cme 12 ees ee === el ———— od Statistical Quality Control INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL QUALITY CONROL, ‘equality ofthe good mansfactared and market hem a reaonable pie he ‘consumers fel smtied wit gud othe quali, ple, ete of We proguct ‘hanufactrea bys erin company. il res cont forte prot and {ninereaseinssis Int andi poper tention nat piventotbe complaint ot the consumers regarding qual the mansfactoer cannot push though Ms rodots in the market and ultiatly he has o git he marke. Hence Iinporanttomainainand improve he quality ofthe manufactured product fo ‘Quay des nat mean the hips standard of he manufactured product, but conforming tothe presribed standard of the product so a to rtny te consumes even if itmay be below he ihe absolute standard “Though the quality sandard mip hve ben specifi knot possible to void some vanaton nthe quality ofthe product For example smachine se Sd ence expected to produce por dy 10,000 bol acho length 2s ‘Sey ually all the bots re of eng cm exay Some of then maybe Sls lesan 2em and some slightly move tan 2 em inlength. Soh valtion {nquaity of the product ean be dso int to kings namely. chance variation ‘Chance varteion is he variation nthe quality of the prods which ocars due to many mina, bt random causes, sich a sight changes in temper ssure and metal hadner. Assignable varaton ete variation at eecurs (ue to non-random causes like poor quality of Input rv materia estonia {aul banding f machines by inexperienced operstors te, Though we method [s asilable by which the chance variation can be controlled or lininatd, a eigate varon canbe eliminated, if detect ely Suring the pro Sine tn Coe 0 omens one il tn er erm ae ca a ort Pls ems oes oS eae a hens samp et ree Sm et jee ano ls eee ea eee ear eee otters one sree CONTROL CHARTS OF VARIABLES Speticwasctrs trie ‘mean is constructed and used for taking decisions regard otheRonson Hence the contol hat forthe forthe ramp range eae a SEENSTEsing ston ezading the quay ot te tome = Control Limits for the sample mean X and sample range & “Lette andom arable tected maura crc cf Se poelaton of he tem precede ssume that follows sno sn X the mean of a sample of size ls a random vile tht srry itrbated with mean and 8.0.2 We know, fom the property “of normal distibtion hat (0.9978. This means hat 99.73% of the sample scans vie stnos ll he sample mean values) wll be within 32 and dom causes an observed value of F thes outside ss #32 indicates she preunce some assignable cane p #32 are called he contra iis fore pte mean ¥:y1~ 5 scaled he Lawer Control Limi (LCL) sad n+ 3 aoe = sect andie 3 ean fhe sample ange fellows a pra sition with pean and SD by Since PUR 3 Op 2 RER + 30y) * 09973, the lower and upper Ta. wheve consol hits forthe sample sange Rare R= 3 oy where R =r srk, Hence they ate estimated approximately by using = % = 43) Bhan opin tcty= 10~ By Rand op UCL) ® 5 (Di- DR scree ds By andy te control chart constant, whose values depend on he RS RS IRD hich ne eaiiysvallabe i the table of contol char. Semi Tove femenut ihe endothe caper Using thee approximations, ‘contol mits ate Obaied es follows +k Lee for =F AyF and UCL for TE for = Dying UCL for R= DAR Procodure to draw the Fighart and Re-chast Tine sample value in each of the WY sauples each of size willbe given Bebe the means ofthe WY samples ad Ri, Ravn Ry BE the Simple, we mean te maxim Join