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EPAC 3100
EPAC 3500
TRIP
ALARM
RELAY AVAILABLE
SET
TERMINAL 1
Help
TERMINAL 2
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P-3
PREFACE
Dear reader,
We are continuously endeavouring to improve the quality of our brochures. This form has been
designed to enable you to send in your remarks and comments. Please return the form, duly filled
in, to the following address. Thank you in advance.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Address:
ALSTOM P & C
HV Product Line
Marketing Department
Avenue de Figuières
F-34975 LATTES CEDEX
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P-4
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P-5
INTRODUCTION
The documentation covering the EPAC 3100/3500 Distance Protection is subdivided into 3
documents. Each document provides its recipient with the information needed for the perfor-
mance of his or her tasks. The following table summarises the titles of the documents, their
recipients and the supply date.
B-1 C
B-2 C
B-3 C
B-4 C
B-5 C
B-6 C
B-7 C
B-8 C
B-9 C
B-10 C
B-11 C
P-13
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
EPAC 3100/3500 MS/M 1.6882-B
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1-1
CONTENTS
PAGE
BLANK PAGE
1-3
This guide gives a detailed description of the EPAC protection equipment designed by GEC
ALSTHOM T&D P&C to provide protection for power networks.The bulk of the text relates to
version V5-E. The evolution and modifications applicable to EPAC version V6 are covered in
appendix B.
Chapter 1 defines the scope of application and the functions of the EPAC protection unit.
Chapter 2 describes the basic and optional functions ensured by the EPAC. The following
modules are also described in chapter 2:
- network protection module,
- fault analysis module,
- user interface module,
- communication module.
The EPAC is a numerical and full-scheme relay. It is designed to provide selective and rapid
protection of the distribution, subtransmission and transmission networks. It processes any type
of electric fault that could occur on the lines and the cables of such networks. Because of its
modular design, it is particularly adapted to all the characteristics of the network to be protected.
The EPAC can be used as a stand-alone distance protection or as part of a teleaction scheme.
It incorporates two standard teleprotection modes:
- directional protection mode, particularly suited to the protection of short distance lines. It
defines the zone resistances for four forward and one reverse zone,
- busbar isolation mode, particularly suited to protection against busbar faults. It allows the
busbars requiring protection to be quickly and selectively isolated if a fault occurs.
The EPAC may be used on insulated neutral or Petersen coil-earthed power networks. The EPAC
is particularly suited to the transmission networks for the following reasons:
- its operates at high speed, which is an essential requirement on a transmission network,
- it is able to perform single-phase tripping in the event of a phase-to-earth fault.
1-4
The EPAC may also be integrated with power distribution networks for the following reasons:
- it incorporates teleprotection functions adapted to branch lines,
- it has a particularly good tolerance to high harmonic contents, which are frequent on this type
of network.
The EPAC can protect non-homogeneous lines (underground cable + overhead line).
1.3. FUNCTIONS
Distance
Distance protection for Protection against MaxI, MaxU,
protection isolated or resistant earth fault MinU Protection
compensated
network
Disturbance
Measurements recorder
The main function of the EPAC equipment is to provide distance protection. This protection is
set as directional or not, depending on the part of the network to be protected. The
complementary protection modules may be added to this basic protection according to the
characteristics of the network to which the EPAC is connected:
- a power swing processing module which allows the selective locking of the protection when
a power oscillation or a synchronism loss occurs,
- a phase-to-earth fault processing module which is used if the neutral is insulated or earthed
via an impedance or a "Petersen coil",
- an earth fault processing module particularly suited to high resistance faults,
- a protection module against overloads, undervoltages and overvoltages,
- a circuit-breaker automatic reclosing module. This module may be completed with a
synchroniser check facility for delayed reclosing application,
- a module for managing line and busbar fuse failures.
The EPAC contains in memory a specific configuration for parameterising its different functions.
In order to improve the flexibility of use, a complementary element is available which, allows
the integration of several parameter groups. It allows up to four setting groups to be stored in
memory. At any one moment, only one of these groups is active.
The activation of another setting group is controlled as follows:
- either from one of the user interfaces,
- or from two wired inputs,
- or from a central control computer via one of the VDEW or COURIER communication
protocols.
The EPAC provides, in the standard configuration, the information allowing the analysis of a fault
which has just been processed:
- the nominal value of the currents, voltages and frequency of the fault detected by the EPAC,
- a calculation of the distance to the fault is provided by the measurement algorithm,
- faulty phase(s), phase(s) tripped, and the zone of the fault.
This basic information can be supplemented by integrating the two following elements:
- a disturbance recording element used for recording the evolution of the following values
while a fault occurs:
. the 8 analogue values measured continuously by the EPAC,
. the logic values configured in order to be recorded (for instance, the type of tripping
caused by the fault),
1-6
- a fault locator element (present in all the standard models of EPAC) which can determine
accurately the distance to a fault.
The EPAC 3100/3500 incorporates on its front panel two groups of indicator lights which
provide the following information:
- the detection of a minor or major alarm, ( " ALARM " )
- the tripping of the associated circuit breaker, ( "TRIP " )
- the EPAC 3100/3500 operation. ( " RELAY AVAILABLE " )
The EPAC is provided, in the standard configuration, with a software called WinEPAC. This
software is the main man-machine interface of the product and it is designed to operate on a
personal computer fitted with MSWindows*. It is used for the following functions:
- to configure the operation of the various elements which may be integrated into the EPAC,
- to assign inputs/outputs of the various elements to the contacts on the input/output board(s),
- to facilitate repairs by using the maintenance dialogue as a guide to direct trouble shooting,
- to consult the fault characteristics recorded by the EPAC,
- to configure some of the functions of the WinEPAC software, (presentation language, unit of
the fault distance, communication port, etc.),
- to consult certain information relative to the user’s EPAC (hardware and software functions
installed on the EPAC, language used to display fault recording information and display unit
messages, computer and the name by default, etc.),
- to monitor and consult the status of digital and analogue values on EPAC terminals.
This software is supplied with the K-bus COURIER option. It runs under DOS on a micro-computer
and communicates with the EPAC via a KITZ protocol converter. It requires no particular micro-
computer configuration and is used:
- to configure the operation of the various modules which may be integrated into the EPAC,
- to assign inputs/outputs of the various modules to the contacts on the input/output board(s),
- to consult the fault characteristics recorded by the EPAC,
- to consult or modify certain information relative to the user’s EPAC (hardware and software
functions installed),
1-7
- to upload fault recording events in COMTRADE format (if the option is available),
- to monitor and consult the status of digital and anologue values at the EPAC terminals,
- to log (on screen, file or printer) I/O changes and commands carried out from the EPAC.
There is a display unit on the EPAC 3100/3500 front panel. It provides exactly the same
functions as are available with the WinEPAC software. The unit consists of:
- a two line display,
- six function keys.
If either of these boards are integrated into the EPAC 3100/3500, communication with the
following items can be managed:
- a digital control system,
- an external time synchronisation system,
- a system designed for the direct management, locally or remotely, of fault recording data.
1-8
The EPAC 3100/3500 protection unit is frame mounted or cabinet mounted. Its dimensions
depend on the EPAC version.
EPAC 3100 dimensions: (flush mounting)
- Width 412.50 mm
- Height 177 mm
- Depth 304.30 mm
EPAC 3100
EPAC 3500
Two ports are located on the rear of the EPAC for use with communication devices (VDEW,
current loop to TPE restitution unit, time synchronisation, etc.)
1-10
X6
1 2 27 1 27 1
X1 X2
28 2 28 2
27 1 27 1
X3 X4
28 2 28 2
27 1 X1 X2
X5 X6 X3 X4
X30
27 28 28 2 X5
D24 D26
D25
X18 X20
If the daughter-boards of the AC board are the VDEW and current loop boards, the connectors
have the following functions:
- D24 VDEW receiver,
- D25 VDEW transmitter,
- X18 Current loop.
