable review the shortcomings of the present SLR,
understand why the customers are shifting, as well as understand the plus
points of the MTB, and develope aN SLR to suit the present day Urban
and semi/urban needs.

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Murugappa Group
The Murugappa Group, headquartered in Chennai, India, is a $1.2-billion
conglomerate with interests in engineering, abrasives, sanitaryware, fertilisers,
finance, bio-products and plantations. It has 29 companies under its umbrella,
of which nine are listed and actively traded on the National Stock Exchange
and the Bombay Stock Exchange. Together, they have over 20,000 employees.
The business has its origins in 1900, when Dewan Bahadur A M Murugappa
Chettiar established a money-lending and banking business in Burma (now
Myanmar), which then spread to Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Vietnam.
A century down the line, it has withstood enormous vicissitudes to become
one of the country’s biggest industrial houses. The group turnover crossed the
$ 1 billion mark in 2003-04.
The group is a market leader in India across a spectrum of products like
sanitary ware, fertilizers, abrasives, automotive chains, car door frames and
steel tubes. Neemazal, a neem-based organic pesticide, is the market leader
in bio-pesticides. Some of the country’s best-known brands like BSA and

Hercules in bicycles, Parryware in sanitaryware, Parrys Spirulina and Parrys
Beta Carotene in nutraceuticals, Ballmaster and Ajax in abrasives, Gromor and

Paramfos in fertilisers, and many more come from the Murugappa Group.

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Tube Investments of India Tube Investments of India Limited was one of the most important post-
Independence forays of the Murugappa Group into manufacturing. It was a
niche the group identified as a trump card for a nascent nation; making the
poor man’s vehicle, the bicycle.
It was originally founded as TI Cycles of India, in 1949. Group companies Tube

Products of India and TI Miller – which manufactured cycle lamps and dynamo
sets – were merged with the company in 1959 and 1984, respectively.
TII is the second-largest manufacturer of bicycles in India, marketing top

brands like Hercules, BSA and Philips, and had a market share of 31 per cent
in 2003-04. In the value-added special segment, TI is the leader, with a 50 per
cent market share. More recently, the company entered the promising health
conscious ‘exercise bicycle’ segment in 2002-03.
A subsidiary, Tube Products of India was set up in 1955 in collaboration with

Tube Products (Oldbury) Ltd, UK, to produce electric resistance welded
(ERW), cold drawn welded (CDW) tubes and drawn over mandrel (DOM)
tubes.
Another subsidiary, TI Metal Forming, is a pioneer in cold roll forming. It

manufactures and supplies value-added metal formed components like car
door frames, sash / division channels, door guide rails, window frames, side
impact beams, rail and bar assembly. It has plants in Chennai and Bawal (near
Gurgaon).
TI Diamond Chain Ltd, another associate, was established in 1960 in

collaboration with the Diamond Chain Co, USA. Starting as a maker of bicycle
chains, it now makes over 1,000 varieties of chains – from tiller chains, leaf
chains and conveyor chains to industrial power drive chains, motorcycle drive
chains and engine mechanism chains. The company can meet any requirement
in chains, anywhere in the world.

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Operations carried out in the Chennai Ambattur unit
Process flow chart - Dip Phosphating
Loading degreasing I raw water rinse pickling(derusting) raw water rinse 1 raw water rinse II Degreasing II
unload oven drying Passivation DM Water counter rinse phosphating preconditioner raw water rinse counter flow
Degreasing: Passivation:
Degreasing is the process of removal of grease and oil deposits on the surface of Passivation is the treatment of the surface of steel, often with acid solutions
the frame with a detergent or alkaline before pickling or passivation to remove any dust or grease and promote the formation of a passive film on
the freshly cleaned surface. Common passivation treatments include nitric acid
Pickling: solutions.
Pickling is the removal of any high temperature scale and any adjacent chromium
layer of metal from the surface of steel by chemical means.

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Process flow chart - Painting
loading surface preparation Base coat auto disk spray base coat manual T/up Base coat flash off top coat disk spray
painting/ lacquer coat surface preparation unloading oven curing top coat flash off top coat manual T/up
painting/ lacquer coat auto disk spray painting/ laquer coat manual t/up painting/ lacquer coat flash off oven curing Unloading
Electrostatic Painting:
the principle of electrostatic painting is the same as opposite charges getting The surface takes a uniform coat of paint, except i the places where there is
attracted. The component to be painted is negetively charged. the paint is pre- a junction where two or more members meet. This touch up work is then
charged and fed and atomised in the nozzle. the componetnts on the conveyer are done manually. Allthough this process is more efficiant then spray painting,
fed into the painting rig. The nozzle is placed on a revoving head in a cylindrical it is only 60% efficient. 40% of the paint gets wasted. Hence powder coating
cabin. The components then revolve inside the cabin on the conveyer belt, expos- which is 90% efficient, is being thought of to replace this process.
ing maximum surface area to the atomised and charged droplet of paint.

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Process flow - Kitting
The TI factory also completely handles they kittng of the bicycle 4. Once all the required components are put into the carton, the
frame as well as all the other components. carton is weighed before dispatch. Thus if the weight is less than
the standard amount, then they can conclude that some compo-
1. First the frame is completely wrapped in paper and polyethyl- nent has not been put in.
ene for scratch proof transportation. 5. After all the parts are put in the box, they are ready to get dis-
2.The wrapped frames are then tagged to indicate what model of patched. The corrugated boxes consist of two bicycles in one box.
frame they are. 6. These cartons are put in the factory warehouse and are account-
3. All the other components like spokes, break shoe etc. are ed for in the inventory. As the orders are made by the dealers, the
wrapped separately and kept in the same carton stock is dispatched.

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About Bicycles . . .

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Draisienne (Hobby Horse)/1817
Designed by Germany’s Baron von Drais
and introduced to the world in 1818 in
Paris. This steerable walking machine is
said to be the progenitor of the bicycle.
It was later introduced to Great Britain
where it came to be called a hobby horse
Evolution of the Bicycle or dandy horse.
MacMillan Velocipede/1839
Designed by Kirkpatrick MacMillan, a
A Sketch Scottish blacksmith. It had a driving
One of Leonardo Da Vinci’s students in mechanism consisting of a crank and
the 1490’s made rough drafts of a bicycle. pedals which propelled it by a downward
What is realized with these findings is and forward thrust of the foot, enabling
that in the 1490’s all the parts of a bicycle people to ride a cycle for the first time
were available to inventors. Inventors were without touching their feet to the ground.
thinking about how to use the parts as well, With a immense weight of 26 kg, it was not
but didn’t think about putting them together. widely used.
Celerifere/1797 Michaux Velocipede/1863

France’s Comte de Sivrac is said to have This machine, powered by pedals and a
invented the Celerifere (Celeripede in crank, was designed by Pierre Michaux,
English) with a frame in the form of animals a Parisian manufacturer of baby carriages
such as horses, birds, and snakes, but the and horse carriages. It was the world’s
details are obscure. Having no pedals, riders first mass-produced riding machine, and
propelled it by pushing their feet against the continued to spread around the world until
ground and could only steer by leaning. 1870. Also known as a bone shaker, it was
well loved by many people.

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Ordinary Bicycle/Circa 1870 The Hard Tired Safety
Around this time, the diameter of bicycle The further improvement of metallurgy
front wheels started to get gradually larger. sparked the next innovation. With metal that
The reason for this was the larger the front was now strong enough to make a fine chain
wheel, the farther the bicycle travels with and sprocket small and light enough for a
each wheel revolution, thereby producing human being to power, the next design was
higher speeds. Another name for this model a return to the original configuration of two
was a penny-farthing because it resembled same-size wheels, only now, instead of just
the English penny and farthing (one-quarter one wheel circumference for every pedal
pence) placed next to each other. Ordinary turn, you could, through the gear ratios,
bicycles had straight handlebars and have a speed the same as the huge high-
wooden rims and spokes. This new form of wheel. The bicycles still had the hard rubber
bicycle required advanced riding technique. tires, and in the absence of the long, shock-
absorbing spokes, the ride they provided
The High Wheel Tricycle was much more uncomfortable than any of
While the men were risking their necks the high-wheel designs.
on the high wheels, ladies, confined to
The Pnuematic Tire Safety
their long skirts and corsets, could take a
The pnuematic tire was first applied to
spin around the park on an adult tricycle.
the bicycle by an Irish veterinarian who
These machines also afforded more
was trying to give his young son a more
dignity to gentlemen such as doctors and
comfortable ride on his tricycle. This
clergymen. Many mechanical innovations
inventive young doctor’s name was Dunlop.
now associated with the automobile were
Sound familiar? Now that comfort and
originally invented for tricycles. Rack and
safety could be had in the same package,
pinion steering, the differential, and band
and that package was getting cheaper as
brakes, to name a few!
manufacturing methods improved, everyone
clamored to ride the bicycle. This 1898 Yale
uses a shaft drive to dispense with the dirty
chain.

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Anatomy of a Bicycle

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The Frame: The frame is the heart and soul of a bicycle. It translates pedal effort into for-
ward motion, guides the wheels in the direction you select, and absorbs road
shock. How well the frame does these various jobs is determined by:
1. The material from which it is built
2. The geometry of the frame
3. The method of construction.
Materials:
steerer tube Bicycle frames are either made from metals refined from ores, such as steel, al-
Top tube uminium, and titanium; or from composites of combined structural fibres such
as carbon, glass, aramid, or spectra, with a glue or plastic binder. Metals are
isotropic - equally strong and stiff in all directions, and give the most strength
Head tube for the least weight when used as tubes arranged in the classic diamond-frame
Seat stays
pattern. Composites are anisotropic - strong and stiff along the azis of the
Seat tube fibres, and the fibres can be formed into almost any shape required, with the
strength placed where needed.
Geometry of the frame:

The most common and modern frame design for an upright bicycle is made of
Down tube dropouts three triangles, a main triangle and a paired rear triangle. This is known as the
diamond frame. The main triangle consists of the head tube, top tube, down
chainstays
Front forks tube and seat tube. The rear triangle consists of the seat tube, and paired
Bottom bracket chain stays and seat stays. The head tube contains the headset, the interface
with the fork. The top tube connects the head tube to the seat tube at the top,
and the down tube connects the head tube to the bottom bracket. The rear
triangle connects to the rear dropouts, where the rear wheel is attached. It
Fork tips
consists of the seat tube and paired chain stays and seat stays. The chain stays
run parallel to the chain, connecting the bottom bracket to the rear dropouts.
The seat stays connect the top of the seat tube (often at or near the same point
as the top tube) to the rear dropouts.