hat sarple et Rae ranges ofthe N samples. By raneeof ca clu rinse nina sample vl Ls exptecty) and Rack (Ry + Rat 2. We then compute F 8) a Heater of Ay By: Dy fr he gen sample size are an om the “4 Tomine ale ofthe contol ints F2-4F (or the mean cha) and he sree Mglesb, Rand De (forthe range ca) are computed 5, Ome nee sheet thesample mbes arc repretented nthe eon Deamon the ra forthe ean char) and he See ares onthe ani or the ange chi) «6 Porurewing the mean chart, we dre thee lines y= Fay RAs Mich represent respectively the celine be Ck ower f(t “4 UCI line, Also we plat the pints whose coor “Lad Join adjacent points by line segments. The BFPO seth tee tine y= Bay =Dy & and For deri repeat eopectvly the cena ne, the LEL line and Lee ine” Aino we plo ihe poms whose co-ordinates are (Iv Ri), Ft ann cet ims ie egmens Te ah ‘Comments on Stato of Control of the Process ate poned ois alt within he LCL and UCL Hines, theres aoning to wor, aie ee ele aration beswcen te ramps tibutedtOshance causes Se reeene or more ploed pints le outside the contol ines. i is 0 be confied ss danger signal, indicating that variations between samples are SES SySignane cnases and te procer sou of conto and that necessary Soret action should be taken at once “Somesines even though the plored points may lie between the conto nes 2 sizcooe number of sucessive pots may show a tendency 10 lie on defile SSeS ping towards the LCL or UCL lines oe may lie on the same side ofthe SERS Suche pauem of sample pont should also be considered asa danger Slane, warranting 2 eange in the production process 2. Be 17, Forming te ange char we dre a Control Chart for Sample Standard Deviation or rchart ‘Since te standard deviation ican ideal meas of deersion a combination of ‘anacombinnionot ¥ and char for conling proce average and process SShiblip. We know that's the SD. ofssumple oven: iearanom vale ‘avis normaly istitued wih mean gang S.D. =, whee gis the. of ae rom wich ie ses ee, 159+ 32\ 209573 2 se “Tae tomer and upper conuol inks for sare = 3 and o+ SE, yiebatats ss) wheres the SD. of the th ample andi th omer of empl consi rd, Hence Lt for s= (1-B)s 2B, Fant vet. tors (19-32) en CL for ¥ =F, LEL fon, (CONTROL CHARTS FOR ATTRIBUTES “To consol the suai of ern product whose auebues are avaible, she ‘long com chareare te i) Spshatfrmimuert Steines Hebe of tae sone sie oro erent impart ese oly when a he ESbpitar of he sun sine cchatiwsed nly when cach sump coms of ‘nigoneitem| ns (s population of tems and Met number of defectives in a sample of size 1 (Siz T alsibson with yrean np and S.D-opa ~ hen eo an hen niber fe = sey small Fslows # mo Sataten win mean ad .D- BT Hence Plo g's X= np + 3007 0.9973 ectives, emp = 3.0 om proportion of dafectivesp will aot be now seated sepouinany a8 P= Ge mst + Pa) oe esos P= fy Pst Rp) swhere all te samples ae ofthe some size. the umber oF itd he umber of teferves ine th sample “TEnce econo! limite for the mumer of sample defectives. are 19 ATT we ch ale of ie te tea a othe “Toe lines y=aFy=nB—3 \GBUR BY andy np + 30 represen respoetivcly the cet line, LCL line and UC, in ae ‘Bocine pot Ch np mpd se Wen) onthe prop set sd dco Potato la cement esc erConl tie pose det fo -vraiunip ts. iby-mnutenct cere se : senna Eee pes fH} - 0Piclnbiiy, Stites and Random Processes Hence the contol limits forthe fat or the fraction o proportion of sample defectives are pss (E o “he formats (1) hold ; hols 20d when lhe saps ae of ihe sie of he sample dts from sane sale nee ain ‘he contra its will be p= 3 POP) were ste average sample 1 (ninety, whore is the siz ofthe th sample Tis olds good. when, wales do not differ very much om Tis method applied if 0.78 Wore Bxaumess / L—— ——— Bere | ‘Given below are the values of sample mean T and sample range R fr 10 {Beles ech of tte 5. Dew the appropiate men od ae aS ‘comment on the state of control af the process. aa Same eae oh eseesre san 442 R-tyn 1 58 From te table ofconuol char constants for sample sizen = 5, we have + As=0577, Dy=Oand Dy=2.115 Cont mis fr ¥ = ca 646454026) Satie Quine Control Limits for,R-chart CL =F =8:LCL = 0,8 =0; UCL =D,R =2115%58 “The mean char and range chart relevant to this problem are given in Fig 12. ay and) ” bun yearssqucesPris robablity. Siatistics and Random Proce ‘State of Controt _ Allthe sample point inthe rat NUE SERRE mins ne ange char ie within the conto ines Hence a SF a large tar Foe ingen chart 1 ayo ete tl ha ot ea sett gi pre Exaune 2 A machine fils boxes with dry cereal, 15 samples of & bores are drawa randomly. The weight of the sampled bore ae shown as flows. Draw the ‘onto chan forthe sample mean sod sample range and determine whether process is ina state of consol ss Soph Newer eis as ea 106 ioe is 3 aot Ashe chart and Achar ae tbe dawn, we first compute te means ad ranges ofthe piven samples Sag TE ay Be MO we OO BS Hl WE BE HE yd ws 1s a 7 HO oA as 3 os 0720 a_i a a as 0 wo e137 fe ns na 13 16 | tit cnt ca in nor REDE =horosaseusy +16 ime 1 4 RAE R beasts ita tts) 1156 82 2138 rom ie table of contol chart constants forthe sample size n=4, weave ‘Ay=0.729, Dy= 0 and De= 2282 Control Limits for X-chart 1S LCL= Kay R = 1156-0729 « 133 1059 vet = +AF = 115640729 153= 1253 Control Limits for R-chart = 138:LCL= Dy R= Oand UCL =D, R =2282% 133 308 , owe rag Po 7 sumotemamseeee eee 50 _Probabiliy, Sines and Random Process ect) sero ec gn State of Controt Siacealtbe ample pints wa yp oes ot nest inte X= char and in the R-chart, the process is under contro. an ———— Exon 3 ‘The values of sample mean Xan sample standard deviations for 13 sampes, ‘e2ch of size 4, drawn feom a redaction posers ate given below Des the Poot conol char fre ots ad oc ay. aa is 14585 120195 11S 39 $147 3a aa EDK = xrtsse 23s Fah yy eb xcoasaon From the abe of consol cart constants, for sample sen: ‘A; = 1880, 2, =O and, = 2.266 Control Limits for Z-chart 303 ae sam fF xaaneoton Control Limits for rchart cL =F =402:LC1 7 UCL 28,7 =2265%402=9.11 ‘Themeanchar and .D, chart eelevant io his problem ae given in Fig Sate of Controt te fore raving the con chans, we observe thatthe given sample mean vast isteween 3.69 and 21.0 and tate een SD. values all atin ed 9.1, Hence the process is under contol with reapect To avetoge an steperoner |‘The following data give the coded measurements of 10 samples ech of size 5, rain from 3 production process at itrvals of 1 hou, Caleulote the sample ‘means and SD."s and drs the conto charts for ands See Cin 9 + 8 7 2 9 Gb ww Semmes 8 1 1 9 is 8 sd Hob fon 0 7 9 @ wp ¢ 6 po 4 6B BF woo 9 Ss ws {We fit compote mean and SD. foreach sample FADE =p xure ios 0s. ety, =f deo aye BZ Feb Sy = beaseza esta From the table of contol chart constants, or sample size = 5. we Rave ‘Ay = 1.596: 8, = and B= 2.089 Control Limits for X-chart(Fig¢ 