If the daughter-boards of the AC board are the KBUS and MODEM boards, the connectors have
the following functions:
- X20 MODEM link,
- D26 KBUS link.
The EPAC 3100/3500 is based on a modular architecture. The following items are included
in this architecture:
- basic boards, ensuring standard functions and a number of functions which do not need
additional boards,
- additional boards, if required, ensuring functions which cannot be performed by the
standard architecture.
1-11
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MS/M 1.6882-B EPAC 3100/3500
CHAPTER 2
METHOD OF
OPERATION
EPAC 3100/3500 MS/M 1.6882-B
BLANK PAGE
2-1
CONTENTS
PAGE
This chapter describes the operation of all the elements which may be integrated into the EPAC
3100/3500:
- the standard distance protection,
- the distance protection for insulated or impedant neutral network (RNI option),
- the complementary protection functions:
. DEF protection against highly resistant earth faults,
. protection against overloads, overvoltages and undervoltages,
- the recloser and its associated check synchronising function,
- the fault analysis tools:
. the basic information provided by the EPAC,
. the fault locator,
. the disturbance recorder (optional),
- the user dialogue interfaces:
. the Protection Access Software & Toolkit software,
. the WinEPAC software,
. the display unit located on the front panel of the EPAC,
- the communication interfaces with external systems:
. interface with a control system, via KBUS-COURIER or VDEW,
. synchronisation interface on an external time signal,
. fault recording data exchange interface,
- multiple setting groups.
In the electrical network, the EPAC is designed to protect the section to which it is connected.
It detects and then analyses the faults and trips one or more phase(s) of the breaker, if required.
Its first task is to acquire the voltages and currents provided through the transformers which
supply the protection. These signals are pre-processed so that only the characteristic signals are
retained and the interference is eliminated.
The filtered signals are then analysed by the various protection elements to detect any fault
indication. When a fault is detected, specific algorithms analyse it to determine its characteristics
and command circuit breaker tripping, if required.
The EPAC is a numerical protection relay which may operate from a global model of the line.
Therefore, the analogue values recorded are digitalised and the signals are filtered in order to
suppress the noises and the transient values which are not modelled.
x1
I SUB-SAMPLE If
SAMPLING AND LOW-PASS ONE-SAMPLE
B FILTER 1/2
ANALOGUE-TO- DELAY
DIGITAL
CONVERSION
x 16
SUB-SAMPLE I'f
FIR
DERIVATOR 1/2
U 24 SAMPLES Uf
LOW-PASS ONE-SAMPLE SUB-SAMPLE
B PER PERIOD
FILTER DELAY 1/2
2.2.1. Acquisition
These 9 analogue inputs are filtered through low-pass filters with a cut-off frequency of 166 Hz.
These filters ensure an anti-return function (suppression of the high frequencies which cannot be
sampled correctly).
In order to improve the dynamic range, the current inputs are processed over two scales, one
with a gain of x1 and the other with x16.
2-5
These inputs are multiplexed and sampled at a rate equal to 24 times the network frequency;
this frequency is measured in the shaping function. The utility of this interlock will become obvious
in the description of the algorithm of calculation of the superimposed values. The time lags
between the sampling instants are compensated for by the software.
The analogue-to-digital conversion is performed by a 12-bit converter, which provides the
following:
- voltages expressed on 11 bits + 1 sign bit,
- currents expressed on 15 bits + 1 sign bit.
2.2.2. Pre-processing
Signals are first filtered by filters operating at a rate of 24 samples per period and then by filters
operating at 12 samples per period.
The following filters operate at a rate of 24 samples per period:
- a low-pass filter applied to all channels,
- a high-pass filter applied to all channels in order to eliminate the DC components of the
current,
- a band-pass FIR derivator applied to all currents (phase to earth, phase to phase, residual).
The lag of this filter is applied to the other channels.
Distance protection is the main function of the EPAC. This equipment item should detect and
eliminate as rapidly and selectively as possible the faults occurring on the network.
Two protection modes can be used, depending on the part of the substation to be protected:
- directional distance protection mode for overhead lines, underground lines and transformers,
- busbar isolation mode for busbar protection.
2.3.1. Detecting the Fault, Selecting the phase and Defining the Directional
Fault Modelling
Let us consider a stable network status, i.e. a network in a status which can be assumed as a
steady-state operating status. When a fault occurs, a new status is established. If there is no other
modification, the differences between the two states (before and after the fault) are caused by
the fault. If both states are included in the same linear domain, the superimposing principle may
be used: the state after the fault is equivalent to the sum of the values of the state before the fault
and the values characteristic of the fault. The fault acts as a source for the latter and the generators
as passive impedances in this case.
EPAC
IA
A F B
UA
Rdef
EPAC
IAav
A F B
UAav UFav
EPAC
IA
A B
UA - UFav
Rdef
Fault conditions
UA = UA - UAav IA = IA - IAav
In order to use the modelling application, the following requirements are necessary:
- the conditions before and after the fault conserve linearity characteristics:
. no saturation or clipping of the measured values,
. no saturation of current and voltage transformers,
2-8
When these requirements are fulfilled, the superimposed values determine the characteristics of
the fault and allow the filtering of the values before the fault, as for example the transient values.
The network is then said to be "healthy" before the fault occurrence.
Detecting a Transition
Detecting a transition, the EPAC compares sampled current and voltage values at the instant "t"
with the values predicted from those stored in the memory one period and two periods
previously.
Gp(t)
2T
T
G(t - 2T) G(t - T)
G(t)
Forward fault
I
fault
Reverse fault
I
fault
Phase Selection
Phase selection is made on the basis of a comparison between the transition values for the
derivatives of currents IA, IB and IC (a band-pass FIR derivator applied to all currents (phase to
earth, phase to phase,residual)):
∆I’A ∆I’B ∆I’C ∆I’AB ∆I’BC ∆I’CA
2-11
The phase selection is valid if the sum (SAB + SBC + SCA ) is higher than a threshold. This sum is
not valid if the positive sequence impendance on the source side is far higher than the zero-
sequence impedance. In this case, the conventional algorithms are used to select the phase.
If the sum is valid, sums on one-phase and two-phase loops are classified. The classification of
these sums determines the faulty phase(s).
Example:
Let us assume, for instance, that:
SAB < SBC < SCA,
SA < SB < SC.
If SAB < < SBC, the fault has had little effect on the loop AB. If the fault is not detected as single-
phase by the previous criterion, the fault conditions are multi-phase, in this case BC.
Start-Up
Start-up is initialised when at least one of the 6 measuring loops converges within the
characteristic.
2-12
Phase Selection
If the fault currents are high enough with respect to the maximum load currents, the current phase
selection is used; if not, the impedance phase selection is required.
For a three phase fault, the fault resistance of one of the two-phase loops is less than half of the
fault resistances of the other two-phase loops, it will be used for the directional and distance
measuring function. If not, the loop AB will be used.
The following describes how to solve the above equation (determination of D and R). The line
model used will be the 3 x 3 matrix of the line impedances (resistive and inductive) of the three
phases, and mutual values between phases.
with:
Raa = Rbb = Rcc
Rab = Rbc = Rac.
The line model is obtained from the positive and zero-sequence impedances. The use of two
different zero-sequence impedances is permitted on the relay:
- Z01: zero-sequence impedance used to calculate faults in zone 1,
- Z02: zero-sequence impedance used to calculate faults in zones 2, 3, 4 and 5 (reverse zone).
The model for the current circulating in the fault resistance is:
- for two-phase loops: (IA - IB), (IB - IC) or (IC - IA),
- for single-phase loops: Ir then IA, IB or IC.
The Ir current is used for the first 40 milliseconds to model the fault current, thus eliminating the
load current if the circuit breakers are not operated during the 40 ms. After the 40 ms, the load
current is used.
