h e is on her way to work.

Shes Doing smth at or around the time

Action s not complete
peakIns

Tm reading a really good bookK at

Notat the time of speäkng
noment In the mi
started doina it and Ihaven
finished
E p o y suabons

D o ing9 very often

Tm always losing thingi pemaps too often, or more often
nofmal

A More natural when we talk abour

He is playing ennis on Monday aternoon

personal arrangemens

What are you going to do on Have already decided and

Be going to is also possble aranged to do smth
Saturday evening?
Present for the tuture

X Do not use Will

Especially with verbs of

:Jess, are you ready yet Yes, Im coming Action jusT Defore you begm to do smtn
Continuous

ths w*** ik/bnicks Adaitions

Ind cators
his year

erbs

hear

ee

peca

Iusualy go away at weekends Permanent siuation S m t h nappens all the time or repeat*oy

h e a r n goes rouna t n e sun S m t h is true in genera

g e t up at 8 o clock every morning S a y how often we do things

lalk about timetables. programmes

My train leaves at 11.30, so
ett. tror puDiC transpot, Cinea
need to De at the statbon by 11.15
ec

lalik about people f their plans resent for the u u e

Istart my new job on Monday
are thxed liKE E UmedD

The continuous is more usua tor

penoneengements

evey moming9

Sik/brickS Addheons mpe

e

nree times a y e a

promie

P ogse
d Indicators

advse verDs

nsist

agree

refus

pecia

Where's your key? 1don t know.

ve lost it Ihe doesnt have his Key Done 12

A Connecton with now (aDOUt the

Stuatioh how, untl now

Present
T h e action in the past has a resuit now

Smth has been finished. Are nterested

n the resuT Or te CTy, not tne actvy

itser

They've gone away They 1 be back on Friday BUT

Do not use the present perfect if
 ve lost it (he doesn't have his key Done smth recenty. and the
S l active

12
AA connection with now aout E
situation now, until now)

Smtn has been tinishea. Are interested The action in the past has resutnow
Present
O e H e t v i y . n o t t h e activity

se

e away They'll be back on Friday BUT

u n k tney e baCK at homne X Do not L
tme situation now is difar *"

Focenave aested wo men in

Usualy new informaton

Aeyou hungr No, TVe just had lunch. Can a'so use the past simple

got home late last nightI was A short time ago

D o not use the present perfect
Vey u r e ana w e t StagnE to Dea
when you talk about a finished time

Don't forget to pay your e*cenciey S m h happened sooner than

v e already paidit expected, 5peaker is **pecting 4mth
o nppen

They have been marmed for 20 years Smth that began in the past and
S continues now

Have you ver eaten cavar Talk abouta period of time that
ontihues from the past untl now
Have you read Hamiet? No.I

A C ny or Shaxespeare's Peres

Thaven't seen Tom this morning Periods are not tm4hea at

yours stn moning time of speaking

,Bill is phoning his girifriend again. Thats

NeSphoned her this h e i r t time imth has happened
evening

just

* naPPened sooner than expected

aiready

ceney

the Last rew days

sk/DnickS Addtons
Indicators

since Dreaktast

toCy

ms eveningw***

this ye

specia
I s it raining No, but the graund
is wet. It has been rainlng

connection with noow

ching T The activity is sTl happening or
been was
nas just stopped

s paint on Kate's clothes Thinking of the activity. It does not

been painting ner DEdroom matter whether it has been finished or not

H vey good tennis player

>he s bee playing sinGe sne wa AHOns repeated Over a peniod of time

I'm learning Arabic, but I havent been Say how long (for somethig nat 9
learning it Vey ong 5Stil happenir Perfect continuous
how long

Tor

Sk/brickS: Addtions IndicatOrs

how

X Not u

pecia

Continuous

H e lost his key

A Doesn't tell whether has the

Now Tom has found his key He has it now Tells only about the past
e s u t novW Orn

Asilk/image: Talk about a Tesnec "

the past

O w e . Dut
The situation now is different

Irepaired the washing machine. N e w or recent happenings

fs working9OKnow

Mozart was a composer. He wrote Thing that are not recent or new
more thanh s pieces Or musiC

Simpe
v e burnt myself. How did you do that Continue to talk about new intormaton

yesterday

ten minutes ago

n 2005
5ilk/bricks: Additions
from 2007 to 2010

Indicators
when I was chia

when

silkhelp: Question
t time

When Sarah arived at the pay.

