EXPERIMENT NO. 1 SPECIFIC ROTATION OF SUGAR SOLUTION OBJECT: To determine the specific rotation of cane sugar solution with the help of Polarimeter. Polarimeter Used to measure the optical rotation of molecules in solution ‘The Potarmeter Tube contains an optically active substance {such as an Amino Acid) in 4 solution which causes the plane of polrized light to rotate. ‘Analyze A Rotatable Polarizer - This lens is rotated unti no Fixed Polarizer, Camot Rotate Notice that the plane of the > vibrating ight has changed a after going through tha ™~ Light Source Polarimetar Tube.EXPERIMENT NO. OBIECT: To determine the specific rotati Polarimeter. APPARATUS USED: Polarimeter with a sensi white light (for biquartz polarimeter only) or sodium polarimeter), 100c.. flask, beaker, funnel and pipett FORMULA USED: The specific rotation of the ‘water can be determined by the following formul: S= Plane of polarization of sugar dissolved in a, ¥ (Lx c)= (0.x VV (1x m) Where S is the specific rotation of plane of polarization 8 is the rotation produced in degrees lis length of tube in: decimeter m is mass of sugar in grams dissolved in water V is volume of sugar solution THEORY: The amount of rotation of the plane of polarization cf light when it passes through optically active substances like sugar solution etc. depends Directly on the thickness (!) of the optically active substance actually traversed by the polarized light. 2. directly on the concentration (c) of the substance in solution 3. inversely as the square of the wavelength of the light and 4. on temperature. It generally decreases with the rise in temperature. However this variation is negligibly small. Fora particular wavelength at constant temperature the rotation is given by 8=Sle=SIm/V PROCEDURE: 1. The polarimets: tube is filled with distilled water in such a way that no air bubble » remains inside the tube and place it in the proper position. 2. Switch on the source of light and foot: though the eyepiece. Two halves of the unequal x intensity is observed. Rotate the analyzer until the two haives are equally bright. Take the reading of main scale as well as vernier scale and find out the total reading. ‘Take:the readings in Clockwise as well as in anticlockwis" direction 4, Now prepare the sugar solution of the known strengtt: 8 25Mh distilled water). . 5. Take th Polarmetr tube and remove the pure war, Pill it with the prepared solution and again place in the polarimeter. 6. Rotate the analyzer to obtain the equal intensity pesitton. and second in anticlockwise direction, Note down the pe main scale and the vernier scale in te two directions Repeat the experiment with sugar solution of differ ugar in 100m! of 4 in clockwise direction sition of the analyzer on the trations.8. Measure th in centimeters length of the tube in centimeters and change it in deci in decimeters. OBSERVATION: Room temperature =:9." Length of the tube Mass of the sugar dissolved Volume of solution =11!..c.c. Least count of vernie? [NO] Reading on analyzer for equal illumination or sensitive tat in degree Rotation in degrees With distilled water With sugar solution Mean Clockwise | Anticlockwise | Clockwise | Anticlockwise| > es ° , K ws ( reading (a) | reading (b) | reading (c) | reading @ | (0+ Oy CALCULATIONS: . Specific rotation of the sugar solution rc . S= Ox) ydixays =. _..degrees per unit concentration per decimeter RESULT: , vn The specific rotation of cane sugar solution at ......."C PERCENTAGE ERROR: Percentage Error= ((Standard value ~ “derees per unit concentration per decimeter experimental valuey/ standard value} x 100 %pRECAUTIONS 1. aeP The polarimeter tube should be well cleaned, Water used should be dust free. There should be no air bubble inside the tube, The position of analyzer should be set accurately. Reading should be taken when two halves of the . illuminated. ofthe field of view becomes equally HALF SHADEOR BIQUARTZ ANATISER LENS <= 1 POLARISER, ‘TELESCOPE