12.4 (a)) ceaZetn et=Z-A,0, 5 = 686 ensue [Peas Control Limits for schart(Fig. 12.4(0) Leb = Bs § = 0c UCL = BF =2089 «232 chat are given on pape-654 State of Contr “The given sample mean (3) vals le Between 6.86 and 15.14 ap he siven ‘SD. vals between O and 485. Hence the process is under coeuol with respect average and vasa Tad we wnpaied LCL ond UCL or bo wing (RA. he po lle fot ib pc he et Ie factory producing spark plugs, the number of defectives found inthe Inspection of 1 lots of 100 each is given below: Draw the contol ehat for he sumberof defectives and comment onthe state of como. FO wo 0 Ss Sw SSS TO oe wh 7 2 8 wo 2% 6 6 Rm ME 192333 25 24 24 13 Tas ee Sep nanber T 64 63s Numberofdelecivedp): $10 128 uponao ane PREG bee Aw seme) i Sa ga (vane $ Com) Yan 2 $4104 12443490 L Sp = 8 6 and B= A 6m Gt 260 0.06¢ each sap contains 100 ies) Reh ba als xem. (> each For the npehart (Fig. 12.5) 7 Lekenp =3 aT 2623 ERT Since LCL canot be negative, Uct 20 UCL =p 63am FH 2603 (ROT = 12 Since al the sample pins ie between the pe ni ower coal ines the process stnder con~~ | Stet Quali Comal 65 a 7 a a ee is ; os ms =o, For the phart, ree ‘CL = 7 = 0.06 Dep a Pele lee 223525 -_ tens 9-3 fooaxase For the npchart (Fig. 12.7 (a) CL = np =25; LOL=np -3V0= PY =25-3 TRO «-212 ‘Since LCL cannot be negative, we take LCL =0. UCL =p +3 JaBU=PY = 25+ 3 JTSROBS = For the pehart (Fig. 12.7 (6)) ‘Since the numberof defectives in 10 samples, each of size 30 ar given, we _ up conser either numberof defectives (p) chart proportion of defectives exe p rons tens 9-3 (EE -00s-3 PERE Iinhant Ae shal comstrut both and compare the chacs. =-0082 ‘The fraction detectives (valves ofp) for the given Samples are: ‘hh, 0.095, 0.05- 0.08 0.085, 005, 0085, 0.035, 0.085.011, 005,004, 0.048, '0038.0.08 char is given in page 657 ‘Since ail te smple pots ti between the LCL and UCL ines scene ee re i) samples eash of size $0 wore inapected andthe numberof defectives in the inpection were 3:1. 1-2, 3.5.5.1, 2.3-Daaw the appropeate contol car for tne process is | ‘As LCL cannot be negative, we tke LCL =.SS emauomamactans Aenaomrreceey verrwen il CWT Pe 1270) Tes proporion of detectives forthe given simples ee 0.04,002,002,0.0, 9.06; 0.10, 010,002, 0.08, 0.06 a prosaic i one) 3 Samet numoer i) Stic! Quay ca Since lhe sapl poi le within te LCL and UCL nes a Both apa rc. ‘ioweue soe scale ct and pecans idem {te as sua sedles we may se that the np-h Exanoue 8 ‘Consiuctaconrl chart for defectives for the following data: Sample No, Leet seas ee Noles; 50 68 8S 70 80 80 70 95 90 75 a a a ‘We note hatte sz ofthe sample variss fom sample to sample Hence we ‘amp coastust the np-char Wecan const p-chatt, provided 0.78 5 en, & 125 orait? Here HehSn od 00465 4.490675 5 00 = 30 028 7 = 40 an 1.28.1 = 100 ‘Preyalvesofn beberneen 60 and 100. Henesprchan given Fig, 128, can be sawn te method given blow Ye ono O98 <5 2135 arm wail eras moa | 10 Ban Thy an hyo te ap fs hn en te Hence 0168 7 = Toulon ofteaven Now 7 = Tule of fetes Taino. often apoaed = 2 coors encore phat a econ ch sF =007s tet = 5-3 [RED coins, OEEONS e aD nm 01s LCL ema eee sulen 0. | vet = 43 (POD ons, [ONTSKOSE \and Random Pogesies rs ss fp, foe the vations samy _ysoscayuer) yromscey oo yeoacn) sume ramon Fig. 128 Since al he stmple points lie within the contol lines, the proves is under como 1 tape-recorders were examined for quality conta