2-15
The solutions "D" and "R" are obtained by solving the system of equations (one equation per
step of the calculation) using the Gauss Seidel method.
RN =
∑ (Un ⋅ Wn ) − Dn−1 ⋅ ∑ ( Vn ⋅ Wn ) DN =
∑ (Un ⋅ Wn ) − Rn−1 ⋅ ∑ ( Vn ⋅ Wn )
∑ (Wn )2 ∑ ( Vn )2
Convergence Analysis
This analysis is based on the calculation of distance and resistance. These results are taken on
each of the single-phase and two-phase loops. They determine the convergence of these loops
within a parallelogram-shaped start-up characteristic.
D5
Let Rlim and Dlim be the limits of the starting characteristic. The pair of solutions (DN, RN) is
convergent in the characteristic if the following conditions are confirmed for two consecutive
results (DN-1, RN-1) and (DN, RN):
- RN-1 < Rlim and RN < Rlim and RN-1 - RN < 10% Rlim
- DN-1 < Dlim and DN < Xlim and DN-1 - DN < 10% Xlim
with Rlim being the resistance limit for the single and multi phase faults.
The zone limits are l D lim l, +Rlim, -Rlim and are related to the directional decision. The slope
of the characteristic is fixed for each loop by the characteristic of the line.
To model the fault current in the following loops:
- two-phase loops: the values (IA - IB), (IB - IC) or (IC - IA) are used,
- single-phase loops: the results of these algorithms are mainly used as a back-up, thus the
circuit breaker located at the other end is assumed to be open. To model the fault current,
the values IA, IB and IC are used.
2-16
The definition of the zone consists in determining the distance-resistance interval where a fault,
processed by the "High-Speed" or "Conventional" algorithms, is located.
For short distance lines, it is necessary to have a resistance reach for each zone in order to reduce
measurement errors of CVTs and VTs (R/X ratio ≤ 6). Three forward zones, one reverse zone
and one settable zone (forward or reverse) have therefore been defined. These zones are limited
as follows:
- in impedance, by Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 and Z5,
- in resistance, by R1M, R1B, R2, R3 and Rlim.
Zone 1 covers 2 different resistive zones, one for phase-to-earth faults and the other for phase-
to-phase faults.
Zone 5 is a reverse zone. The time delay associated with this zone enables reverse current faults
to be eliminated faster.
Zone 3 can be set as a forward or reverse zone. If set to reverse it is associated with zone 5,
thus providing two different zones and two different time delays for the management of reverse
current faults.
2-17
X
(loop)
Example of
phase-to-earth characteristic X4 . (1+K02) Z4
with zone 3 set forward Zone 4 (T4)
X3 . (1+K02) Z3
Zone 3 (T3)
X2 . (1+K02) Z2
Zone 2
X1X . (1+K01) Z1 (T2)
Zone 1X
X1 . (1+K01) (T1)
Zone 1
(T1)
R1M R2 R3 Rlim
R (loop)
Example of X
(loop)
phase-to-phase characteristic X4 . 2 Z4
with zone 3 set reverse Zone 4 (T4)
X2 . 2 Z2
Zone 2
X1X . 2 Z1 (T2)
Zone 1X
X1 . 2 (T1)
Zone 1
(T1)
Zone 3 (T3) Z3 X3 . 2
Zone 5 (T5) Z5 X5 . 2
Busbar isolation mode is used to isolate busbars if there is a fault on them. This mode is non-
directional as the link must be broken quickly since the fault may arrive from a busbar situated
in the forward or reverse direction of the protection device.
To ensure selectivity and to trip on busbar faults only:
- Zone 1 must be smaller than zone 1 of the shortest line leaving the substation,
- the T1 time delay must be longer than the T1 time delays for the lines leaving the substation
plus the time to open a circuit breaker.
X/loop
X4.(1+K02) Z4
Zone 4 (T4)
X3.(1+K02) Z3
Zone 3 (T3)
X2.(1+K02) Z2
Zone 2 (T2)
X1.(1+K01) Z1
Zone 1 (T1)
-Z1
-Z2
-Z3
-Z4
For both modes, the resistance R1 for zone 1 can be set separately for phase-to-earth and phase-
to-phase faults.
The measurement of impedance for single phase faults is based on a Z01 parameter for a fault
in zone 1 and on a Z02 parameter for a fault in another zone. Both parameters can be set by
the user.
Fault zone Fault type Fault impedance without fault resistance
1 Phase-to-earth (2Zd + Z01)/3
Phase-to-phase Zd (positive sequence impedance)
2, 3, 4, 5 Phase-to-earth (2Zd + Z02)/3
Phase-to-phase Zd (positive sequence impedance)
The zones are defined for a convergence between the x and r limits related to each zone. So,
the solution pair (xn,rn) is said to be convergent if:
- rn-1 < Rlim and rn < Rlim and rn-1 - rn < 10% Rlim
- xn-1 < Xlim and xn < Xlim and xn-1 - xn < k% Xlim
where k = 5% if Xlim = X1
k=10% if Xlim = X2, X3, X4 or X5
Z3
Z2
Z1
EA (L1) 7 km (L2) 3 km EB
ZSA ZSB
length to be entered: 10 km
total positive sequence impedance to be protected
Zd = Zdl + Zdc for Z1 = 0.8 Zd and for Z2 = 1.2 Zd
Z01 = (Z0l/L1).(L1+L2)
Z02 = Z0l+Z0c
If you only have the impedance values measured before the transformers (in HV Ohms), the
impedances in LV Ohms are calculated as follows:
ZBT = (Current transformer ratio/voltage transformer ratio).Zmeasured.
2-20
FAULT
Algorithms
AN BN CN AB BC CA ABC
EPAC 3100/3500
High speed ∆IA > 0,2 I n ∆I B > 0,2 I n ∆ IC > 0,2 I n ∆IAB > 0,2 I n ∆IBC > 0,2 I n ∆ICA > 0,2 I n ∆IABC > 0,2 I n
start-up or or or or or or or
∆ VA > 0,1 V n ∆ VB > 0,1 V n ∆ VC > 0,1 V n ∆ VAB > 0,1 V n ∆ VBC > 0,1 V n ∆ VCA > 0,1 V n ∆ VABC > 0,1 V n
Conventional Start-up is initialised when at least one of the 6 measuring loops converges
start-up within the caracteristic.
High speed SBC < SCA < SAB SCA < SBC < SAB SAB < SBC < SCA SBC < SAC < SAB SAC < SAB < SBC SAB < SBC < SCA SAB SBC SCA
High speed
ni
algorithm S= (∆VA . ∆IA) + (∆VB . ∆IB) + ( ∆VC . ∆IC)
directional n0
determination
Conventional
algorithm VA VB VC VA - VB VB - VC VC - VA VA - VB
directional
I'A + kOI'r I'B + kOI'r I'C + kOI'r I'A - I'B I'B - I'C I'C - I'A I'A - I'B
determination
U = VA U = VB U = VC U = VA - VB U = VB - VC U = VC - VA U = VA - VB
Watching
V = M 2 IA V = M 2 IB V = M 2 IC V = M .(IA - IB) V = M .(IB - IC) V = M .(IC - IA) V = M .(IA - IB)
algorithm
W = IA W = IB W = IC W = IA - IB W = IB - IC W = IC - IA W = IA - IB
Measurement U = VA U = VB U = VB U = VA - VB U = VB - VC U = VC - VA U = VA - VB
algorithm V = M 1 IA V = M 1 IB V = M 1 IC V = M .(IA - IB) V = M .(IB - IC) V = M .(IC - IA) V = M .(IA - IB)
for zone 1 W = Ir W = Ir W = Ir W = IA - IB W = IB - IC W = IC - IA W = IA - IB
Measurement
U = VA U = VB U = VB U = VA - VB U = VB - VC U = VC - VA U = VA - VB
algorithm
V = M 2 IA V = M 2 IB V = M 2 IC V = M .(IA - IB) V = M .(IB - IC) V = M .(IC - IA) V = M .(IA - IB)
for zones 2, 3,
W = Ir W = Ir W = Ir W = IA - IB W = IB- IC W = IC - IA W = IA - IB
M1: impedance for single phase to ground fault in zone 1 computed with the zero-sequence impedance Z01
4 and 5
MS/M 1.6882-C
M2: impedance for single phase to ground fault in zones 2, 3, 4 or 5 computed with zero-sequence impedance Z02
2-21
STEP 0
Y
Line open Switch-on-to-fault STEP 3
N Network Y
healthy
N Detection of Y Delta algorithms STEP 1
transition
N Convergence in Y
characteristic of
all 6 loops
Tripping logic
Decision to trip using delta algorithms during 40 ms
Decision to trip using classic algorithms
The EPAC is supposed to be in the step 0. The product is protecting a sound network.