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Fundamentals of a Bicycle: Wheelbase:
It influences many important handling characteristics, like a short wheelbase
offers a stiff, energy efficient ride since very little work is lost in frame flex.
Now the bad news, a short wheelbase can be somewhat squirrelly on a rough
surface. They may also be uncomfortable on a long ride due to the steep
head and seat tube angles. A longer wheelbase on the other hand has greater
resiliency offering better control, reduced road shock and rider fatigue.
Weight Distribution:
Weight distribution is the percentage of the total weight (rider, frame,
equipment, etc.) That the wheels share. 45% on the front wheel and 55% on
the back wheel is generally . The principle influence accepted as “ideal” on this
ratio is the riders position or “Center of Gravity”.
Top Tube Height:

This is the perpendicular distance from the ground to the top of the top tube.
Top tube
This should always be at least 1/2 inch less than the distance from the cyclists
Head tube crotch to the ground with both feet flat on the ground.
ube Bottom Bracket Height:

nt
Seat
Dow The distance from the ground to the center line of the bottom bracket. This
tube
height ranges from 9.5 inches for touring and up to 12 inches for cyclo-cross,
criterium and track bikes. A higher bottom bracket tends to render a less
Top tube height
stable feel since it raises the combined CG. A lower bottom bracket feels
Steering
slightly more stable and has a subtle effect on the feel of the bike in a sprint.
angle
Bottom bracket height Seat Tube Length:

The distance from the center of the crank or crank axis to the top of the seat
lug. This measurement is always taken on the centerline of the tube. It is the
Wheelbase most frequently used dimension for sizing frames. The seat tube length is
directly proportional to the cyclists leg length.

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swing wide in a corner or under-steer. As the speed increases, so does this
effect. These forces are offset by building in a certain amount of over-steer or
shortening the rake. This allows the wheel to remain headed in the direction of
the turn with less rider input. On the whole, over-steer provides steering that is
much more responsive than neutral. To sum up this concept means, more rake
will make the cycle more comfortable but the steering will be less responsive
and vice a versa.
Top Tube Length:

Measured along the center of the tube between the head tube centerline and
the seat tube center line. This dimension is relative to the length of the torso
and the arms.
Seat Tube Angle:

The angle formed between the seat tube and the ground. The typical range is
between 68 and 75 degrees. A steeper seat tube angle offers a stiffer ride while
a laid back tube allows for more frame flex resulting in reduced road shock.
Trail Rake Head Tube Angle:

As with the seat tube, this angle is measured between the head tube and the
ground. Typically this angle falls in the 60-75 degree range as with the seat
Fork Rake:
tube. This dimension is directly related to the fork rake & these two combined
It is a perpendicular measurement of the distance from the center line of
have great bearing on how a bike handles in turns as well as in a straight line.
the head tube to the center of the axle. Every head tube angle has only one
As the head tube angle gets steeper the rake is shorter & vice versa. The
rake that will provide neutral steering, no rise or fall as the fork is turned. If
steeper head tube and shorter rake provide quick steering and a stiff front end
fork rake is made shorter than neutral it is known as “over-steer” or “quick
that is desirable for racing. A shallow head tube angle decreases steering
steering” which simply means turn tighter than the true turn radius. If the rake
sensitivity but provides a comfortable & springy ride.
is increased from neutral it is call “under-steer”, this would cause the bike to
swing wide from the true turn radius. As a bike enters a turn at speed, the
gyroscopic effect of the wheels and the inertia of the rider and equipment
combine to resist turning, in actuality these forces tend to keep the bike going
in a straight line. If the fork had a neutral rake, the tendency would be to

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The Wheels: Next to the frame, nothing has greater influence on the way a bike rides than
its wheels and tires. A wheel that is tight and true, and fitted with a properly
inflated tire of good quality makes bike riding a true pleasure. By contrast,
a wheel that its loose and wobbly and surrounded by an under inflated tire of
poor quality, makes cycle riding an unpleasant, if not dangerous experience.
The wire spoked bicycle wheel was introduced more than a century ago to
replace wooden wheels with thick rigid spokes. Tensioning these wires made
these wheels possible and with them came the lightweight bicycle that we know
today. Wire spokes not only reduced weight, but also improved durability.
Today wire wheels carry more than a hundred times their own weight. Wire
wheels are pre-stressed structures, with built in stresses that are reduced when
they are subjected to loads.
Parts of a wheel:
1. Hub
2. Rim
3. Spokes
4. Spoke nipples
5. Axle
6. Bearing
7. tyre

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Tyres:
A tyre is a roughly toroidal piece of rubber placed on a wheel to cushion it. Air filled tires are known as pneumatic tires, and these are the type
in almost universal use today. The air compresses as the wheel goes over a bump and acts as a shock absorber. Air filled tires, used on bicycles
and vehicles travelling on rough roads have an inner tube. This is a fully sealed rubber tube with a valve to control flow of air in and out.
A treadless slick tyre is This ultra lightweight all

mean for optimal grip on - around performance
asphalt and concrete. This tyre is very stable in wet
helps give a comfortable weather. If using it off
ride, with minimum rolling road it is suitable for
resistance, and low tyre hard packed surfaces, but
noise hates mud
This could be a good This tyre is quintessential

example of an all -around soft rubber compound
cross and road tyre. It knobby, with well spaced,
is satisfactory on hard well bevelled lugs. Trac-
packed surfaces, but its tion is excellent but the
side lugs are too closely life of the rubber com-
spaced to let mud escape. pound is short.
This tyre is designed for This tyre is popular rac-

all off-road bets. Well ing tyre whose tread de-
separated lugs discharge sign works well on rocky
mud easily while the cen- terrain. The large 2.2 in
tral horizontal bands pro- size provides a greater
vide traction to improve volume of air to ride on
acceleration. and consequently a more
comfortable ride off road.

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Transmission:
Pedals, chainset, gears, changers, chain, freewheel
Pedals:
Pedals are like shoes: intimate, and considerably varied in function, fit and
comfort. Pedals are also the most important link between you and your bike.
Not only do you transmit power that propels you through the pedals, you also
use them as moving balance points that help you position yourself on your bike
for hard cornering and stable descending.
Types of Pedals:
1. Rubber block
Rubber block Pedals are not meant for serious cycling, rather they are ideal
for regular short distance commuter situations, where most likely you are not
wearing appropriate shoes, and thus the sticky nature of the rubber pedals is
advantageous. On the downside, rubber pedals are always heavy, non service-
able, and don’t provide any options for positive foot positioning.
2. Rat trap
Rat trap pedals have thin cage plate that allow the use of cleated shoes and
also provide location for bicycle touring shoes with transverse ridges in their
soles. Unfortunately the thin plate shoes also mean that shoes without some
sort of reinforcement in the soles, will transmit pressure unevenly to the sloes
of your feet. That’s where you might develop tender spots on rides longer than
5-10 miles.
3. Quill
The only real different between a rat trap and a quill pedal is that a quill pedal
has a curved piece of metal that connects the front and the rear cage plates,
making the two of them one part. This creates a stronger structure, as well as
providing a little more shoe area.

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4. Platform
As the name suggests, a platform pedals offer a flatter, larger area for foot
contact than do other types of pedals. Generally speaking these pedals are
adaptable to different types of shoes, although many models are designed to
accommodate cleats. As cycling increased popularity among people who are
more interested in commuting, touring, or riding for fun and exercise than in
participating in racing events, a rash of new platform type pedals have been
introduced to better fit the touring shoes these riders often prefer over compe-
tition shoes.
5. Clipless
There has been a long standing movement away from the traditional pedal, toe
clip, and toe strap trio towards a system that invariably involves a pedal/cleat
combination, with locks the rider’s foot onto the pedal. This integrated locking
feature makes clips and straps, and their adjustment obsolete. The maneuvers
required to lock and unlock cleats into and out of these pedals are fast and
easy operations, making them safer and more convenient than other contempo-
rary pedals.

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A gear like a lever, is a means of changing the rate at which work is done.
Gears The rate of change is called the ratio. On a bicycle the ratio is determined
by relative sizes of the crankset chainrings and the freewheel sprockets or
cogs. With a 52 - tooth (T) chainring, one complete turn of the cranks will
rotate a wheel with a 13 T sprocket four times, a ratio of 4 : 1, While a 28T
chainring will turn a wheel with a 28T sprocket once, a ratio of 1 : 1. A 52/
13T gear is big, and gives speed, while a 28/28T gear is low, and gives the
power to climb hills, albeit slowly.
The average cyclist produces 1/8 horsepower on a steady basis, with maxi-
mum efficiency when pedalling at cadences of 55 to 85 rpm. The purpose
of gears is to maintain an efficient cadence, and the key to using gears is
anticipation: shift early, before the new gear is needed, so candence remains
smooth and steady. Anticipation is particularly important when downshifting
to lower gears for climbing.
If you are going fast on a level or downhill road, your feet are turning a large
gear, which is making a small gear (connected to the rear wheel) turn much
faster. It is relatively hard to pedal. As you go downhill, your feet would
be turning the pedal gear slowly, but the gear on the back wheel would be
High gears turning very fast. Also, it feels hard to pedal.
Downhill riding
When you are going uphill, you shift gears so your feet are turning a small
gear at a fast rate, and this is connected to a larger gear that is turning more
slowly. It is relatively easier to pedal. The principle of the lever applies: You
use less effort but apply it over a greater distance - the longer circumference
of the larger gear; more pedaling is required to go the same distance
Low gears compared to above.
Uphill riding
As you went uphill, your feet would be turning the small gear very fast to
give the large gear on the back wheel as much power as possible, but less
speed. Also, it feels easier to pedal.

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Brakes:
Brakes are a dynamic part of a bike’s performance.
Types of brakes:
Caliper brakes
A caliper is a measuring device with moving parts that come together to
determine the dimensions of a part. Most bicycle brakes use a similar
mechanism to move the brake shoes inward toward the rim, so they are
called caliper brakes. A caliper brake uses a single assembly to move both
brake shoes together, unlike a cantilever brake which has a separate unit
on each side of the rim. A brake caliper attaches to the bicycle by a single
bolt, through the center of the fork crown or the brake bridge on the seat
stays.
V Brake:
It is a direct-pull cantilever brake. This is a cantilever which does not use a
separate transverse cable. It has two tall arms, one of which has a housing
stop and the other an anchor bolt. The exposed part of the cable runs
horizontally from one arm to the other.
V-Brakes and other direct-pull cantilevers have more mechanical advantage
than other brakes, so they require special hand levers with less-than-
average mechanical advantage to keep the overall mechanical advantage in
a useful range.
Some V-Brakes also incorporate a parallelogram linkage which maintains

the shoe at the correct angle as it approaches the rim. This feature
also allows the motion of the shoe to be more nearly horizontal than
conventional cantilevers.

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Hub brakes
Hub brake, similar to an automotive disk brake, consisting of a disk which screws
on to the hub and a caliper attached to the frame or fork which squeezes on the
disk. Disk brakes are better able to dissipate heat, which makes them popular for
downhill events and for tandems.
Some early disk brakes had a reliability problem, in that outer part of the disk could
break away from the part that attached to the hub. This would cause complete
failure with no warning whatever. When the rider would squeeze the brake lever,
it would feel solid, as the caliper was gripping the disk securely...unfortunately, it
would do nothing to stop the bicycle!
Disc brakes
Disk brakes are becoming increasingly common, partly because they work in wet
conditions when rim brakes don’t, partly because they don’t cause wear to rims, and
partly because of fashion.