T a i x atbout s o m e t h i n g that h a p p e n e d in t h e pat

the starting point or Ene storyl alk Perfect

K a r e n didn't want to go to the cinema anaPpened
witn us because she d already s e e n thee

movie

wnen he boys came into the house, their ciothes

was and o n e o7 t h e m
Smth naa been n P
were diy. their
nair unsoy
n a d a DlacK *ye Ihey d been happened
Parfectcontnuous
 Gont kn
ve lost t (he Done smth recently. and the
now
doesn t have his key sut is St Bc

LA connecton with now (about the

Situ ation noW, until now 9

Smth has been finished. Are interested The action in the past hasa resut now
the resuit of the
activity. not the
activity
Ser

way They'll be back on Friday BUT

tithink they re back at home X Do not use the present perfect if
the situaton now is difterent

Foice nave arrested DwO men inn

onectionWtn the robbery Usualy new information

Are you hungry?' No. Ive just had lunch.

Can aso use the past simple

m e ate ast night I was

X Do not use the present perfect
A short time ago
vey red and went siraight to bed
when you talk about a finished time

Don't forget t
yourrelecticny
Smth happened soon
Tve already paid epected. speaker isartin
expecting smth
to happen

They have been married for 20 years mtn tmat Degan n the past na
iDll contin ues now

ave you ever eaten caviar?

Talk abouta period of time that
contnues from the past untl now

Have you read Hamiet? No.I

naven tre#O BNy or Snakespeares Perfec:
plays.

I haven't seen Tom this morning

Penods are not finished at the
e v E y o u r s stili morning)
0f speating

B
g ns giririend again. That s
me ne s phoned her this
The (frst tme smth has happened
evening

mth happened sooner than expected

ady

in the Last few days

5k/bricks. Additons
Indicators

since breakfast

today

week

,Is it rainmg No, but the ground

s wet It has been raining9

A connecton with now

E i n g TV Hes
The activity is still happening or
has just stopped

aint on Kate'sclothes Thinking of the actvity. it does not

panting her bedroom mätter whether it hs Deen inisneo O noE

Sitvia s a very 9oodtennis player

She's been playing since she was ACOOnS e p e t e d Over a peno0 o ene

, Im learming Arabic. buti haven't been Say how long (for something tha
earn mg very lang s Still nappening)
Perfect continuous
how iong

Ik/bncks: Additons indicaos

how long

K Not used

Specal

Continvou

t h e at

Now Tom has found hs key He has it now Doesn't tel whemer has tie
esult now or nor
Tels only abeut the pasr

silk/image: Talk about fnshed t e

the past

T h e situation now is ditferent

Irepaired the wash ing machine.

w e w or recent happen ings

Mozart was a composer. He wrote

Things that are not recent or new
more than 600 pieces of music

, Pve bumt myseif. How did you do tha? Contnue to talk about new information Sp

inutes ago

in 200

sil/bricks Addtons
from 2007 to 2010 Past

Indicators
Chnd
w

When
help: Cuestion
wnat die

When Sarah arived at the party

Paul had a ready gone home
ITak about someth ing tmat happened in the past
the starting peint of the storyi. hen want to tak Penect
Karei
with us because she'd aredy seen the

When the boys came into the houie, their ciotmes Smth had been happening for a penod
were diry their a i r was unay n o o O tme beoo
Perfect comtmuous
 15:04 C
X Not used