When a fault occurs on a network, the starting of the relay can be done by a confirmed transition
("high speed algorithm") and a loop convergence inside the start-up characteristic (conventional
algorithm) simultaneously.
During "high speed" algorithms processing, the EPAC goes to step 1. The timers are activated.
The directional element and the phase selection are determined by the "high speed algorithm".
The fault distance and resistance are computed by the "measurement algorithm".
During "conventional" algorithms processing (which runs parallely to high speed algorithms),
the EPAC goes to step 2.
Only the conventional algorithms are used for the directional and phase selection determinations.
The fault distance and resistance are computed from the measurement algorithm for the faulty
phase.
If the circuit breaker recloses on to fault, the relay goes to step 3 and trips three-phase, otherwise
it goes to step 0 (no fault detection).
2-22
There are 5 time delays associated with the 6 zones present. Zone 1 and extended zone 1 have
the same time delay.
The allocation of the steps to the zones may be modified by additional actions:
- teleprotection,
- zone reach control.
The tripping contact can be sealed-in in the closed position for as long as the current is present
in the phase in question. To do this, the current in the faulty phase is compared to a adjustable
threshold (SEALIN).
Teleprotection is used to modify the protection characteristics from a remote end relay.
The EPAC is provided with digital inputs/outputs allowing it to operate in teleprotection mode.
The transmission conditions and the action performed when a teleprotection message is received
may be adjustable in an independent way.
The adjustable parameters are the following:
- the type of teleprotection taken into account:
. on the main line,
. on the T-Line, if applicable,
- use of two teleprotection signals,
- conditions for transmitting the teleprotection signals,
- weak source mode, also called Weak Infeed.
Zone 2
C D
Zone 1
Zone Zone 1
extension
Zone 2
Acceleration Acceleration
C D
Zone 1
Zone 1
Authorisation Authorisation
C D
Zone 5 Zone 1
Zone 1 Zone 5
Locking Locking
Fault in Fault in
Locking Locking
zone 5 Valid & & Valid zone 5
transmission transmission
in zone 5 in zone 5
Zone 2
C D
Zone 5 Zone 1
Zone 1
Zone 5
Zone 2
Locking Locking
Fault in Fault in
zone 5 Locking Locking
Valid & & Valid zone 5
transmission transmission
in zone 5 in zone 5
Zone 2
C D
Zone 1
Zone 1
Zone 2
Authorisation Authorisation
Tripping Tripping
Fault in Associated Associated
Fault in
a zone step step
a zone
time delay time delay
Fault in Fault in
zone 1 & & zone 1
Valid Authorisation Authorisation Valid
transmission transmission
in zone 1 in zone 1
Fault in Fault in
zone 1 zone 1
& &
or zone 2 or zone 2
Valid Valid
transmission transmission
in zone 2 in zone 2
If the line to be protected does not contain a fault, a guard signal is transmitted. When the
protection device detects a fault on the line to be protected, it stops transmitting the guard signal
and sends a permissive signal. The protection device which receives this combination interprets
it as a teleprotection signal (acceleration or permissive). If the EPAC does not receive a signal,
it interprets this as the reception of a teleprotection signal (acceleration or permissive) for 10 to
160 milliseconds. This considers the possibility that a fault on the line may interrupt the
communication. Likewise, if both teleprotection signals are set to 1, the EPAC interprets this as
a transmission fault and ignores the teleprotection signal (permissive or acceleration).
C D
Fault detected at D
Locking
Signal sent
& &
from C
Unlocking Tripping
& 10 ms 160 ms
C D
Fault detected at D
Blocking or unblocking
Signal sent
from C &
Carrier Tripping
10 ms 160 ms
&
For the transmissions associated with forward zones 1 and 2, an input contact ("HF present/
unblock" = power line carrier) for the complementary signal is associated to allow operation
in the unblocking mode.
An additional forward directional transmission contact is provided by the EPAC. This message,
which does not depend on a zone definition, may be transmitted faster than the conventional
teleaction message.
The zone reach control function is used to modify step 1 tripping logic during a reclosure
sequence. In fault detection mode, overreached zone 1 is associated with step 1. When zone
reduction is activated, the zone associated with step 1 is reduced to zone 1. This enables faults
to be eliminated rapidly without the need to use the teleaction channels. The technique, however,
makes a greater use of the circuit breakers.
A zone reduction command may come from:
- the recloser incorporated in the EPAC,
- an external recloser. In this case, the command corresponds to the zone reduction digital
input.
Zone 1 ext
Zone 1
When a fault appears forward of the relay C, the relay A and C protection devices trip their
respective circuit breakers.
Overreached zone 1 (Ext. zone 1) is reduced to zone 1 during the reclosure sequence.
If the fault persists when the A and C circuit breakers are closed, the relay A sees the fault in
its zone 2 and delays tripping by T2.
The figure 2.3p describes the tripping logic concerning the zone reduction for faults in zones
1 and 2.
Zone reduction
&
Autorecloser
enabled 1
Circuit breaker
&
closing in progress
Start-up by
"conventional"
algorithms &
* Manual reclosing 1
Memory voltage not valid
I > I threshold
& *: External logic
input (TS)
: External input (TS)
Internal detection of circuit
or internal logic
breaker closure
Operations in zone reach control mode require a distance measurement on tripping, hence the
calculation of the directional, phase selection and distance measurement.
Directional
As with conventional directionals, the directional is calculated from the stored pre-fault voltage
values. The calculation varies depending on the type of fault, i.e., single-phase or multi-phase.
Single-phase fault
The reference or memory pre-fault voltage is stored in memory when the fault appears. When
the fault is eliminated, a high-speed single-phase sequence is activated:
- if a fault appears less than 60 milliseconds after the sequence starts, the stored voltage value
remains valid and is used to calculate the directional,
- if no fault appears during the 60 milliseconds after the sequence starts, the voltage of one
of the healthy phases is stored as pre-fault voltage,
- if a fault appears during the continuation of the sequence in progress or reclosure occurs,
the stored voltage value is initialised and remains valid for 10 seconds.
If the stored voltage value is invalid when one or more loops are convergent within the start-up
characteristic, the directional is forced forward and the trip is instantaneous. If the current
threshold is exceeded on reclosure, the protection device instantaneously trips three-phase.
2-32
Phase selection
Phase selection is calculated using impedance phase selection.
Distance measurement
The distance measurement is carried out on the faulty phase by taking the zone 1 measurement
values (Z1, Z01) as the measurement element for the zone 1 and overreached zone 1 faults.
The computations for the other calculation zones are made using the fault detection values Z1
and Z02.
This function is used to deal with faults detected outside the start-up characteristic. It activates
a three-phase trip if the current threshold is exceeded for a settable length of time. It constitutes
a backup protection against forward and/or reverse current faults.
The function is associated with two settable current thresholds, a high threshold (I>) and a very
high threshold (I>>). A direction can be associated with each of these thresholds so that only
the threshold overreaches detected on one side or the other of the protection relay are taken into
account. Each current threshold has a settable time delay associated with it. Overcurrent start-
up is determined by the direction, if any, assigned to each threshold. The function is only
activated if there is no start-up by "conventional" algorithms or as a result of confirmed fuse
failure.