test, The number of defects neath pe reorder i recorded below, Draw the pproprite contol char and ‘ommeaton the state of conta, on 23 Was Unteoue 1234 5 67 8 1 3 piaae a4 Soctedeuch2 431125369 Sie the number of defects pe sample comtaning oly one itis iven, ween draw the echartig 129) 1 oad as ans agian aml se 0.10, 0.108, 0038, 0039, outa Suit Quality Coneal_661 Qssesee2eD BODY Sa cn tim piece CL =F LeLae-3 VE 23-35-20 ‘Sine LCL cannot e eptive, we ke LCL =0 UcL #2 #348 =3+:3V8 «620 *L a yra2qcu tect dee) yronen) Sono rambo Fig 129 Since all the sample pont ie within the LCL and UCL lines, the proces it snder conto Exawe 10 A plant produces paper for newsprint and rolls of pper are inspected fr defects ‘The ests of inspection of 20 rel of papers are given below: Draw the char {nd comment onthe sate of onto. RolNo@: 1 2 3 4 $ 6 7 & 9 0 Naoféenor9 10 $ 2 1 2 7 Bow 1 @ Uo BoB mw ws is wo» (Gee etal te trace ce ch teeForte chan Fig. 1210) CL eee mitch e808 1-3 e105 Ve =F 23 \F er e3 iT =2095 yevas;ch ST ig 1240 - Sigee one pint als outside the contol ines, the process sou of contro “The speifications fora cea quality characteristic ae 15.0 + 6.0 (in coded aloes). 15 amples of 4 readings each gave he following values for % and bu HB BL ‘mate tetolerance lie and Find if the press will meet the raquired spe {ets consider al the 15 samples given ¥eLyy. For the F-chart CL =F 1539; Lc = Fa, F = 1539-0729 «495 UcL =F +a,R =1539+0729 4493 = 1898, For the Rechart cu=k A9%:LCL=D, R =O: UCL =, K =2282 «493 “The process i under contol with respect othe average (Ach) ba ts not under cont with respect to variability (chan) since Ry sale forthe pe Wo. 1)» 13.8 apd Ry [4d exceed Uel= 1138 Hence the process snot under contol. So we remove the samples beret {Wand 12 om the given dats ‘Letus now rcompute R and based on the rmsiing 13 samples = hat 152904 195 189 184 152 sensesda. B® 9424.42, 2140429448 450622) 1 789233 , i Let us now recomput compute the revised contol limits for ¥ and R chars, For the chart, A, R= 1522-0.729x353 1265 UCL = ¥ +4, 8 =1522 40729435: For the R-chart, cL=R 179 35%: LCL=D,R =0:UCL=D,R use rocesisunder convo with espet othe 3 samples consid _Now cen compute the tolerance limits sing the revised vals of Fad R The tolerance limits are given by yp X33 2059 (The vale of isa from the ale of contol chat constantforn = $) 215227 5.14 “Thus the required tolerance limits ae (1008, 2036)" Since these tolerance limits le within the specification limits (9.0, 21.0), the rogess meets the required specifications. SSS ke 2 ———— “The specification fora certain quality characteristic are (60 24 incodedval- ues, The able given below gives the measurements obsied in 10 samples. Find the tolerance limits forthe process and tet ifthe process meets he specifica vis. Sain iy Caml Oe Sukie Tas eT amma) BST oT 6H 5 1B BH DO 03 8 OS OR aang ae 7 6 2 Ow 29 2,7 8 & oO SD 6 OY 3 8 HOF ‘The vale of F and Reompte fr alte samples re buted below hin 3 45 6 7 6 9 0 Tai MS M6 Ss BT MI ams oD ES E,: QS $17 @2 2 GS 617 GT 647 582 OS Rs Fe oe Do we A, R= 6519-0588 4226 fant ols F +A; R = 6119 +0485 %226=7411 For the R-chart LCL =D, R #00 Werte that LeL(282.27)< F< UCL = ut (sample 6) > 45.29. enc the process not under contol [Now we remove sample no, 6 ftom the data and recompute the values of ¥ snd B based onthe remaining 9 samples. 4.10, x (254577 44 B85 +874. 