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What Are Confidence Intervals - Simply Psychology
What Are Confidence Intervals - Simply Psychology
- Simply Psychology
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Statistics (https://www.simplypsychology.org/statistics.html) / Confidence Intervals
The confidence interval (CI) is a range of values that’s likely to include a population value with a certain degree of confidence. It is often
expressed as a % whereby a population mean lies between an upper and lower interval.
The confidence is in the method, not in a particular CI. If we repeated the sampling method many times, approximately 95% of the intervals
constructed would capture the true population mean.
Therefore, as the sample size increases, the range of interval values will narrow, meaning that you know that mean with much more accuracy
compared with a smaller sample.
We can visualize this using a normal distribution (normal-distribution.html) (see the below graph).
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For example, the probability of the population mean value being between -1.96 and +1.96 standard deviations (z-scores) from the sample mean is 95%.
Accordingly, there is a 5% chance that the population mean lies outside of the upper and lower confidence interval (as illustrated by the 2.5% of
outliers on either side of the 1.96 z-scores).
This means that the researcher can only estimate the parameters (i.e. characteristics) of a population, the estimated range being calculated from a
given set of sample data.
Therefore, a confidence interval is simply a way to measure how well your sample represents the population you are studying.
The probability that the confidence interval includes the true mean value within a population is called the confidence level of the CI.
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You can calculate a CI for any confidence level you like, but the most commonly used value is 95%. A 95% confidence interval is a range of values
(upper and lower) that you can be 95% certain contains the true mean of the population.
Remember, you must calculate an upper and low score for the confidence interval using the z-score (z-score.html) for the chosen confidence level (see
table below).
0.90 1.645
0.95 1.96
0.99 2.58
Where:
X is the mean
Z is the chosen Z-value (1.96 for 95%)
s is the sample standard deviation
n is the sample size
For the lower interval score divide the standard deviation by the square root on n, and then multiply the sum of this calculation by the z-score (1.96 for
95%). Finally, subtract the value of this calculation from the sample mean.
An Example
X (mean) = 86
Z = 1.960 (from the table above for 95%)
s (standard deviation) = 6.2
n (sample size) = 46
As a general rule, as a sample size increases the confident interval should become more narrow.
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Therefore, with large samples, you can estimate the population mean with more precision than you can with smaller samples, so the confidence
interval is quite narrow when computed from a large sample.
“ When reporting confidence intervals, use the format 95% CI [LL, UL] where LL is the lower limit of the confidence interval and UL is
the upper limit. ”
Further Information
Boxplots (boxplots.html)
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