If the directions assigned to the I> and I>> thresholds are the same:
- the I> (high) threshold must be lower than the I>> (very high) threshold,
- the T> time delay associated with the I> (high) threshold must be longer than the T>> time
delay associated with the I>> (very high) threshold.
2-33
If the directions assigned to the I> and I>> thresholds are different, these thresholds and the
respective T> and T>> time delays can be selected independently.
The following paragraphs describe the role of the protection function according to the directions
set for each current threshold.
I>>, T>>
I>, T>
Z4, T4
Z5, T5 Z3, T3
Z2, T2
Reverse Z1, T1 Forward
Distance
In this case the I>> threshold operates as a forward backup protection. The trip is three-phase
if the forward fault is still present on expiry of the T>> time delay associated with I>>.
The I> threshold operates as a reverse current backup protection. The trip is three-phase if the
forward fault is still present on expiry of the T> time delay associated with I>.
I>, T>
I>>, T>>
Z5, T5 Z4, T4
Z3, T3
Z2, T2
Reverse Z1, T1 Forward
Distance
In this case both the I>> and I> thresholds operate as forward backup protections. The trip is
three-phase if:
- the duration of an I>> (very high) threshold overreach detected in a forward zone exceeds
T>>,
- the duration of an I> (high) threshold overreach detected in a forward zone exceeds T>.
2-34
I>>, T>>
Z5, T5
Z4, T4
Z3, T3
Z2, T2
Reverse Z1, T1 Forward
Distance
Figure 2.3s: I>> Threshold Set to Forward - I> Threshold with No Directional
In this case the I>> threshold operates as a forward backup protection. The I> threshold operates
as a backup protection against both forward and reverse current faults. The trip is three-phase
if:
- the duration of an I>> threshold overreach detected in a forward zone exceeds T>>,
- the duration of an I> threshold overreach detected in a forward or reverse zone exceeds T>.
Z5, T5 Z4, T4
Z3, T3
Z2, T2
Reverse Z1, T1 Forward
Distance
In this case both the I>> and the I> thresholds operate as backup protections against both
forward and reverse current faults. The trip is three-phase if:
- the duration of an I>> threshold overreach exceeds T>>,
- the duration of an I> threshold overreach exceeds T>.
2-35
2.3.7.2. Start-Up
The current of each phase is compared with the selected current thresholds. If a threshold is
exceeded:
- if there is no directional associated with the threshold crossed, the fault direction is not
calculated and the protection is started up,
- if there is a directional associated with the threshold crossed, the fault direction is calculated
and the protection is started up only if the direction corresponds to the one configured for
the threshold.
If the protection is activated by the overcurrent start-up function, the appropriate phase fault
signal is validated.
If the EPAC is equipped with an auto-recloser function, the latter can be used for reclosing after
three-phase tripping by the overcurrent start-up function. In this case the three-phase reclosing
mode set for the main protection relay is used.
The auto-recloser can be blocked by the T> or T>> time delays associated with overcurrent start-
up. If reclosing is requested after T> or T>>, a check the operator should check that reclosing
is not blocked by the T2, T3, T4 or T5 time delays.
2-36
The source that supplies one of the ends of the line may be too weak for the protection device
to be able to detect a fault. This has two disadvantages:
- tripping is prevented,
- the protection device at the other end does not receive the message that the fault is on the
protected line.
The EPAC’s "weak infeed" mode eliminates these disadvantages. It consists of two functions:
- the ECHO function, which transmits an acceleration signal to the protection device on the
strong source side,
- the trip function, which single-phase or three-phase trips according to phase selection.
* Carrier receive
for Tee line
1 L 60 ms 200 ms
Tee line
enabled
&
* Teleaction message
received on main L 60 ms 200 ms
channel
Voltage drop
on at least 1 phase
Use voltage drop
1
decision? Yes = 1, No = 0
Starting
& & Validation
Reverse fault
* Fuse failure
&
* Blocking
protection
&
Internal detection
of fuse failure > Time
Weak Infeed
blocked on
power swing
1 *: External logic
input (TS)
Power swing : External input (TS)
detection or internal logic
When the "weak infeed" mode is selected, the function is activated if:
- the protection has not been started up,
- there is no reverse directional information,
- a teleaction message is received.
If the above conditions are confirmed, when a teleaction message is received, the protection
device returns a message allowing the protection device on the other end to cover the whole
line (Echo Mode).
The tripping by the EPAC may be authorised when the "weak infeed" mode is active.
In this case, phase selection may be set on the basis of insufficient voltage so that a single-phase
tripping may occur. This criterion then uses the "confirmation threshold" on the basis of
insufficient voltage. The tripping in this mode may be confirmed by a minimum current threshold
of 0.05 In. If all the currents are less than this threshold, no tripping is activated. This criterion
prevents tripping during a cycle when a circuit breaker opens and allows three-phase tripping
during a cycle.
The user must set a blocking time in weak infeed mode. This time is initiated just after the starting
element of the relay has dropped off. This timer avoids tripping again after a sequential tripping.
2-39
Power swings are caused by a lack of stability in the network with sudden load fluctuations. They
result in desynchronisation of the two sources on either side of the protected line.
The power swing detector is used to prevent accidental tripping when the measured impedance
point moves into the start-up characteristic.
The following diagram illustrates the characteristics of power swing.
X Line angle
Trajectory of
impedance
∆X
point for a Power swing band
desynchronisation
Forward
start-up
Trajectory of
impedance
point for a
∆R power swing
Reverse R
start-up
∆R=∆X
Closed line
Power swings are characterised by the simultaneous appearance of 3 single phase impedance
points in the start-up zone. Their speed of entry is slower than that in the case of three-phase faults.
A power swing is detected if:
- at least 1 single-phase impedance is within the start-up zone after having crossed the power
swing band in more than 5 ms,
- the 3 impedance points have been in the power swing band for more than 5 ms.
2-40
The selective blocking of the zones allows the EPAC to separate the network near the electrical
zero by tripping in zone 1 only. Therefore, in the example given in figure 2.3w, the D protection
trips out.
Electrical zero
A B C D E F
X X
Z2 Z2
Z1 ∆R Z1 ∆R
Z3
R R
Z5 Z5
Limit of
start-up
characteristic
Limit of
start-up
Zone 3 reverse characteristic Zone 3 forward
∆R = ∆X = Settable power swing boundary Ω/loop
When the line isolation function is used, only the apparent distance of the power swing should
be taken into account and not its resistance. The resistance values of zones 1, 2 and 3 are
therefore increased to that of the start-up characteristic.
Tripping logic
If an impedance point crosses the limit between the power swing band and the start-up
characteristic, a adjustable time delay is initialised.
If the impedance point moves out of the start-up characteristic again before the time delay
expires, no trip is activated and the adjustable time delay is reinitialised.
If the impedance point still remains within the start-up characteristic, a three-phase trip command
is sent.
where:
- kr, ki: adjustable coefficients in %,
- Imax: maximum current detected on one phase,
- In: nominal current.
When unblocking occurs during power swing, the inde-
pendent zone 1 function may either be blocked or left
unblocked. If zone 1 is selected independent, the telepro-
tection messages are taken into account in a specific way,
as shown in Figures 2.3y and 2.3z.
2-41
X X
Z2 Z2
Z1 ∆R Z1 ∆R
Z3
R R
Z5 Z5
Limit of
start-up
characteristic
Limit of
start-up
Zone 3 reverse characteristic Zone 3 forward
∆R = ∆X = Settable power swing boundary Ω/loop
When the line isolation function is used, only the apparent distance of the power swing should
be taken into account and not its resistance. The resistance values of zones 1, 2 and 3 are
therefore increased to that of the start-up characteristic.