, Special

Contnuous

Did smth at some

H e lost his key
time in the past

A Doesn't tell whether has the

NoW Iom nas Tound his Key. ne nas tnow Tells only about the pest
result now or not

A silk/image: Telk abouta finished time in

i t stopped raining for a while, but

The situation now is dfferent
OwSaining gain

gmchine. N e w or recent noppeng

Mozart was a composer He wrote

Things that are not recent or new
more thn 600 pieces of music

ve burnt mysef. How dd you do tha? Contnue to talk about new information Simpie

yesterday
ten minutes bgo

silk/bnicks: Addtons
from 2007 to 2010 Past

Indicators
when Iwas a child

last night

When
silk/help: Question
at time

When Sarah arived at the party.

Paul had airesdy gone home
Telik about something that happened in the past
Pefect
Karen didn't want to go to the cnema bout things that heppened before this time
witn us Decause sne a siredoy seen the
movie

,When the boys ceme into the house, their ciothes Smth hed been happening for s penod
ometning eise
had a bleck eye. They'd been fighting happened
PeTect contnuous

X Not used

This time next week l'l be on holiday ll

be lying on the beach or swimming in the UIwill be in the middle ot doing t
ses

Leter in the programme, l'l be

Continuous
telking to the Minister of
Educetion
Telk ebout complete ections in the future

Similer to (be) going to

Oh, Ive left the door open. Ill go end shut Anew Ded

feel a bit hungry think rilheve

Often use I think I . . and I don't think I'
5ometning oa U Have just decided to do smth,
announcing our decision
D
Are you working tomorrow?

Diane is working next week XDo not use will to say about arangements

Thetbeglooks heevy Il help you wth t

offering/ suggesing to dO Sonetning

do? l h oney What shell m t o ask

Sugge
Cen you gve Tim this book? Sure, ril
give it to him when I see him thisS Agreeing to do something
efternoon

nanks tor lending me ne mone

UPromising to do something
pey you beck on Friday Simple Future

Will you please turn the music Asking somebody to do

down? m trying to concentrate Oneuig win yoU.

g v e ner bdvice, but

S m b refuses to do smth (won y

Anna looks completely different

Know or believe ill happen Predict a tuture happening or stuston
now. You won t recognise her

orobebly

'm) sure

(9 think silik/bricks: Additons Indicatos

(0 don't think

Wonder

We're late. The fim will aiready have

started by the time we get to uie
rerie
cinema
 Present

Simple
Past

Fresent progressive

Past progressive

Future non-progressive

Future progressive
he tense

Present pefect non-progressive

Compound
Present perfect progressive

Past perfect non-progressive Finite

Past perfect progressive

Future pefect non-progressive

Forms
Future perfect progressive

re Examples

were

to) Present
The infinitive

to))Perfect

Fresent

The participle Non-finite

Past

The gerund

Examples
Finites of do

Finites of be

Modal

Finites ot do

Auxillaries
inites of be

Finites of modal auxilianes Anomalous finite (AF)

Functio

Not always anomalous

finites which
to those
ricted
ne i t h not in this way
Not always auxiliary

Defective

Irregula

Intransitive
but no object
Has a subject

Transitive
Must have an objeCt
 15:05 C

Conditionas

Modals
Silk/bnck: Singular

A number of / a few of / a pair of

some Some but not all

X Telking ebout things in general

Many

Thinking of a generel idea of thing & whstt

Whet kind of thing (peron) smth (smb)is

Zeroarticle

Smb has a long nose / nice face etc.

silk/calculetor: Countable Most people / most cars etc

Articles silk/bricks Plural

Thinking of a specfic thing

ne
young

he + adjective (group of people) The ricn

The unemployed

The Eng9
the
A Frenchmen
The Chinese

ne * netionelity adjective

A Chinese

Mexicens

A Mexicen

51IR/DOX: Uncountadle