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Description:
Handlebars: Handlebars usually refer to the steering mechanism for bicycles; the equivalent of
a steering wheel, though used in conjunction with the rider’s balance or centre of
gravity to steer.
Types of bicycle handlebars:

1. Drop handlebars:
A drop handlebar is one in which the middle of the bar is the highest point, or
nearly. Most bicycles built for fast or long-distance riding have drop handlebars,
which provide a range of different grip positions, allowing the rider to change
positions for variety and to accommodate different road/wind conditions. Also,
Since the handlebars are placed lower than the seat, the weight of the rider is
Drop handlebars distributed between the saddle and the handlebars, this makes long distance riding
easier.
2. Flat or upright handlebars:

Upright handlebars are used on most of the world’s bicycles. The advantage to riser
bars is the position that it places the rider in. Riser bars put the rider in a more
upright position and generally are 2-3 inches wider. By raising the hand position,
some of the rider’s weight is transferred back. Most people feel more comfortable
descending in this position. The wider bars also create a feeling of stability (longer
MTB handlebars
lever means less steering effort at the grip).
Commuter handlebars The disadvantages of a riser bar are weight, width, and also position. Generally
these bars are heavier than straight bars.
3. Aero bars
Airo Bars are handlebars especially designed for fast, long distance riding. These
are also called Triathlon handlebars. The main purpose of these handlebars is
to put the rider in a more aero-dynamic position, as well as provide a variety of
handlebar positions, so that the rider may shift and find different comfortable
positions during the long trip.
Aero Bars

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Handlebar-ends & Handlebar grips:
Bar Ends:
Handlebar extensions which mount on the ends of a straight-ish mountain-
bike style handlebar to provide extra hand positions.
Bar ends are commonly also known by the terms - bull horns, devil’s horns...
or just ‘ends’.
Bar ends have become very popular as they tend to give the otherwise not-
so-comfortable MTB bike a more comfortable sitting position.
Handlebar grips:
Placed on the ends of most bicycle’s handlebars, hand grips provide a
comfortable and safe place to put one’s hands

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Saddles: There are only three points of contact between you and your bike. Your feet
press on the pedals, your hands rest on the handlebars, and you perched on
your saddle! This makes the saddle a very important component in the bicycle.
Types of Saddles:
1. Solid Leather:
The very first bicycle saddles made were of thick leather suspended across
the cradle. Initially the leather is extremely hard but with correct maintenance
(a proofing material) the leather eases and gradually adapts itself to your
particular shape. This process is not quick though but in the long term, a
leather saddle will perfectly mould itself to your contours. Solid leather saddles
last for years, far outlasting most other types.
2. Mattress Saddles:
A traditional upholstered saddle, as used on older, less-expensive English 3-
speeds (better models used leather saddles.) This mattress saddle has multiple
small coil springs running along between the top and bottom of the frame,
covered with a layer of felt or horsehair, and a leatherette/vinyl top. This type
of saddle almost always has large coil springs at the back of the frame.
Gel and Gelfoam Saddles:

A true gel saddle has an insert of a viscous material (the gel) housed between
a moulded plastic base and the covering material, commonly lycra, leatherette
(vinyl) or leather. The gel insert will mould itself to the shape anything pressed
against it, in this case your contours. “Gelfoam” is not the same as Gel.
Gelfoam is not viscous, it is simply an absorbent foam type material which has
a pliable feel. When pressure is released from gelfoam, it immediately springs
back into shape, whereas a true gel will almost appear to flow back into its
original shape. The primary difference between gel and gelfoam is that a true
gel has a fixed volume, there is no reduction in volume under compression, the
gel simply relocates to an area of lesser compression.

27
More about Saddles: Hard of Soft?
When a cyclist finds a saddle uncomfortable, the first impulse is often to look
for a soft one. This is often a mistake. Imagine sitting down on a coffee table.
Your weight is concentrated on the two bumps of your “sit bones”, also known
as the “ischial tuberosities.” These are the parts of your body designed to bear
your seated weight. Most cases of saddle-related discomfort arise because the
load is carried on the soft tissues between the sit bones.
Many cyclists are unaware of this, and many saddles are made to appeal to
the purchaser who chooses a saddle on the basis of how easily the thumb can
sink into the squishy top. This type of saddle is only comfortable for very short
rides, (though an inexperienced cyclist will often find it more comfortable than
a better saddle, as long as rides don’t exceed a mile or two.)
Wide or Narrow?
The width of a saddle is quite crucial to the rider’s comfort, and should be
related to the space between the rider’s sit bones. If the saddle is too narrow,
the sit bones will hang over the sides, and the soft tissues will bear the load. If
the saddle is too wide, it is likely to cause chafing of the inner thigh, especially
in hot weather.
Women’s issues:
In general, women’s saddles are somewhat wider and somewhat shorter than
those that work best for men. While not all women require a female-specific
saddle design, most do. Many women suffer displaced discomfort as a result
of riding an inappropriate saddle: In many cases, the only way to reduce direct
saddle pain is to tilt the saddle down in front. This may reduce the acute
saddle pain, but creates a tendency to slide forward.
Some newer women’s saddles have a large cutout in the middle to eliminate
pressure on soft tissues. These work well for many women, but some riders
find the sharp-ish edges of the hole irritating.

28
Types of Bicycles
At a glance...
Bicycles for long distance, fast cycling
Mountain Terrain Bicycles
Bicycles for comfortable riding in the city
Special Cycles: Tandem, Folding, Recumbent, BMX

29
Road Bike: Types of Racing Bike
Standard:
This is the most common type of road bike suitable for most road riding. The riding
position is usually aerodynamic. Some of the more modern “compact” road bikes
give you a slightly less aggressive position on the bike which can favour certain
riders and people with back problems.
Time Trials:
Time trials involve riding as fast as possible around a circuit on a road usually 10,
25 or 50 miles. Time trial bikes are designed to be as aerodynamic as possible and
riders adopt a very hunched over position, using extensions on the handlebars to
bring their hands forward. Bikes can sometimes have smaller front wheels to get the
riding position even lower.
Track bikes
Track bikes are raced indoors on banked oval circuits. They have just one fixed
gear (you can’t stop pedaling) and no brakes. You can slow down by slowing your
pedaling. These bikes are very strong and very minimalist designed for riders
putting massive amounts of force through the pedals.
Evaluation:
pros:
Description: On tarmac road bikes are very fast. The slick tyres mean there is very little drag on
Racing bikes (also known as road bikes) are designed to go as fast as the road surface and your aerodynamic position keeps wind drag to a minimum
possible on tarmac. Everything is pared down as much as possible to
save weight and to improve aerodynamics. Racing bikes have quite a lot cons:
of gears, but they are very close together so the rider can choose a gear Because racing bikes are very skinny (especially the saddles) they can be
which perfectly matches the conditions. The riding position is quite uncomfortable. On cobbles and rough surfaces, the high-pressure tyres don’t
hunched over to cause less wind resistance, and the drop handlebars give absorb much of the vibration, and the hunched-over riding position can be sore on
a choice of riding position depending on conditions. Tyres are very thin the neck, back and wrists.
and at very high pressure.

30
Mountain Terrain Bike: Types of Mountain Terrain Bikes:
XC (Cross Country)
Most Mountain Bikes fit into this category. They are light weight bikes which
can be ridden over the toughest of terrains easily, both up and down hills.
This is the typical Mountain Bike and can be used with ease for riding on the
road or commuting.
Downhill
For serious Mountain Bikers seeking the ultimate thrill! Downhill bikes have
both front and rear suspension, strong components, and disc brakes. These
bikes are rarely available off the shelf and most riders prefer to custom build
their own.
Jump/Slalom
Jump and slalom bikes are designed to be very strong and are used for
jumping, street riding and slalom racing. They have front suspension and use
very strong dedicated components. This type of bike is currently very popular
with most manufacturers offering jump and slalom bikes within their ranges.
Evaluation:
Pros...
Description: Very versatile - you can use a Mountain Bike for anything from commuting to
The Mountain terrain bike was developed in the early 1970’s. Suffice to say that traveling across the Himalayas.
mountain biking took off in a big way and is now the most popular type of bike.
cons:
Mountain bikes have strong frames, powerful brakes, multiple gears and wide
Although Mountain Bikes can be used for other purposes they require
tyres - perfect for riding off the beaten track. Suspension is now becoming more
modifications which will add additional costs to its original purchase
popular for two reasons - it increases comfort and can allow you to progress
price. Cheap Mountain Bikes can often disillusion people and should
faster over the given terrain which you are riding on. Mountain bikes at the lower
not be confused with proper mountain bikes which are lightweight and
end of the price range, sometimes called All Terrain Bikes or Urban Mountain
maneuverable. These cheap bikes are heavy, unresponsive and generally nasty
Bikes, are not as capable as true mountain bikes when it comes to off road riding.
to ride.

31
Hybrid Bike: Details:
A hybrid is fitted with 700c wheels (the same size as road bikes) but have
wider tyres. These tyres are generally multipurpose, in that they have a
smooth centre for efficiency on tarmac, but have a raised outer tread to give
better grip when the cycle is used off road. Hybrids are fitted with the same
gear systems as a mountain bike, comfortable handlebars and can give on
most models a “sit up and beg” position. Better models come factory fitted
with mudguards, pannier racks, and can offer suspension seat posts and
adjustable rise stems. This in turn adds to the comfort and functionality of
the bicycle.
More recently, comfort bikes have hit the scene, and combine features for
comfort with hybrid bicycles. Most comfort bikes incorporate an adjustable
stem for setting the proper handlebar height, and have a suspension seat
post and gel saddle to “remove” some of the bumps in the road. Many of the
models we carry also offer suspension forks to further reduce road shock.
One other important feature of the comfort bike is the mountain bike width
tire. The tire is relatively smooth, but has a high air volume to give a very
comfortable and stable ride.
Description: Evaluation:
The hybrid is a cross between a mountain bike and a road bike. They are also Pros:
referred to as “Trekking” bikes or “Town and Trail” bikes and are ideally suited to Hybrids are lightweight, have a wide range of gears and are equally at home
most leisure riders and commuters. on road or on well made tracks and towpaths etc. They are equally good for
Hybrids have become more popular since the early 90s but have taken a while to long and short journeys.
catch on. They originated at a time when most people would purchase a mountain
Cons:
bike but often these were simply too cumbersome, heavy and slow for the average They are not suited to severe off-road conditions (mountain biking) so you
rider. Designers took the best elements from Mountain and road bikes which they are best to stick to well worn tracks and paths. They can be more expensive
used to build a bike that would meet the requirements of the average rider. than an equivalent mountain bike.