Tripping logic
If an impedance point crosses the limit between the power swing band and the start-up
characteristic, a adjustable time delay is initialised.
If the impedance point moves out of the start-up characteristic again before the time delay
expires, no trip is activated and the adjustable time delay is reinitialised.
If the impedance point still remains within the start-up characteristic, a three-phase trip command
is sent.
where:
- kr, ki: adjustable coefficients in %,
- Imax: maximum current detected on one phase,
- In: nominal current.
When unblocking occurs during power swing, the inde-
pendent zone 1 function may either be blocked or left
unblocked. If zone 1 is selected independent, the telepro-
tection messages are taken into account in a specific way,
as shown in Figures 2.3y and 2.3z.
2-42
2.3.8.4. Fault Detection after Single-phase Tripping (one pole open condition)
After a circuit breaker pole has opened, there is no current and voltage on the applicable phase,
which allows the protection unit to detect a one-pole cycle if the voltage transformers are on the
line side.
The reception of "Poles discrepancy" input signal allows the protection unit to detect a one pole
open condition blocking if the voltage transformers are on a busbar side.
If another fault appears during a one-pole open cycle or just after the voltage has been restored
on the applicable phase, the protection defines a direction and phase selection, then a tripping
command is issued.
Blocking
Tripping
Step 2
& time-delay
1
Reverse Step 5
fault time-delay
Forward
fault Blocking
Authorisation
Forward Step 1
fault & time-delay
Step 2 Tripping
& time-delay 1
Reverse Step 5
fault time-delay
Forward
fault
Authorisation
1) FF detection:
The EPAC monitors the condition of the voltage transformer fuses. If one fuse is no longer
serviceable, then the EPAC does the following:
- inhibits any tripping by the protection function,
- if the fuse failure indication is still present when the configurable time delay expires, a
confirmed fuse failure alarm is issued.
Fault Detection during Confirmed Line Fuse Failure: emergency overcurrent protection
When a fuse failure is confirmed, the following protection functions are blocked:
- weak infeed,
- distance protection,
- overcurrent start-up,
- DEF and associated back-up protection,
- power-swing,
- under- and over-voltage protection,
- synchrocheck,
- sensitive directional earth fault protection.
2) An additional protection function, based on current thresholds and associated time delays,
is used to handle any faults occurring during a confirmed fuse failure. The thresholds and time
delays are:
- an Ifus> high current threshold and an Ifus>> very high current threshold for the phase
current, associated with time delays Tfus> and Tfus>>,
- an Ifr> current threshold for the residual current, associated with a Tfr> time delay.
Start-Up
The protection function is activated when one of the following conditions is confirmed:
- the maximum value of the derivative of one of the phase currents is greater than one of
the phase current thresholds,
- the maximum value of the residual current derivative is greater than the residual current
threshold.
Tripping Logic
If the duration of a threshold overreach is longer than the associated time delay, a command
is issued for a three-phase trip.
I phase
Ifus> Trip
Ifus>>
No trip
t
Tfus> Tfus>>
IR
Trip
Ifr>
No trip
t
Tfr>
Phase Selection
Phase selection occurs at protection start-up on overreach of the Ifus> or Ifus>> threshold. No
phase selection occurs if the protection is activated on overreach of the Ifr> threshold alone.
Instantaneous FFext
fuse failure
Vn > 0.75 Vn
& 0 Confirmed fuse failure (TC)
Tc
S
I 0 < Sc Open line Q Distance
I2 < Sc & 1 R
1 protection
Imax < 2, 5 In Healthy network blocked
Vn
T (transition)
0.7
0.2 In
I > I threshold
&
500ms
Closing or reclosing
* circuit breaker 3-phase
1 1 trip
Line opened Closing 160ms
&
Transition detection
Convergence
Start-up protection & &
Harmonic 2
detection
*: External logic
input (TS)
Double circuit lines must be taken into account in the operating principle of the protection scheme
to avoid unwanted tripping of “sound” phases which could be the result of an excessively
general phase selection.
PA
Fault I
Fault I
PA
Fault I
Distance protection
Fuse failure
1 Fuse failure
Fault current detected confirmed
&
* Line fuse failure
*: External logic
input (TS)
Auto-recloser blocking
* Low pressure
*: External logic
input (TS)
* Reclosing impossible
Trip command maintained far too long 300ms
: External input (TS)
or internal logic
Three-phase trip
Phase A trip
Phase C trip
Forward directional
Fault appears forward of the protection
Reverse directional
Reverse current fault appears
Phase A selection
Phase A faulty
Phase B selection
Phase B faulty
Phase C selection
Phase C faulty
Single-phase fault
Phase A fault
Phase B fault &
Phase C fault
Phase B fault
Phase A fault
Phase C fault
& 1 Single-phase fault
Phase C fault
Phase B fault
Phase A fault
&
2-52
Multi-phase fault
Zone 1 fault
Trip
Zone 2 fault
Trip
& Zone 2 fault
Zone 3 fault
Trip
& Zone 3 fault
Zone 4 fault
Trip
& Zone 4 fault
Trip
& Zone 5 fault
2-53
Carrier send
Teleaction command sent after an isolation fault
Teleaction command sent after a fault during a one pole open condition
Fault in zone 5
1
Teleaction command
transmission zone 5 &
Fault in reverse zone
Earth fault
Zero-sequence current detected
Weak-infeed
* TeleactionProtection
signal received
Teleaction
start-up & command
sent
Fault detected in reverse zone
* TeleactionProtection
signal received
Unblocking
start-up & signal sent
Fault detected in reverse zone
*received
Teleaction signal
for tee line
Teleaction command
Protection start-up & sent for tee line
Fault detected in reverse zone
*received
Teleaction signal
for tee line
Unblocking signal
Protection start-up & sent for tee line
Fault detected in reverse zone
*: External logic
input (TS)
: External input (TS)
or internal logic
2-55
Phase A selection
Voltage drop detected on phase A
Phase B selection
Voltage drop detected on phase B
Phase C selection
Voltage drop detected on phase C
Single-phase fault
Phase A fault
Phase B fault &
Phase C fault
Phase B fault
Phase A fault
Phase C fault
& 1 Single-phase fault
Phase C fault
Phase B fault
Phase A fault
&
Multi-phase fault
2.4. DISTANCE PROTECTION FOR NETWORKS WITH INSULATED OR IMPEDANT NEUTRAL (RNI
OPTION)
The RNI module allows the characteristics of the phase-to-earth faults to be considered when the
neutral is insulated or grounded by an impedance or a Petersen coil. As a matter of fact, such
faults cannot always be correctly processed by standard distance protections. The RNI module
makes a difference between single phase-to-earth faults and double phase-to-earth faults which
have different effect on the electrical network.
The directional of a single-phase fault on this type of network is determined by the Sensitive
Directional Earth Fault function which complements the RNI function (described in paragraph
2.4.3).
VA = 0
Earth
VA
U CA U AB
Earth U CA -Vo U BA
VB
VC
U BC UBC
Before a fault After a fault
When a fault is detected, the residual current and voltage are compared to thresholds. Fault
processing therefore depends on threshold overreaches.
The residual voltage threshold, Vr, is constant and configurable from 0.1 Vn to Vn. The residual
current threshold, Ir, varies according to the value of the highest phase current in compliance
with the curve shown in figure 2.4b.
Residual
current
α
Ir threshold
a Highest phase
current
Where :
α = 12°
0.2In < Ir threshold < 5In
a = In
An isolated fault is (two-phase without earth) present. In this case, the "fast" algorithm attempts
to select a phase and to define a directional.
2.4.1.2. If the residual voltage is higher than the Vr threshold and if the zero-sequence current is higher
than the Ir threshold
2.4.1.3. If the residual voltage is higher than the Vr threshold and if the zero-sequence current is lower
than the Ir threshold
An earth fault is present. Phase selection is carried out by the detection of insufficient current on
one of the phases.