4673) x 564226269 Be pe@sesten tamer 4 1Dmobi, Sims and Rendon Meer mete 9 en do yous that process is out ofc Leameisen hap . : i 10. ind he lower and uper conto iis for chart and chan. n= 5 rent edn sata ane Forahe X-chart 11, tie ht sitions chars daw instead of np-chart? oe - 12, When wis conta il the pcan and. npchart leat un Feerenter =f -A, Bn 6209 -0482 + 1967 Ce ae ee aan a ae 13. Bnd tbe lowe and per cone im for prea and pcan. ce Fay B= 62.69 885% 1967 #7219 aie and p 20088, = es 14, Dintnguch bcween pecs anda R - . 1S, Pinte lower and oper conta i ‘Cha B= 1967, LCL = Dy R #0; UCL= Dy R= 2008 1967 16, What do younean by 5 is forthe chan, when £ =P. 16 Wicd yuan ston mts ins mano ces? ee 18 Disinguth tween cool nts and tlre 0 239.82. forall (= 8) 19. When the process is uades ae eae te process inter conte a oles a ann “The tolerance limits are given bY 20. How will you decide whethe 7 me Se Process peng aan acepele evel? ysik Fh "te fllowig dt : a givetheaveragelifeinhoursandcanseintoursof 12 | samples each of amps, Const ¥ supe ch ofS ane: Cnn the cnt ars for Fad an eer 2269 3 ES 1 dyn 294, for =9 20 me < > | Huo wis is 62.695 3.29 | Pip op oe Ts toe jie the tolerance Limits are 39.40.6598) | ER 3 @ «eos 3 a 0 "Fic pesinceson li ar 36,8. 12, Draw he mean chart and specication anced te ope scienion HTS | 1Ssampcacahof sue Sand sonment one sc oteanea | ment onthe ste scone a bs atbenthy Bott, 28, ote oh” ‘food company pats mans pany pt mango jc in cans, each of which is adversed io parts (Son never gBesO0) cots Shon a sey nee esi oats CO? contin To ounctof he . Wats meee py Sine! oaty Come? ese nce Coston 2 wh oyu ere mene vionemt sae iin? ine a tg gin on nam 1 Wh 9 re sinpng cd tanner 90minten an penne on 4: what ou ena be toca i eal ‘Stns of Snes Osu Toco 5. Whi onl ene tas concn win trosra gyn tie tw tne oor Pe shat ca Faeetcoaneoeteemectcoa TT 1 ari ol ears foreach owas nd us edconmenin mmuoteonr Find the lower and upper cont limits for "Ghat and Rechaets whe won FOR EReeE ee fe and ¥ = 1080 and R =046 Barbie ka kgs ‘each saraple is f shPr sbiy. Satisties and Random Proceses Se site Boe os fy RB ow stained 188 es 2 24, The able Below gles the (@odea wt ) measurements obtained in samples, Consteuct contol chans based chars based on mean and range and comment oe the Sate of cont nn. Seite! ually Comal 655 ‘Te folowing ible ives the sample means and S.D.'s for 15 samples cach of sz nthe production ofa eran component. Draw the ¥ anc ‘chart and comment the ate of contol a 1p Lm/iis oa 230 tag 12 178 90 7 = I ‘ 8 # Q i & c § 8 1 i & OT uey>-X Jog “so1="on‘o = Ton ‘oror UIT A 3.760) 2a Lasso 1.99% Lao Ly Lins 1.094 Ls 0973 0.925 oss osss Os16 0.788 0.762 0.738 on7 0.697 Table 11 Table of Control Chart Constants Faetars for Revhurt cia Few for ehe Aloo hon no omla mds a) L880) 0.5642 0 Led 4267 | 180 10K 0 4.262 1023 0.7236 0 Lass 0 2508 | 1693 0 4358 0 2575 0.729 | 0.2979 180k 2166 | 2.0590 AOR 0 2.282 0577 | 084070 1786 0 2089 | 232% 0 4918 0 2S 0483 | 0.8686 0.026 17 do 19m Jas oo ‘507k 0 2.004 Ous19 /0sss2 os 672 ome ts | 27m ons a7 1924 O38 Jasme7 1467 Le8 ouss ais | 287 oaK7 5307 0136 Lage 0.337 | 0.9139 0.219 0.609 0.239 1.160 | 2.970 0.546 5.394 0184 1.816 0308 | 09227 0202 1581 028 1716 [30% 0687 S469 0209 LITT 0.285 | 0.9300 0.299 1561 0.321 1.679 | 3.173 0.812 5534 0.256 1.744 0.266 | 0.9359 0,331 1541 0.354 1.646 | 3.258 0.924 5592 0.284 1.716 