32
Tandem Bike: Description:
Tandems are bicycles built to carry two or more riders. The traditional “bicycle
built for two” is operated by a captain, or front rider, who controls the steering
and the brakes, and by a stoker, or rear rider. The drive train is designed so that
both riders may contribute to the pedaling. Tandems are seen in racing as well
as in touring and recreational riding, as two riders pedaling in cadence have far
faster times than individual riders. Tandems are also useful for introducing visually
impaired individuals to bicycling or for touring with children not yet skilled enough
to operate a standard bicycle. In these cases, the sighted cyclist or the parent rides
as captain.
Types of Tandem bikes:

Depending on capacity of bike:
Tandems can be two seaters, or can even hold upto 7-8 riders!
Depending on purpose of tandem:

Tandems may be with Road Bike features such as thin tires, and drop down handle-
bars; or like, Mountain Bikes with thicker tires and straight handlebars; or even as
a recumbent tandem bike!

33
Recumbent Bike: Types of Recumbent bikes:
LWB:
A long wheelbase bike (LWB) is 65” - 71”.
Their ride is quite smooth, comfortable, fast
and stable but due to their length, low speed
maneuverability can be a bit tricky on busy
streets or on narrow paths.
SWB:
A short wheelbase bike (SWB) is 33” - 45”.
Their front wheel is underneath or a little
ahead of the riders knees, with the crankset
mounted on a boom. They have quick
handling, are easy to maneuver, and they are
more compact, making it easier to transport
and stow than a lwb.
CLWB:
A compact long wheelbase bike (CLWB) is
46” - 64”. These bikes are the easiest bikes
to learn on. They are responsive, very stable,
Description: and with a higher seat- they are more visible,
The word recumbent refers to the seated position; many enthusiasts have making great commuters.
also taken to calling them ‘bents’. They usually have two wheels although
some have three. They are most often powered by pedaling with your legs,
but some bents are hand powered, some are both hand and foot powered.
Recumbents seats are larger and you actually sit in the seat. You aren’t
perched on top of a narrow saddle which can tend to cause numbness
and chafing. The handlebars are either above the seat at shoulder level,
or below the seat at a position where your arms hang down naturally. This
combination creates a comfortable ride making long distance riding free
from neck strain, saddle sores, and wrist pain.

34
Folding Bike: Description:
A folding cycle is designed to be easier to store and transport than a normal
full size cycle. People who would benefit the most from a folding cycle are
commuters, people who would like to carry a cycle in the back of a car and
people who don’t have the space to keep a full size cycle within their home.
At one end of the range there are cycles designed for shorter journeys, which
will fold into a compact size but do not feel quite like a full size cycle. They are
perfect for commuting as you can cycle to your nearest train station or bus stop,
quickly fold them up and put them behind your seat or in a luggage rack.
At the other end of the range there are cycles designed for longer distance
riding. They are usually equipped with lots of luggage carrying space and ride
very much like a full size cycle. These are cycles you can happily ride all day
and are perfect for commuting longer distances or touring. They don’t fold
quite so quickly or to such a compact size, but are still a lot more compact and
easy to store than a full size cycle.
Evaluation:
Pros:
You can put them almost anywhere. If you need to take a car, train or bus, they
are a lot easier to transport. They are small enough that you can often take
them into work with you rather than leaving them outside where they could be
stolen.
Cons:
Folding cycles are generally more expensive than an equivalent full size cycle as
you are paying for the convenience. They are not as efficient with your energy
due to a smaller wheel size. Folding technique will come with practice.

35
BMX Bike: Types of BMX Bikes:
Dirt jump:
In many cases this is freestyle taken onto the dirt. Riders build series of jumps
from piles of earth and then jump over them, performing tricks off the ground.
These bikes are strong due to the nature of this type of riding.
Race:
The original BMX bike, a no frills machine built for speed around a dirt track
with many jumps very similar to a Moto Cross circuit. They are typically fitted
with frame pads to protect the rider.
Freestyle:
Designed to be ridden purely to perform tricks and stunts. They have smooth
tyres and usually have some form of mechanism to allow the steering to be
rotated fully through 360º without entangling the brake cables. Freestyle is
generally split into 3 main types: Ramp, Street and Flatland. Ramp and street
bikes tend to be slightly longer in the frame than Flatland bikes. Ramps are
built in the form of an elongated semi-circle where the rider goes back and
forth between the 2 ramps performing aerial tricks. Flatland bikes are shorter
which allow riders to perform a series of tricks by moving around the bike
Description: often only on one wheel without allowing their feet to touch the ground.
BMX originated back in the late 70’s but peaked in popularity in the early 80’s
as the human powered form of Moto-Cross. Instead of a motorbike, riders would Evaluation:
tear around a circuit of bumps and jumps on a small wheeled bike with a single Pros:
gear. BMX (Bicycle Moto Cross) gradually developed and manufacturers began Most BMX bikes are very solid and robust. They tend to be more durable than
to make bikes which suited the circuits. They were fitted with 20” wheels, had a other equivalently priced bikes. They require less maintenance due to the fact
relatively small frame and high bars. This style of bike became very popular with they only have one gear so there are no moving gear parts.
the younger rider, particularly teenagers who adopted this new “style” of bike as
their own. Although BMX faded away in popularity when Mountain Bikes really Cons:
began to catch on, a core of riders and enthusiasts have kept the “style” alive. Not suitable for riding any long distances due to lack of gears and small
More recently BMX has seen a resurgence in popularity and is possibly now as frame/wheel size.
popular again as it was in the early 80’s.

36
Indian Terminology:
Having gone through all the different types of bikes and their special feature, it
is now necessary to point out that the categories of bikes manufactured in India
are slightly different due to different needs and a totally different user groups.
Standard bike/ Standard roadster:

When we say roadster, it is not a ‘road bike’ or a ‘racing bike’. A roadster is a
tough and hardy bicycle meant for Indian roads, and generally for daily com-
muters and delivery persons. The standard roadster is a Hybrid bicycle with
slim tyres, and an upright sitting position, generally a leather ‘mattress’ saddle,
and a sturdy carrier.
MTB:
Again, An MTB, in the Indian context is not really a specialty bike meant for
adventure sports such as mountain biking, since the culture of mountain biking
is not really prevalent in India. The mountain Bike is usually used by teenage,
and slightly older city dwellers.
SLR:
The SLR or Sporty Light Roadster, as the name suggests is a light bike, and
thus slim tyres, and light frame. The main differentiating feature between
the SLR and the Standard bicycle is in the wheel size, and in and form of the
handlebars. While the Standard has a wheel size of 28” the SLR has a wheel
size of 26”. The construction of the bike is aimed at maximum comfort for the
rider. Being a slim light bike, this category of bike is usually preferred by girls.
Racer:
There is no culture of bicycle racing either in India, but still the Racer cycle is
used by sports enthusiasts in schools and colleges.

37
Ergonomic Considerations
Stature
For road riding it is essential to have optimal Eye

clearance from crotch to top tube.
Cervical
The vertical distance between the top of the
Acromion
handlebar grips in their highest position, and
the seat surface of the saddle in its lowest
position should not exceed 480mm.
Upper Lumbar
Elbow
Abdominal Extension
Waist
Hand reach parameters Lower Lumar
Lower position length Buttock extension
5 percentile 419mm Crotch
Knuckle
5 percentile 682mm (maximum)
Leg reach parameters

5 percentile 682mm
Safety parameters:
Mid Patella
Popliteal
Medial malleous
Toe clearance parameters

95 percentile footlength 274mm

38
Comfort city riding
is about upright rid-
ing position. Body
inclination should be
in between 65-90mm Generous rake reduces the
Sitting in an erect posture
from horizontal shock from the bumps and
with comfort reach Crank length is
5 percentile maximum potholes and makes for an suitably decided
419mm o’- 2 all round smoother ride. by considering toe
5’ Similarly, more trail means clearance and lever-
heavier steering, but greater age required
stability.
682
mm
68’-72’
max
Tolerance zone
imum
170-180 mm
Steering head
-75
angle
Minimum 140mm
60
95 percentile half
Trail footlength
The dimensions have been taken for the 5th percentile male to ensure easy reach for most of the population.

39
Biomechanics of Bicycling:
Efficiency chart The bicycle is a tremendously efficient means of transportation. In fact cycling is
4 more efficient than any other method of travel--including walking! The one billion
10 Bicycle & Rider bicycles in the world are a testament to its effectiveness.
15
It takes less energy to bicycle one mile than it takes to walk a mile. In fact, a
4 Walker bicycle can be up to 5 times more efficient than walking. If we compare the amount
10 Runner of calories burned in bicycling to the number of calories an automobile burns, the
20 Moped & Rider difference is astounding. One hundred calories can power a cyclist for three miles,
Speed (MPH)
30 Train & Rider but it would only power a car 280 feet (85 meters)!
30
Car & 5 Rides A cyclist’s legs provide the power for cycling. Muscle attached to the thighbone (femur)
60
and the shinbone (tibia) do the majority of the work. Your thighbone works like a lever
10 Horse & Rider and if it’s longer than your shinbone it will provide extra leverage on each stroke of the
1.5 Swimmer pedals. The length of the thighbone is not the whole story, though--it takes muscles to
30 Car & move those bones. Thousands of thin spaghetti-like fibers make up muscle tissue. The
60 1 Rider main muscles at work in cycling are the quadriceps and hamstrings in the upper leg,
0 200 400 600 800 1000 and the gastrocnemius and soleus in the calf. These muscles contract in a sequence
kcal/km per person that creates the pedaling action.

40
Bicycling and pain: Bicycles are constantly being changed and improved in order to solve the
problem of discomfort, but the issue that needs to be addressed is the damage
done to the body.
Common Bicycling Pains
Anterior (Front) Knee Pain. Possible causes are having a saddle that is too low,
pedaling at a low cadence (speed), using your quadriceps muscles too much
in pedaling, misaligned bicycle cleat for those who use clipless pedals, and
muscle imbalance in your legs (strong quadriceps and weak hamstrings).
Neck Pain. Possible causes include poor handlebar or saddle position. A

poorly placed handlebar might be too low, at too great a reach, or at too short
a reach. A saddle with excessive downward tilt can be a source of neck pain.
Lower Back Pain. Possible causes include inflexible hamstrings, low cadence,
using your quadriceps muscles too much in pedaling, poor back strength, and
too-long or too-low handlebars.
Hamstring Tendinitis. Possible causes are inflexible hamstrings, high saddle,

misaligned bicycle cleat, and poor hamstring strength.
Hand Numbness or Pain. Possible causes are short-reach handlebars, poorly

placed brake levers, and a downward tilt of the saddle.
Foot Numbness or Pain. Possible causes are using quadriceps muscles too
much in pedaling, low cadence, faulty foot mechanics, and misaligned bicycle
cleat for those who use clipless pedals.
Ilio-Tibial Band Tendinitis. Possible causes are too-high saddle, leg length
difference, and misaligned bicycle cleat for those who use clipless pedals.