The protection device only trips if the fault is still present after a adjustable time delay for single-
phase fault trips.
2-58
The following tables show the phase selection possibilities for the three types of faults that can
be detected by the RNI module. The loop variables have been introduced for convenience:
X, Y and Z : can be any one of the three single-phase loops,
XY, XZ and YZ : can be any one of the three two-phase loops,
Rx, Ry and Rz : can be any one of the single-phase apparent resistances,
Rxy, Rxz and Ryz : can be any one of the two-phase apparent resistances,
Directional (X) : can be the directional of a single-phase,
Directional (XY) : can be the directional of a two-phase loop.
In some cases, these tables refer to the table 2.4f. Table 2.4f corresponds to a phase selection
where the convergent loops have opposite directionals and therefore indicate that the faults are
present in the forward or backward zone of the circuit breaker. When this type of fault occurs,
the EPAC must be able, in some cases, to isolate only one of the faults. The choice of the phase(s)
to be selected depends on a configurable priority criterion which defines the priority between
the different phases.
When a single-phase fault is present, the phase selection is determined by the voltage missing
on one phase. The relay does not trip, except if the fault duration is longer than the adjustable
"tripping time delay" (from 1 s to 360 s).
2-59
If the residual voltage is higher than the Vr threshold and the residual current is higher than the
Ir threshold
Convergent loops Directional or Fault type /
resistance Phase selection
conditions
No two-phase dir (X) = dir (Y) = dir (Z) No selection
and
three single-phase XYZ different directionals Three single-phase faults
(refer to table)
No two-phase Single-phase X fault
and one single-phase X
One or more
two-phase including XY dir (X) = dir (Y) = dir (XY) Two-phase XY fault
and two single-phase (refer to table)
X and Y
No,
one or several two-phase dir (X) ≠ dir (Y) Two-phase XY fault
+ two single-phase X,Y (refer table)
One or more two-phase 2Rxy < Rxz dir (X) ≠ dir (Y) Two single-phase faults
(refer table)
including XY 2Rxy < Ryz dir (X) =dir (Y) = dir (XY) One single-phase fault
and one two-phase fault
(refer table)
One or more two-phase Rz > 2Rx dir (X) ≠ dir (Y) Two single-phase faults
(refer table)
including XY Rz > 2Ry dir (X) =dir (Y) = dir (XY) Two-phase XY fault
(refer table)
If the residual voltage is higher than the Vr threshold and the residual current is lower than the
Ir threshold
Convergent Voltage Resistance Fault type
loops conditions conditions Phase selection
No two-phase single-phase X fault
and only 1
single-phase X
No two-phase Vx < V threshold single-phase X fault
No single-phase Vy > V threshold
Vz > V threshold
Two-phase XY two-phase X fault
and only X and Y
XY, YZ, XZ Rxy < Rxyz
Ryz < Rxyz three-phase fault
Rxz < Rxyz
Two-phase XY 2Rxy < Rxz two-phase XY fault
2Rxy < Ryz
Two-phase XY Rz > 2Ry two-phase XY fault
Rz > 2Rx
Otherwise three-phase fault
Criterion Priority
A(C) acyclic A before C before B
C(A) acyclic C before A before B
A(B) acyclic A before B before C
B(A) acyclic B before A before C
B(C) acyclic B before C before A
A(C) cyclic A before C before B before A
C(A) cyclic C before A before B before C
2-61
2.4.3. Sensitive Directional Earth Fault Protection on Insulated or Impedant Neutral Networks
This function complements the RNI function and handles single-phase faults on insulated or
impedant neutral networks. It combines three different functions:
- detection of the zero-sequence directional, to determine the direction of a single-phase fault,
- management of transient single-phase auto-start faults which can be considered as true faults,
- management of fault detection and forward or reverse directional detection signals and their
associated time delays.
Current direction is based on the calculated residual active and apparent power and the
comparison of these values with settable thresholds. A correction is made for the lag between
zero-sequence current and zero-sequence voltage before these power values are calculated.
If the measured current is above the I2 threshold, the angle is regarded as being constant and
equal to φ2. If it is between I1 and I2, the CT core angle is regarded as being linear, between
φ1 and φ2.
φ Phase angle =
(φ1 - φ2). I (φ2.I1 - φ1.I2)
+
(I1 - I2) (I1 - I2)
φ1
Phase angle = φ2
φ2
I1 I2 I
Ir
φ Vr
IrS
SW
--SW
Examples
Pr
SW
t
--SW
100 ms
Instantaneous
forward directional
t
Instantaneous 400 ms
reverse directional
t
Directional
with time delay FORWARD t
Pr
SW
--0,1 SW t
--SW
100 ms
Instantaneous 400 ms
reverse directional
t
Directional
with time delay
t
This function enables single-phase auto-start (intermittent) faults to be treated like permanent
faults. An auto-start fault is one that disappears and reappears periodically. A time delay
determines the maximum length of time between two auto-start faults for them to be considered
to constitute a single permanent fault.
2-66
If a single-phase fault reappears in the same direction before expiry of the Trall time delay, the
data stored in memory are kept.
-Pr>SW
This function enables time delays to be associated with the following digital outputs:
- delayed forwards earth fault,
- delayed backwards earth fault.
A Ttempo time delay is activated on appearance of a permanent fault (or an auto-start fault
considered as a permanent fault as a result of its reoccurrence before expiry of the Trall time
delay). If the fault is still present on expiry of the time delay, the "permanent earth fault" DI is
validated.
The "delayed forward (or backwards) earth fault " output is likewise only asserted if the
directional is present for longer than the Trall time delay.
Earth fault
with time delay
Phase
selection
t<Time delay Time delay
Instantaneous
forward
Directional
Forward
with time delay
Protection against high resistance earth faults, also called DEF, is used to protect the electrical
network against very resistive faults. In fact, a very resistive fault is usually not correctly detected
by distance protection. Protection against high resistance earth faults uses the following:
- in main operating mode, a directional comparison protection,
- in backup operating mode, an inverse time overcurrent protection or an inverse time zero-
sequence power protection. The protection to be selected in backup mode is configurable.
These protection devices use the same results to detect the fault and to define the directional.
On the other hand, only directional comparison protection allows single-phase tripping and
therefore uses the results of the phase selection.
The main operating difference between these protection devices is their tripping logic.
The use of directional comparison protection with independent signalling channel implies that
the both functions (directional comparison and distance protections) work in parallel. In this
case, if an impedance loop converges inside the start-up characteristic, the directional
comparison function will not be blocked and the faster of the two functions will perform the trip.
The fault direction is determined by measuring the phase-shift between the residual voltage and
the residual current derivative (a band-pass FIR derivator applied to all currents (phase to earth,
phase to phase, residual). The fault is said to be forward if the phase-shift is between -14˚ and
+166˚.
2-69
The phase is selected in the same way as for distance protection except that the current threshold
is reduced.
If the phase has not been selected within 20 ms, the three
phases are selected automatically.