O29 Jasio 0359 150 0382 eis | 336 1.006 S646 nme Lae 0.235 | 0.9453 0.384 1.507 0.406 1.594 | 3.407 1121 5693 0329 1.671 0223 | 09890 0406 1492 0428 usm [34m 1am 377 O98 Lae - o2i2 | ossr3 “0427 1478 oats ise [35x 1288 57 get Lose 0203} 09581 ots 146s 04s 1s [3588 1359 Sarr gam Lae Gos | 09576 0461 04s» ose isis [360 1826 Sas oa Lam 0184 J09s99 0477 043 a4s7 150 | 3689 1450 S888 game Loe our0 J os6i9 0491 1433 sa 1990 [ams is 3902 gale Lae . a og zo» xt x Mx 198 7 if} = oo OME RRL g ~ & ‘ xt > “ Boxy Sls : p iP] Poe I E re ge % iP] 3 2 te lh 8 : ite = a “ 3 g § “ ° xt pS oma| sé je > EPL > als alt & : : a “ = le Fle aes aera gk Ree RSE LE i ¢ gas 2 & tee y goos a 23/2 [B es 2 go # 5 See E "1 g |2 e3 tt é gEPr. Statics and Random Procese : Sad Quay Const 8 ie fr wing arora conrl car constants aly — Cera 0 ele ee Sond “te sl | : | F Z Femky, Feak 0510 Wome e, i : > Ff | z ca rd aos Do | “ Soon q one 4, For K-char, LCL = 1046, UCL = 11.14: For Rehan, LCL =0, UCL = 1.0. 10, For K~ chan LCL= 1143, UCL = 18.57:14 _ Probability, Statistics and Random Processes Fer s-chart, LCL = 0, UCL = 5.22. 13. For p-chart, LCL = 0.0013, UCL = 0.1687: Fer np—chart, LCL = 0.134, UCL = 16.867. 1056, 1.1196 21. For X-chart, LCL = 112.08, UCL = 161.42: For R-chait, LCL = 0, UCL = 90.42. Process under control. 22. For X-chart, LCL = 61.61, UCL = 69.1 For R-chart, LCL = 0, UCL = 13.75. Process under control 23. LCL for X = 5.46, UCL for ¥ = 20.84; LCL for & = 0. UCL for R = 24.84; under control 24. LCL for X = 1.488, UCL for ¥ = 2.148; LCL for R= 0, UCL for R = 6.662: under control 25. LCL for ¥ = 9.74, UCL for ¥ = 11.58; LCL for & = 0,UCL for & = 3.35; Out of control 26. LCL for ¥ = 47.25, UCL for ¥ = 54.75; LCL for & = 0. UCL for R = 13.75: out of control 27. LCL for X = 0.67, UCL for ¥ = 2.93; LCL for s = 0. UCL for s = 1.18; out of control 28. LCL for X¥ = 45.5, UCL for X¥ = 56.5; LCL for s = 0, UCL for s = 6.39; under control LCL for ¥ = 6.09, UCL for ¥ - 15.81; LCL for s = 0, UCL for s= 5.69; under control 30. LL for ¥ =~ 1.55, UCL for ¥ = 2.07: LCL for s = 0, UCL for s = 2.12; under control 31. LCL for X = 5.62, UCL for ¥ = 16.18; LCL for s = 0, UCL for s= 5.51; under control . LCL =0, UCL = 7.18; under control. |. LCL = 0, UCL = 13.12; under control - LCL = 0, UCL = 10.96: out of control. LCL = 0. UCL = 0.166: under control. LCL = 0.2481, UCL = 0.5413; out of control. LCL for np = 2.97, UCL for np = 25.03; LCL for p = 0.028, UCL for p = 0.063; out of control. LCL = 0.042, UCL = 0.178; out of control, LCL = 0, UCL = 0.0979; under control. LCL =0, UCL = 11.708; out of control. - LCL = 1.27, UCL = 21.13; under control. LCL =0, UCL = 12.62; under control. . (7.77, 56.39); does not meet the specifications. . (1.1056, 1.1196); meets the specifications. (42.98, 59.90); meets the specifications. / ‘Probability, Stat. and Random Proc IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1. If A (an event) CS (sample space), n(A) _ No. of outcomes favourable 10 A pay= 2A. sa n(S) Exhaustive no. of outcomes in S. P(A)+ P(B)—P(AMB)if Aand B aroun righ em wamaas 3. Pamaye{?OA:PUBIA) if Aand Bae any eee “| POA)-P(B) if, Aand Bare inde 4. IfB,, By, ..., BL be a set of exhaustive and mutual! Ais another cyent, if ‘ (@ P~)=/S PB). PtAlB) P(B)-P(A/ Bi) (b) P(BJA) = teh > P(B)-P(AsB,) 1 5. P(rsuecesses in n Bemoulli’s trials) = PAP) = nC, PYM r= 01.2 eva 6 DY nC =f otede2=— 2 a 2 npg