41
World Bicycle Scenario: A half-century ago, it was widely expected that automobile production would
quickly exceed that of bicycles. Indeed by 1965, car production, which had
been growing rapidly since World War II, was poised to overtake bicycle
production. But it never did. Mounting environmental concerns slowed the
World Bicycle and Automobile Production, 1950-2000
growth in car output and accelerated that of bikes. Between 1969 and 1970, the
120
year of the first Earth Day, bike sales jumped from 25 million to 36 million.
Shortly after the first Earth Day, the two oil-price shocks of the 1970s
100
underlined the risks of oil-dependent mobility. Car sales stalled near 30 million
Bicycle from 1973 to 1983. Bicycle sales, meanwhile, jumped from 52 million to 74
80 million.
60 Bicycle boom:
40 The bicycle’s principal attraction is its low cost. With cars costing easily 100
times as much, the bicycle offers mobility to billions of people who cannot
Automobile
20 afford a car. The widely affordable bike attracted 960 million buyers during
the 1990s, compared with 370 million for the car. The bicycle also reduces the
0
amount of land that needs to be paved. Six bicycles typically can fit into the
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 road space used by one car. For parking, the advantage is even greater, with 20
Source: Worldwatch Institute bicycles occupying the space required for a car.
As the world automobile fleet expanded and as people moved in droves to

cities, ever worsening traffic congestion highlighted the inherent conflict
In the year 2000, world bicycle production climbed to 101 million, between the automobile and the city. In London today, the average speed of a
more than double the 41 million cars produced. Sales of bikes are car is roughly the same as that of a horse-drawn carriage a century ago. Each
year, the average motorist in Bangkok spends the equivalent of 44 working days
soaring because they provide affordable mobility for billions of
sitting in a car going nowhere. After a point, more cars mean less mobility.
people, increase physical fitness, alleviate traffic congestion, and
Another attraction of the bicycle is that it does not contribute to the air
do not pollute the air or emit climate-disrupting carbon dioxide. pollution that claims 3 million lives annually.

42
World Bicycle Scenario: In many cities in the United States, bikes provide mobility that cars cannot
match. More than four fifths of all urban police departments now have some of
their force on bicycles. Officers on bikes can usually reach the scene of a crime
before those in squad cars.
Bicycle ownership as percentage of population Urban bicycle messenger services are now common in large cities. For firms
Australia that market on the Internet, quick delivery means more customers.
China
India Land scarcity is also driving the world toward the bicycle, particularly in
Japan densely populated Asia, where half the world lives. In heavily populated, Japan,
Mexico
the bicycle plays a strategic role. In Tokyo, where 90 per cent of workers
Netherlands
South Korea commute by rail, 30 per cent use a bicycle to reach their local rail station.
United Kingdom
United States When the Chinese government announced in 1994 that it was going to develop
West Germany an automobile-centered transportation system, the policy was quickly changed
as China did not have enough land both to build the roads, highways, and
parking lots needed for automobiles and to feed its people. The scientists
argued instead for a rail/bicycle-based transport system.
In recent decades, the densely populated countries of northern Europe have
turned to the bicycle to alleviate traffic congestion and reduce air pollution. In
Stockholm, one of the world’s wealthiest cities, car use has declined in recent
years. Railroads and buses are increasingly linked with pedestrian and bicycle Country Percent of trips by travel mode
routes. Public
Bicycle Walking transit Car Other
Netherlands 30 18 5 45 2
In the Netherlands, bicycles account for up to half of all trips in some cities. Denmark 20 21 14 42 3
Extensive bike paths and lanes in both the Netherlands (almost 19,000 Germany(western) 12 22 16 49 1
Switzerland 10 29 20 38 3
kilometers) and Germany (over 31,000 kilometers) connect rural and urban Sweden 10 39 11 36 4
Austria 9 31 13 39 8
areas. These networks offer the cyclist separate right-of-way, making for Germany (eastern) 8 29 14 48 1
safer trips. In Copenhagen, one third of the population commutes to work England 8 12 14 62 4
France 5 30 12 47 6
by bicycle. By 2005, Copenhagen’s innovative city-bike program will provide Italy 5 28 16 42 9
3,000 bicycles for free use within the city. Bike use there is expected to Canada 1 10 14 74 1
United States 1 9 3 84 3
continue growing as city planners increase already high car parking fees,
Source:Pucher ( from various transport ministries and depts)
impose high fuel taxes and vehicle registration costs, and concentrate future
development around rail lines.

43
World Bicycle Scenario:
City Country Initiative
Australia Plans to double bicycle use by 2004 by developing a network of trails, end-of-trip facilities,
improving bicycle safety.
Sandiago Chile 30-40 kilometer bike path pilot project currently funded by the Global Environment Facility
could grow to 1,000 kilometers over 10 years.
Bogota Columbia Some 300 kilometers of bicycle paths have been completed; all cars are banned from 120
kilometers of the city’s main streets on Sundays and holidays; referendum was passed to prohibit
car circulation during rush hours by 2015.
France The French Environment Ministry, together with the Transportation Ministry, created a national
bicycle plan in 1994, granting near $2 million for 10 bicycle promotion projects based on the
Dutch model.
Germany Over 31,000 kilometers of paths and lanes exclusively for bicycles.
Tokyo Japan Cost of owning a car is high: fuel taxes double those of the United States account for almost half
of the price of gas; automobile tax levies and vehicle inspection fees amount to an average of
almost $2,000 annually.
Nagoya Japan Employer contributions for commuting by bicycle doubled in 2000, while allowances for
automobile commuters were halved.
Netherlands First country to establish an official national bicycle policy; currently almost 19,000 kilometers of
paths and lanes exclusively for bicycles.
Lima Peru Low-interest loans available to low-income families for the purchase of the bicycle are helping
the city to meet its goal to increase percent of trips by bicycle from 2 percent in the mid 1990s
to 10 percent. Over 60 kilometers of bike paths have been built along major traffic corridors.
United States Almost $3 billion in federal funding allocated for bicycle and pedestrian projects between 1998
and 2003 under the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century.
Compiled by Janet Larsen, Earth Policy Institute, July 2002.

44
Bicycle Lanes:
Many developed nations are working towards creating safe, dedicated bicycle paths to encourage cycling culture. These bicycles paths are not in isolation - they are
supported with good signage, secure parking facility, as well as fines to trespassers into the bicycle lane!

45
China Bicycle Scenario:

46
Europe Bicycle Scenario:

47
North American Bicycle Scenario:
Land of the ‘car’...
Culture of bike racing, mountain biking
More for recreation than for utilitarian.
Most cycle commuters are men
Low gasoline taxes, few road tolls, ubiq-

uitous free parking, rising incomes makes
car buying more
Very few bicycle lanes in the US and

rarely separated from mainstream traffic,
thus dangerous to bicyclist

48
Indian Scenario:
In most Indian cities, bicycles continue to be the prime mode of transport for people of lower economic status. This is despite the fact that bicycle riding
on Indian roads is a dangerous affair as they are NOT designed to accommodate bicycles, a fair proportion of Indian road still see cyclists managing some-
how.

49
1 2 3
4 5 6
1. A potato seller uses his bicycle as his shop! 2. Postal service 3. School child’s bike
4. Water delivery 5. Watermelon seller 6. Milk-man’s bicycle

50
Bicycle promotion initiatives in India:
In many Indian cities, bicycles continue to be the prime mode of transport for people
of lower economic status. This is despite the fact that Indian roads are designed to
accommodate bicycles, and thus bicycle riding is a dangerous affair, a fair proportion
of Indian road still see cyclists managing somehow.
However in recent years, there have been many pro-bicycle initiatives even in Indian
cities:
1. A plan for dedicated bicycle lanes in New Delhi
2. The opening of kms of bicycle lanes in Chandigargh
3. The creation of ‘car-free’ educational campuses. E.g. - Anna University. IIT Madras.
Left: Cover page of the Delhi Bicycle-Lane Master Plan Right: Road alteration plans to incorporate bicycle lanes

51
52
53
A Revealing Journey:
Mahabalipuram trip revelations!
Cycling is not strenuous on flat terrain.

Chennai 60 km Mahabalipuram
Strain comes from
1. Dealing with traffic
2. Pollution
Just two weeks after joining TI Cycles I was lucky enough to be a part of a long 3. Noise
cycling trip. Two colleagues from TI Cycles along with me, went cycling to Mahab- 4. Weather
alipuram ( 60km away from chennai) and cycled back over two days.
Dealing with traffic:
This was a very revealing journey for me. I got new insights into the road conditions 1. Junctions:
of India from the point of view of a cyclist, also, since I was riding an SLR bike, a got a. Free lefts are annoying as a car may run over you as you
a very real picture of the bike I was about to re-design! are approaching a crossing to go straight..
b. How does one take a right turn? Since changing lanes
I realized that the SLR truly IS a comfortable bike since after cycling around 140 km before the turn can be life threatening.
over two days, I had no sprains, or any kind of aches and pains. A lot of my own c. How does a cyclist go about a round-about?
misconceptions about comfort features got clear - like, I now realized that drawn
back handlebars are actually more comfortable than the straight MTB handlebars. 2. Vehicles: buses:
a. When a bus stops on the left, what must a cyclist do?
Since one of the bikes had a slight problem I understood the importance of frequent
one, - cross from the left and risk bashing into passengers
cycle repair shops ( which were there !) and the importance of easy availability of
coming out of the bus or; two, - cross from the right and
spare parts.
risk being pushed into mainstream traffic by the bus.
On a systemic level I realized that luring people into cycling was not only about
giving then a good comfortable, stylish cycle... there was so much more to it. Like So we’ve got:
every time we cycled on a road lined with trees, it was a pleasure to cycle, whereas in 1. Parked cars and motorbikes
the harsh sunlight I was very tempted to not cycle at all. So I decided that making a 2. Buses
good cycle, and the government providing cycle lanes, too was not enough.... Lur- 3. Pedestrians
ing people into cycling meant a lot of redesigning of the city - roads to be lined with 4. Cyclists
shady trees, and safe parking places for bicycles...etc. ALL fighting for space on the left most lane!!

54
Speculation...
Why Cycle?
Want to Have to
Health Job specification Socio-economic status/condition

Pleasure
New experience (tourists) Police
Postman Commute to work place
Vendors Commute to school
Depends on many factors
Pizza delivery
Road conditions Gas delivery
Pollution
Weather
Availability of easy repair

and spare parts
Ideally the aim would be to increase the ‘Want To’ category of cyclists.
Parking and security
Image/ comfort of the bicycle

55
??? ?
Questions to myself:
1. Which segments of the indian population can be tapped?

2. What might be a future scenario for Indian metropolitan cities?
3. What are the amongst the first things that go wrong in cycles?
4. What infrastructural support do bicycles need?
5. Broadly what do people want?
6. How much does Indian weather conditions affect the prospect of cycling?
7. What is the role of tourists in cycling around Indian cities? Seen then in
small urban centres like pondicherry, mahabalipuram.
8. What would be the ideal kind of urban centre to accommodate bicycles in a
big way? In terms of size, population, lifestyle?
9. What is the condition in neighboring countries? Like Sri Lanka, Myalmar,
Bangladesh, malaysia ... etc.
10. What kind of bicycles do executives in china use? What is the male/ female
bicycle ratio?
11. Bicycle parking station designs? Like some kind of color coding... to make it
easier to locate your bike..
12. Is there any other use that has been adapted for the top tube? E.g. - seating
co-passenger etc.?
13. Do people ever ‘upgrade’ their bicycle? Like maruti to honda...

56
About the SLR . . .

57
The TI SLR-bicycle Features:
Photon - (men’s SLR)
Cable brakes
Pistol-type chaincover
White walled tyres
Slim tyres - 26”x 1.4”
Side stand
Non-integrated carrier
Caliper brake set
Greater rake for comfort ride
Slim overall frame tubing
Basic diamond frame
Suspentionless saddle
Ladybird - (women’s SLR)
Front basket
Sari guard
Full chain cover
Side stand
Caliper brake set
Slim overall frame tubing
Dropped top tube
Greater rake for comfort ride
Non-integrated carrier
White walled tyres
Slim tyres - 26” 1.4”

58
Market Overview:
Key Players - Hero, BSA, Avon, Atlas, Unorganized players
Market Size Gents SLR: 1.76 Lac Market Share zone wise:
BSA clear leader in all zones except south
Growth rate: -14 % – North Hero and Atlas in catch up mode
– Others have significant presence in North and West
Chart displaying zone-wise SLR market share

90%
80% 78%
70%
Market share ( in percentage)
66%
60%
52%
50% Others
43% 43% BSA
40% Avon
33% Hero
30% Atlas
20% 8% 18%
5%
12%
10%
4% 4% Kids 6%
3% 2%
1% 2%
0%
North East West South

59
Dealer, User Study:
About the Dealer: Places visited for dealer, user survey
The Dealer plays a very important role
in the bicycle industry. The dealer is
most often the final spokes-person
for any bicycle. They show the users
all the options available to them, and
Delhi
tell the users from their experiance,
which bicycle to pick. Also since the
users come right back to the dealer
to get the cycle fixed , or to get some
malfunctioning part re-placed; it’s in
their interest usually not to mis-guide Hydrabad
the users. Coastal Andhra
Bangalore
The dealers often also give the best Chennai
cues to the companies as to what the

users want, since they are on a day to
day contact with them.
My study has been divided into two parts: The study:

1. Understanding the urban customer/ city study. I visited a minimum of 10 dealers in every location that I
2. Understanding the Semi- urban customer/ district study surveyed. The dealers as well as the customers provided
many interesting insights, however a lot of cues for the bike
This was because it was pointed out to me that while the sale of SLRs had almost become needed, came from simply observing people on the roads and
negligible in the cities, in the districts the SLR was still the preferred bicycle. how they behaved, their mannerisms, and preferences.

60
Delhi
Bicycle segment-wise distribution chart
2% 3% Market Trend:
1. Captive riders purchase Standard bicycles

38% Standard
34%
SLR 2. The MTB type of bicycle is the second largest segment. It is used by the boys
Kids between the age-group 11 to 25
MTB
Juveniles 3. The next category of bikes is the ladies SLR.
Racers
3% User Psyche:
20% Roads in Delhi are to dangerous to ride on, therefore only those who have no other
choice ride for functional reasons, these people ride the standard bike.
The users of the MTB bicycles are teenagers who ride for leisure, or to do small
Bicycle User age-group distribution chart
odd jobs, thus their main priority is what image of THEM the bike projects Thus
the more features, like speedometers, indicators, horns, interesting color options,
dynamic frames,; the more attracted they are to the bike.
Users in Metro cities are not nessecerily brand loyal, they also do not always come
Less than 15 years
15 to 20 years to the dealer counter with a decided mind, they tend to look around the shop, see
20 to 30 years whats the best buy for the best price.
30 to 40 years
Greater than 40
Feedback on the Gent’s SLR:
‘Gent’s SLR’ not part of their vocabulary...They think SLR means women’s bicycle!

61
Bangalore Cochin
Market trend: No sale of Gents SLRs Market trend: Still some sale of SLRs, but it is
Primarily a MTB and standards market. a rapidly diminishing market. The MTB bike
is gaining great popularity
No supply of the gent’s SLRs!
1% 1% 21%
15%
40%
Standard Standard
44% 10% SLR SLR
Kids Kids
MTB MTB
Juveniles Juveniles
23%
Racers Racers
29% 16%
14000
30000
Last Year sales
12000
25000 Current Year sales
20000 10000
15000 8000
10000 6000
5000 4000
0 2000
Standard SLR Kids MTB Racers Juveniles
Current Year sales Last Year sales 0

Standard SLR Kids MTB

62
Hydrabad
Market trend: Almost no sale of Gents SLRs
Primarily a MTB and standards market.
Concluding city-study:
1% The SLR is practically non existent in the city scenario... it is slowly getting
14%
erased from people’s memory.
Standard The city youth are the only ones who would opt for a ‘sporty’ bike equipt
48% 16% SLR
with cable brakes, and above the Rs 2000 mark. But since the SLR bike
Kids
does not offer any ‘sporty’ feature besides the cable breaks, and MTB han-
MTB
Juveniles dlebar, the users are shifting to the more visually desirable, MTB. Besides
Racers just being a more aesthetic bike, - the MTB also offers many functional
features under the pretext of styling,
21%
E.g.: the Y frame looks stylish, but also provides a dropped top tube mak-
ing it easier for young riders to mount and dismount a bike.
E.g.: the Integrated carrier looks stylish, but the reason why people opt for
20000
it is also because of its functional features like a steady grip for the pillion
18000
16000 rider, thick tubing making it more comfortable to sit on.
14000
12000 E.g.: The MTB handlebars are more experimentative, many times giving
10000
the user of many holding positions.
8000
6000
4000 Thus in comparison, the SLR is neither good looking, nor functional. The
2000 only benefit it is riding on is it’s lightweight character.
0
Current Year sales Last Year sales

63
Common Mis-conceptions about the SLR bike in the cities:
About handlebars, - the straight MTB

handlebars are more comfortable.
SLR is a ‘women’s bike”
The light look of the bike is often mis-

Slim tyres means easily punctured, less taken for the bike being flimsy... not strong
sturdy
enough.
See no difference between the Standard cycle

and the SLR gents cycle.... Visually no value
added in the SLR.

64
Coastal Andhra:
Places Visited for Dealer, user study:

1. Kakinada
2.Thimmapuram
3. Ublaka
4. Ravlapalum
5. Martera
6. Palakyl
7. Tanuku
8. Rajamundari
9. Amalapuram

65
Observations:
User psyche:
1% Age group: 12-25 years: School children and young working adults.
Very Brand conscious and loyal
21%
Usually know exactly which cycle they want before entering the dealer shop,
35%
Standard and usually the dealer finds it very hard to change the user’s mind.
SLR Usually prefer black bicycles as they believe they look glossier, and do not
Kids
5% fade as quickly as the other colors.
MTB
Juveniles
Racers
Sale trends:
1. Adults above the age of 25 years usually only ride the Standard Bicycle,
38% and this segment comprises of the majority of cycles seen on the road
2. The second largest segment is that of the SLR. Here the boys like rid-
ing the photon, photon ex and SLR 2000; while the girls like the ladybird
16000 series of bicycles.
14000
3. The MTB bicycle is rarely seen on the district roads, as most teenagers
12000
here are of the belief that its cumbersome, and a more difficult ride due to
10000
its wide tyres, and heavier frame.
8000
6000
4000 Competitor bikes:
2000 Avon: Avon SLR, Avon 707, Avon Zing
0 Hero: Hero Neon
Current Year sales Last Year sales

66
Feedback on the various parts of the cycle:
Chain-cover:
The BSA Photon has a piston-type chain cover that ends a few inches be-
fore the rear axle. All the dealers said that the chain cover must end at the
rear axle itself, like all the other competitor bikes. Some dealers even said
that the full cover could be re-introduced, since the greasy chain soiled the 1
users clothes while riding.

3
1. The present Photon’s chaincover 3. Altas Turbo chaincover

2. Old BSA SLR full chaincover 4. Avon 707 chaincover
2 4
Saddles:
The Dealers seemed contented with the Photon saddles. When asked about the perfor-
mance of the spring-loaded saddles, they pointed out the breakpoints in those saddles,
and the fact that in the moulded saddles, the spring attachment would tend to just come
out. For this reason they preferred the saddles that there not spring-loaded.
1 2
1. With and without spring saddles 2. Indicating breaking point

3. Damaged moulded saddle, along with non-spring, non moulded saddle
3

67
Graphics / Stickering
Interestingly, the Photon users of coastal Andhra really love the first
Photon model’s stickering, they say that they like the way it glows in
the night, and when light falls on it. This liking is so deep that when
in the next SLR model, the sticker was changed to “SLR 2000” the
cycle was not accepted!! And thus the new Photon EX model had to
revert to the same sticker !!
1 2
1. The Photon Stickering 2. SLR 2000 Stickering

3. The Glowing Photon holographic sticker
3
Stand
There were two views to the stand. One was that the present was just fine, while there were a sizable
number of dealers who did mention that there was a demand for a rear centre stand, so that the cycle
falls less often.
1. Hero Rear Center stand 2. Photon side stand 1 2

68
Color preference:
Another peculiarity of the bicycle users of coastal Andhra is their extreme preference towards the color black!
It seems mostly, only the black bicycles sell. The reason for this strange liking could be for various reasons,
- they say the black color doesn’t fade; its more glossy looking and elegant.
Handlebars
Although the old BSA SLR handlebars are more comfortable, the youth of coastal Andhra, as well as the city
users, prefer the new MTB-ish handlebars. This is probably because the straight handlebars put the rider
into a slightly more aggressive posture, - like on a motorbike! They associate the drawn back handlebars with
the Standard Cycle user, - a slightly older user.
Alternately, - the other bracket of SLR users, namely old men ( age group - 60 to 70 years) prefer the BSA
SLR bike precisely for it’s comparatively shorter height, and comfortable drawn back handlebars.
Tyres and treads:
People seemed to be very content with the white

walled tyres in the district. Only in the city was there
curiosity towards the new range to colored treads,
and walling. The district people seem to believe that
colored tyres were not functional- they wore off faster
than the white walled SLR tyres.

69
Case Study: i-bike
Reasons for failure:
1. Very high price
2. Lack of availability of brake-set spare parts
3. Non-acceptance of thin tyres
4. Dislike for the dynamic handlebars:
besides the fact that they look a little cum-
bersome and difficult to steer; they also
do not allow the users to loop plastic bags
and other bags on the handlebars like they
are used to doing.
5. Only can put cable lock, - no option of ...lock
People need to
keep coming up
with clever means
to carry extra lug-
gage due to the
lack of handlebar
Background:
space provided to
The i-bike has been designed by IDEA Design Italy. By features, the bike is a
them. Here the user
variation of the SLR. It has slim tyres, the option of riser, drawn-back handle-
bars, therefore an upright riding position and slimmer tube dimensions. has combined the
But after it’s launch in India, its sales were not picking up the way it was ex- use of the cable
pected that they would. Customers were apprehensive of buying the i-bike for lock with carrying
various reasons. another bag.

70
Alternate use of handlebars
Handlebars are often used for a large number of purposes besides

the obvious steering.
Handlebars are used as yet another ‘space’ to place objects while

traveling, and often it is more convenient for many reasons:
1. It is right in front of the riders vision
2. It is easier to loop and tie plastic bags to the handlebars than

place it on the rear carrier
1 3. All objects that need to be hung, like bottles, milk cans, other
cans with metal handles, are often easier to simply hang on the
handlebars.
2
1. Plastic bags tied 2. Milk containers slung

3. Carrier on handlebars 4. Cloth bags hung
3 4
71
Seating arrangements:
How many people on a bike?:

One/Two on a bike?
Three on a bike!
How to carry an object and

have a pillion rider?
1. Object hung on handle, and
pillion rider on carrier?
2. Object on rear carrier, and
pillion rider on top tube?
While sitting on the rear carrier,

1 2
what does the person hold onto
to keep stable?
The person in front?
The sides of the seat?
The front end of the carrier?
The back end of the carrier?
While sitting on the rear carrier,

where does the person put their
feet?
Leave them dangling in the air?
On the rear axle?
3 4 5
On the chainstay?
1. One pillion rider on rear carrier 2. Two pillions, one on carrier, other on top tube 5. Two pillion riders, male on top tube,
3. Two pillion riders on rear carrier 4. Two pillions, one on carrier, other on handlbars female sitting sideways due to sari

72
Methods of Mounting a Bicycle
The Cowboy Mount:
The Cowboy mount is popular among cyclists who learned to ride on a bicycle that was
too large for them. Indeed, this is the only way to get started on a bike that is seriously
too tall for the rider. This dubious technique involves standing next to the bike, putting
one foot on a pedal, then swinging the other leg over the saddle while the bicycle is in
motion.
The cowboy mount places the rider’s weight on the bicycle while it is leaning over at a
sharp angle. This puts considerable lateral stress on the frame and the wheels. Bicycle
wheels, in particular, are not designed to withstand serious sideways stresses, and this
poor mounting technique is very hard on your wheels.
1
The Shuffle Mount:
This involves standing on the low pedal, and trying to get the bike in motion by
pushing off against the ground with the other foot...you can’t up to maneuvering speed
quickly this way, and you can’t get started uphill with this technique.
The Flying Leap:
This technique is a less common, but equally poor technique, consisting of running
alongside the bicycle then jumping up onto the saddle. This is sometimes done by
riders in a hurry, but it is dangerous and inelegant.
1. The Cowboy Mount 2. The Shuffle Mount

2

73
Object placement
1 2 3
4 5 6
1. On the lamp bracket 2. In the front basket 3. Tied to top tube

4. On the rear carrier 5. Holding in hand 6. hung from the handlebars

74
Weather conditions and clothes worn:
1 2 3 4
1. Wollens and shawl

2. Kurta and Chudidaar
3. T-Shirt ad pants
4. Plastic Raincoats
5. Shirt and Dhoti
6. Kurta and Loongi
5 6

75
Bicycle customisation:
1 2
3 4
1. Whole bicycle frame covered in stickers 2. Handlebars garlanded

3. Handlebars decorated with plastic flowers 4. A woman’s eyes pasted on rear carrier

76
Safety issues... Reflectors and Visibility...
Safety First..
1 2 3
Among the first things to go wrong with a bicycle is the falling off of its rear
reflectors. This is because they are placed on the mudguards that most often 4
get bumped on from the back. Also, since the falling off of the reflectors does
not effect the performance of the bicycle, the users rarely replace them. This 1. Spokes reflector 2. Front mudguard reflector 3. Head tube reflector
puts the rider in a lot of danger at night. 4. Demonstration on bicycle visibility

77
Safety issues...
Problems associated with this area:

1. Clothes of the rider get caught between the spokes of the rear wheel.
2. The clothes of the pillion rider get caught in the rear spokes
3. In case a small child is sitting at the back, in some cases their feet get
caught in the spokes leading to great injury.
4. Any object hung on the sides of the rear carrier is likely to get caught in
the spokes of the rear wheel too.
Problems associated with the bar-ends and break-set:

Bar ends provide the user with the option of two riding positions, upright
and slightly crouched. The problem arises because there is not access to
the brake lever form both the grip positions.... Thus it the rider is gripping
the bar ends and suddenly needs to break; he inevitably does not break in
time... lending himself to the possibility of an accident.

78
Problems associated with mounting and dismounting
The Gent’s SLR bike is only available in the classic diamond configuration.
This configuration, though stable, is not very user friendly. The Top Tube
only allows the user one mounting method, - which is to fling his leg over and
around the saddle and carrier. This makes it impossible for almost anybody
other than fit young men to comfortably use....
The Top Tube also is a hindrance when the user suddenly brakes, Since many
a times his feet do not reach the ground from the saddle. So he has to lean the
whole bike, and rest tiptoed on one foot on the road to keep balance.... This
is very dangerous.
Problems associated with rear carrier:
The Indian bicycle, being a very functional vehicle, has a lot of

scope for improvement in the carrier area.
Problems:
1. The Pillion rider has nothing to hold on to, except perhaps
the cyclist, or the saddle. Because of this, many pillion rider’s
fingers get squeezed between the springs of the saddle.
2. There is no way of carrying soft/crushable goods on the car-
rier ( the spring loaded hold would crush them)
3. There is no way of putting a plastic bag onto the carrier.
4. It is very uncomfortable for the pillion rider, especially over
speed breakers.

79
Parking ...
Means of identifying YOUR bike...
1. Color
2. Unique frame/ model
3. Unique handlebars/ bar-ends
4. Rear carrier peculiarity...
5. Mudguard profile
6. Sticker
7. Saddle... unique cover
8. Any unique accessory
9. Rear reflector...
10. A defective part.( Like a broken saddle, scratch/dent/ etc.)
11. Type of lock
12. Mark of identification ( name-tag) on:
I. Mudguard flap
ii. Rear mudguard
iii. Chain-cover
iv. Rear carrier - back
v. Basket front
vi. Handlebars

80
Two Emergent Scenarios:
City Scenario District Scenario
Primarily an MTB market Primarily an SLR market
User Psyche: User Psyche:
Not necessarily Brand or model loyal Very Brand and model Loyal
Mostly decide what to buy after seeing the variety in the shop Rarely change their mind in the dealer shop
Cycle mostly for leisure and small odd jobs Cycle mostly for commuting
Feedback on the Gents SLR Feedback on the Gents SLR
Height of cycle - too short Height of cycle - just right
No interesting frame options No comment on frame
Prefer wider tyres Content with the Photon tyre thickness
Lack of interesting Color options Mostly Black color preferred
Side Stand preferred Might require Rear centre stand
Open to any graphic stickering Prefer holographic stickering - Photon in particular

81
Possible Variables in the SLR Design:
Handlebars: Old BSA handlebars Vs Photon handlebars

Seat:
With Suspension Vs Without Suspension Finish - Black Vs Chrome finish
With integrated reflector Vs without Bar-ends?
Kind of saddle? Grips... New material?
Carrier Sticker
Integrated carrier Vs normal Holographic? Plain? Luminous strips?
Introduce side carrier?
What size?
Mudguards
Gauge? Profile? Material?
Frame
Decrease? Increase? Retain?

Color Retain diamond frame?
Height of bicycle
Change frame..
Stand
Side Stand Vs Rear Center stand Tyres
Finish - black Vs Chrome Alter thickness?
Change size?
Chain-cover Walled tyres
Plastic Vs Metal
Type of treads
Full Vs Half Vs Quarter chain cover

82
Mapping Opportunity areas:
Alteration needed on a scale from 1 to 8
The adjacent chart attempts to convey the
degree of importance of each component
Saddle
in terms of alteration required.
Reflectors
Tyres This ‘degree of importance has been de-
cided by various pointers:
1. The dealer study included a checklist,
with all the main components and they
Stand were asked to state which components had
Frame
scope for improvement, and which were
just fine the way they were.
2. The User study, though not in the form

of a questionnaire, also attempted to see
Chaincover Bar ends what about a cycle was attractive, desirable
and comfortable, and what caused dis-sat-
isfaction, and discomfort.
3. Lastly, since a lot of cues were not

thought the user or the dealer, but through
simply conscious observation on roads,
Carrier
Mudguards parking spaces, in the dealer shop, Some
of the importance level is also through my
own intuition.
Color options
Handlebars
Height of
bicycle
83
Assimilating all the Data . . .

84
New Identity for the SLR bike
In todays context:
With the coming of the MTB era, the SLR is steadily los-
ing its position of a ‘sporty’ bicycle, slowly coming to be
clubbed with the Standard bicycle. Since the Standard

What it was meant for when it was introduced:
Bicycle is more strong, affordable and functional; and the
MTB fills the slot for aesthetic, sporty bike... the SLR has
When the BSA SLR was introduced in the 1960s, it
no special feature that it offers besides the users loyalty to
was a lighter, and slightly fancier version of the stan-
the a brand and model they once trusted.
dard bicycle. Youngsters and teenagers opted for it,
because of its comfort, and for the fact that it was the
The SLR needs to be redefined, and needs to offer features
only ‘sporty’ bicycle available.
that are minimal or absent in both the other categories....
The SLR Category has been liked for its comfort, and
smooth ride, - taking these cues, this category must con-
vert to Comfort City Bikes. Here all emphasis must be on
maximum comfort and safety.

85
Redefined brief:
To design a ‘comfort bike’ for the Indian scenario.
Here the emphasis is on safety and comfort.
Visually desirable
Dropped top tube for easy mounting and dismounting
Riser handlebars for comfort riding position

Grip provision for pillion rider
Unisex bicycle
Specifications:
Wheelbase 1080mm
Wheel size 26”
Separate lightweight carrier
Price bracket: Rs 2100 - Rs 2500

86
Mood Board - key words...

87
Mood Board
Agile
Minimal
Bond
Personal experience
Trust
Energy
Companionship
Light
Fresh
Customized

88
Sketching Cycles....
In the beginning I was just trying to get used to the basic proportions of bicycles. Also by sketching, I was internal-
izing the geometry of cycles: by this I mean after a few sketches, one begins to understand which elements need to
be static, and which can be played with, which components need to be connected for the frame option to be viable...
After the initial doodling I started sketching the frame on measured wheelbase templates to get a more accurate idea
of the idea itself.

89
Interesting frame Interesting feature 90
91
92
93
94
Here I was trying to drop the height of the top tube, yet not take away from the look of a ‘men’s’ bicycle

95
96
97
Explorations with Integrated carrier

98
99
This frame was finally
shortlisted to be worked
further upon. It has a
unique frame, with a lot
of functional value. The
frame itself incorporates a
carrier grip, the top tube
dips down and allows for
easy mounting and dis-
mounting.

100
Different permutations within the chosen frame:
The original idea was a Here I experimented with

bicycle with an integrated the addition of a down tube
carrier. However, since it to add to the stability of the
adds to much weight, I had to structure.
think of non-integrated car-
rier frame options.
This frame option does not In this frame, instead of put-

have the IC, but retains the ting small connectors to join
carrier hold feature. How- the front and back part of the
ever, since it does not have a bike, I tried to rest the top
chainstay, the frame may be tube on the ‘seat tube’.
weak.
In this frame I tried to give

the top tube additional sup- Here I put both, a chain-stay
port by extending another as well as a seat-stay to see
tube. But since the seat stay the results.
is too low, it may not support
the load.

101
Experimenting with Chain-stays and seat-stays:

102
Virtual Stress Testing:
The frame underwent testing using Nastrom Virtual testing. Here the frame was put under various pressures similar to the ones it will undergo
once it is part of a bicycle. Since this was the first test, the virtual frame was constructed with very basic dimensions, - like all the tubes had a
circular cross section, and the tube thickness varied between25mm dia to 30mm dia.
This test revealed that this frame structure was putting stress on four points ( those indicated by red). This stress can be relieved by various
methods. One is by increasing tube dia, another is by ovalling the tube in the direction of the stress, since oval sections take stress better in
one direction; and the third method is by increasing pipe thickness.

103
The Final Frame
This frame mostly uses oval sections as

they take stress better in one axis. Also,
the bike remains light-wieght while still
looking thick in the side view.

104
Parts - Saddle
The saddle is wide at the back so that the
rider has comfortable rides.
195mm
The final saddle for the bike is a suspention

saddle for greater comfort. Also, the saddle
is liberally wide at the back, since wider
saddles are more suited to upright comfort
riding positions.
265mm
Side View Front View Back View

105
Parts - Handlebars
In this concept, the bar

ends are put perpendic-
ular to the handlebars,
thus providing MTB
as well as an upright
comfort holding posi-
tion. However, from the
bar ends, the brake set
remains inaccessible.
Another exploration of
Here I tried to come up
dual position handlebars
with a solution for the
providing both, comfort,
problem of where to
and MTB grip. Here
place the brakes on a dual
the problem arises when
position handlebar. I have
one has to decide where
placed one brake lever
to place the brake set...
on the MTB grip, and the
however, the dip in the
other on the Comfort grip.
handlebar is useful in
However there were many
case the user decides to
problems associated with
sling a bag on it.
this idea

106
Handlebar Explorations
Here I tried to achieve Here I tried to do a

a comfort angle in small compromise
the handlebars with between raising the
minimum bends in the handlebar grip areas
bar. Here the prob- slightly, and providing
lem arises that the a slight comfort angle
handlebars are too low, to the same.
around the same as the
seat height... thus the
rider will have to bend
too much.
Here I experimented
To provide the user
with the Look of the
with riser handlebars,
Old SLR handlebars or
I tried to raise the
‘albatross handlebars’
handle grip part to
as these are supposed
quite an extent. But
to be extremely com-
such handlebars lend a
fortable while riding...
very ‘kids bike’ look to
However, their look did
the bike, and didn’t go
not go too well with
with the desired look
the bike.
of the bike.

107
Dual position Handlebars
Here I explored giving the user the option of riser holding position, as well as the
low MTB position. However, these handlebars lent a very cumbersome look to the
front of the bike
Bar-ends exploration:
Here I attempted to play with the orientation of the bar ends to provide a comfort
grip. I placed the bar ends perpendicular to the handlebar. As I worked more on
the idea it seemed interesting, since by rotating the bar ends one could completely
change the riding position, - i.e. from ‘comfort position’ to ‘racer position’!
However, when I places bar ends perpendicular to the handlebars, the arrangement
looked very odd, - and not too aesthetic either.

108
Bar-End Alteration Comfort position:
This bar end consists of two parts: handlebar clamp and hand grip.
The hand-grip fits on the handlebar clamp with the help of a nut and
bolt. But since the hand-grip has holes on two axis, it can be bolted
in two distinct orientations.
Exploded View
Racer position:
MTB position:

109
Handlebar Stem
The handlebar stem gives the user the possibility

of height adjustment, as well as slightly altering
the look of the bike.
Notches are provided so that the stem can not slip from the set
angle while riding.
nce
able dista
Adjust

110
Carrier Explorations
Ideally the pillion rider must have some- This was an integrated carrier concept. Here Here I was working on how to secure the
thing to hold on to, thus the carrier must the carrier is made of oval sections tilting objects placed on the rear carrier a little
have a provision for a hand hold. This hand inwards. This would help keep objects more better. I thought of different ways of ty-
hold has the additional benefit of giving the securely on the carrier, and also perhaps be a ing chords to the carrier, different ways of
user an elevated bar on which to tie plastic more comfortable seat for a pillion rider. tightening.
bags and other tie-able goods!
But since a Non-integrated light carrier was
more apt for an SLR bike, oval sections could
not be used.

111
Explorations to derive non-integrated carrier which follows the frame language

112
Final Carrier
Grip for pillion rider, The carrier attaches

as well as an elevated to the main frame at
rod on which user may this point. By joining
tie things he/ she wants the carrier here, a
to put on the carrier to small cavity is created
secure it better behind the seat. The
user thus has more
space and the option
of how to carry things.
Space for reflector
Small attachment area for hooks and

elastic to help hold the things on the
carrier in place.

113
Carrier Features
Metal hooks
Elastic chords
Fit on carrier
Elastic cords to help secure objects placed The same elastic chords can also
on the rear carrier. secure a small object if placed behind
the seat. This gives free space on the
carrier

114
Parts and Details
Brake set:
Calliper Brake
The bicycle is provided with Calliper Brake sets. Through the dealer as
well as user survey I realized that Calliper brake sets spare parts are easily
available, and all cycle mechanics know how to adjust and fix problems
with them.
Mudguard caps:
Mudguard caps
Mudguards are usually formed from metal, and thus the edges are some-
times sharp. Mudguard caps protect the user from the metal edges while
cleaning the bike as well as add to the look of the bike.
Grips
Pedal:
The pedal has been provided with reflectors and soft PVC grips so
that shoes do not slip on them.
Reflector

115
Parts and Details
Head-tube Reflector:
The head tube is equipt with a triangular white reflector.
This is extremely important for night riding. Also, since
the rear reflectors are yellow in color, and the front one is
white, a car can determine which way the bike is heading.
Head-tube reflector
Chaincover:
Taking cues from the dealer and user survey, the Chaincover is
‘pistol-type’ chaincover, and it extends all the way to the rear
hub. This provides the user a safer option, also it helps to avoid
the pillion rider’s clothes getting soiled by the greasy chain.
The Chaincover is lightweight, and made of translucent plastic.

116
Final Assembled Bicycle
Top view
Side view

117
Full bicycle renders . . .

118
119
120
121
122
Bibliography
Websites reffered: Research documents, diploma
documents, books reffered:
www.corbis.com, Richard Ballantine & Richard Grant,

Ultimate Bicycle Book, Dorling
www.gettyimages.com,
Kindersley, London, 1992.
www.google.co.in,
Editors of Bicycling & mountain bike
www.sheldonbrown.com,
Magazines, Complete guide to Bicycle
www.ticyclesindia.com, Maintenance & Repair, Rodale press, USA,
1994.
Jobst Brandt, The Bicycle Wheel, Avocet

Inc. Palo Alto, USA, 1993.
Mahendra Chauhan, ‘An introspection in

to new parameters of bicycle design’ -
Diploma document, NID, India, 2003.
Navin A N, ‘Comfort bicycle for school

children’ - Diploma document, NID, India,
2004.
Shreyas Rane, ‘Electric Cycle’

Diploma Document, NID, India 2005
Dr Geetam Tiwari, Dr Rajiv Saraf,

‘Cycling promotion and Bicycle Theft’
November 1996

123

Comfort Bicycle Design

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Diploma Document

Shivani Mohan~Product Design~National Institute of Design~2005

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Comfort Bicycle for Urban/Semi-Urban Scenario

Sponsor : TI Cycles Of India, Chennai.

Student : Shivani Mohan

Guide : Gaurang Shah

National Institute of Design

Peri ma for sharing her home with me.

.... And Abba and Amma.

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Research: PHASE I: Evolution of the Bicycle 12

(General) Anatomy of the Bicycle

Research: PHASE II: About the SLR 57

Data analysis: Two Scenarios 81

Proposal: New identity for SLR 85

Ideation: Mood board 87

Final Concept: Final Virtual model 118

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Design gents SLR bicycle for urban/ semi urban scenario.

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

conglomerate with interests in engineering, abrasives, sanitaryware, fertilisers,

finance, bio-products and plantations. It has 29 companies under its umbrella,

Chettiar established a money-lending and banking business in Burma (now

A century down the line, it has withstood enormous vicissitudes to become

$ 1 billion mark in 2003-04.

The group is a market leader in India across a spectrum of products like

steel tubes. Neemazal, a neem-based organic pesticide, is the market leader

in bio-pesticides. Some of the country’s best-known brands like BSA and

Beta Carotene in nutraceuticals, Ballmaster and Ajax in abrasives, Gromor and

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

It was originally founded as TI Cycles of India, in 1949. Group companies Tube

TII is the second-largest manufacturer of bicycles in India, marketing top

A subsidiary, Tube Products of India was set up in 1955 in collaboration with

Another subsidiary, TI Metal Forming, is a pioneer in cold roll forming. It

TI Diamond Chain Ltd, another associate, was established in 1960 in

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Process flow chart - Dip Phosphating

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Evolution of the Bicycle or dandy horse.

Celerifere/1797 Michaux Velocipede/1863

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Geometry of the frame:

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Top Tube Height:

ube Bottom Bracket Height:

Bottom bracket height Seat Tube Length:

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Top Tube Length:

Seat Tube Angle:

Trail Rake Head Tube Angle:

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

A treadless slick tyre is This ultra lightweight all

This could be a good This tyre is quintessential

This tyre is designed for This tyre is popular rac-

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005

Diploma Project, Shivani Mohan, NID, 2005