& Three-phase
lev Tfon tripping
ms sel-bi
&
dec_tri
no-sel
cvmr
zone
150
cycle ms
See legend, page 2-73
* TS-cycle
* Reception carrier
Tee line
or internal logic
Tee line
application & Trans
Forward piq (ms)
led
Vrd Trans
reversal guard & (ms)
enc-i sel_mono
dec_mono & Single-phase
tripping
&
* Reception carrier
& Three-phase
lev Tfon tripping
ns sel-bi
&
dec_tri
no-sel
cvmr
zone
150
cycle ms
* Reception
tee line
carrier
Reverse
& Carrier sent for blocking scheme
lev
Vrd
*: External logic
input (TS)
: External input (TS)
or internal logic
Tee line
application & Carrier sent for
Forward tee line by DEF
led
Vrd
reversal guard & Carrier sent by DEF
enc-i sel_mono
dec_mono & Single-phase
tripping
*Reception carrier DEF &
& Three-phase
lev Tfon tripping
ms sel-bi
&
dec_tri
no-sel
150
ms
cycle See legend, page 2-73
* TS-cycle
Tee line
Forward application
& Trans
piq (ms)
led
Vrd Trans
&
reversal guard (ms)
enc-i
sel_mono
dec_mono & Single-phase
& tripping
* Reception
DEF
carrier
& Three-phase
lev Tfon tripping
ms sel-bi
&
dec_tri
no-sel
150
ms
cycle
Tee line application
TS-cycle
*
* Reception carrier
tee line DEF
Reverse
& Carrier sent for blocking scheme
lev
Vrd
*: External logic
input (TS)
: External input (TS)
or internal logic
If the operator selects directional comparison transmission on the same channel as is used to
transmit teleaction distance protection messages, the DEF will have the same tripping logic as
the main protection (authorisation or blocking). The check is carried out in the MMI’s. Teleaction
distance protection transmission has priority over that of the DEF directional, which is why the
function is disabled if distance protection is started internally (Cvmr, zone or enc_i).
2-74
Single-phase
cycle in progress
&
Ir > Ithreshold Settable
time delay
Tfon
Ir > Ithreshold
Three poles
Forward fault & tripping Ir
Ir Inverse time
time-delay
Single-phase cycle
in progress
Adjustable
&
Ir > Ithreshold
time delay
Tfon
Forward fault
Three poles
Ir > Ithreshold & tripping Po
Po Inverse time
time-delay
Authorisation logic
Forward fault &
1
Blocking logic
Reverse fault
&
Teleaction
command
Independant channels
& sent
on Tee line
2-77
This protection is additional to the distance protection. It compares the current value on the three
phases to predefined thresholds. If a threshold is exceeded at least on one phase:
- an alarm is issued,
- a definite or an inverse time time-delay is initialised. If the overload remains when this time
delay has elapsed, the overload protection trips three poles and blocks the autorecloser.
The overload protection is blocked when the distance protection starts, i.e. when a fault detection
loop converges inside the start-up characteristic.
I1
0.9 I1
This protection issues an alarm signal and initiates a time delay when a minimum voltage level
is reached. If at least one of the 3 phase voltages remains below the minimum voltage threshold
once the time delay has elapsed:
- an alarm is issued,
- a definite time delay is initiated. If the voltage always remains below the minimum voltage
threshold once the time delay has elapsed, the circuit breaker is tripped.
The undervoltage protection is locked when the distance protection starts, i.e. when a fault
detection loop converges inside the start-up characteristic.
This protection is only activated if the circuit breaker is closed. The information is given by the
"CB closed " digital input, which is set to 1 if the circuit breaker is closed.
1.1 Uthreshold
Uthreshold
Uthreshold
Input Meaning
CB closed Indicates the position of three poles of the circuit breaker
Output Meaning
MinU alarm Signal indicating undervoltage tripping
MaxU alarm Signal indicating line voltage overvoltage
MaxI alarm Signal indicating overload tripping
MaxU Alarm
MaxI Alarm
Current above the maximum current threshold detected
MinU Alarm
2.6.1. Recloser
2.6.1.1 Introduction
The auto-recloser function on some models allows an isolated line to be put back into service
after a fault, without manually operating the open circuit breaker. In fact, a fault on this type of
link is generally transient. It may be corrected by temporarily opening the line circuit breaker
once or several times. The circuit breaker opening time must allow the electric arc generated
by the fault to be deionized.
If the synchronism between the line voltage and the busbar voltage requires to be checked during
a three-pole low-speed reclosing, a voltage monitoring module (synchro-check) may be added
to the EPAC.
Each reclosing cycle is an attempt to put a line back into service. There are two types of reclosing
cycle:
- High-speed cycle:
This cycle is activated at the first trip following a fault. It may be single-phase or three-phase,
depending on the phase(s) tripped and the protection device handling the fault (back-up
protection trip is always three-phase).
- Low-speed cycle:
This cycle followsthe high-speed cycle. Depending on the parameter setting, it may be
repeated up to three times in succession. The low-speed cycle is always three-phase.
Trip
Tcyc Tencl
Tbloc
As can be seen in Figure 2.6a, a reclosing cycle is essentially characterised by three time delays:
- Dead time: initialised when a trip occurs. This is the minimum length of time for isolating the
line before a closing order can be sent to the circuit breaker. It is always shorter for the high-
speed cycle (1st dead time: THSAR) than for the low-speed cycles (further dead times: TDAR).
- Reclosing time delay: initialised at the end of the dead time and corresponds to the minimum
time for closing the circuit breaker (Trecl.).
- Circuit breaker reclaim time: also initialised at the end of the dead time. This is the minimum
time for blocking the circuit breaker. If a fault appears during this time delay and the circuit
breaker has been reclosed, the circuit breaker is tripped and:
. if the current cycle is not the last one, the following cycle is initialised,
. if the current cycle is the last one, the trip is definitive (lock-out).
Operation in parallel of the main protection relay and the backup protection
Backup protection complements the main protection relay. It may be:
- internal, from the EPAC unit,
- external, provided by another type of protection.
There are several ways in which the auto-recloser can operate in conjunction with a backup
protection relay:
- in conjunction with an external protection relay. It is then necessary to wire the trip commands
from the external protection relay to the phase A, B and C tripping inputs of the auto-recloser
element. In this case, the auto-recloser start-up is controlled either by internal protection relay
commands or by digital trip inputs,
- in conjunction with the auto-recloser of a redundant EPAC protection. In this case, if the
redundant auto-recloser has already been started up, the internal start-up of the EPAC auto-
recloser can be blocked by reception of an order on the "Reclosing impossible" input. In order
to prevent the cycle overlap, one of the protection relays must have a longer dead time setting
than the other.
2-84
ERRATUM
EPAC 3100/3500 MS/M 1.6882-C
Part 1 of diagram:
1. A fault occurs in the network. The protection trips ("Trip 1") and the circuit breaker
opening begins.
2. When the circuit breaker is open, the tripping order is de-energised. Then the high-
speed dead time is started ("THSAR").
3. At the end of high-speed auto-reclose cycle, the reclosing order is initiated during the
time Trecl. and the reclaim time is also activated during Trt.
4. End of circuit breaker reclosing.
5. End of reclaim time. No fault has occured during this time delay, the auto-reclose cycle
is successful.
Part 2 of diagram:
1. A fault occurs in the network. The protection trips ("Trip 1") and the circuit breaker
opening begins.
2. When the circuit breaker is open, the tripping order is de-energised. Then the high-
speed dead time is started "THSAR".
3. At the end of high-speed AR-cycle, the reclosing order is initiated during the time Trecl.
and the reclaim time is also activated during Trt.
4. End of circuit breaker reclosing.
5. A fault occurs during the reclaim time. The setting does not include a delayed auto-
eclose cycle,the protection tip three pole definitively and the auto-reclose cycle is unsuc-
cessful (terminated).
2-85
ERRATUM
MS/M 1.6882-C EPAC 3100/3500
1. A high-speed auto-reclose cycle runs after an initial trip ordered by the backup protec-
tion.
2. A DAR cycle runs after a second trip ordered by the backup protection.
3. A three-phase fault is detected by the distance protection during the reclaim time associ-
ated with the backup protection. A high-speed AR-cycle is activated. The delayed auto-
reclose cycle activated by the backup protection continues, in parallel.
Several hypotheses are then possible:
- A second fault is detected by the distance protection. It occurs before the end of the
time delay associated with the main protection, and the trip is definitive.
- A third fault is detected by the backup protection. It occurs before the end of the low-
speed reclaim time associated with the backup protection, and the trip is definitive.
- No fault occurs. The settings of the two auto-reclosers are reinitialised.
2.6.2. Synchro-check
2.6.2.1. Introduction
The role of the synchro-check is to transmit a reclosing authorisation signal, if appropriate, after
a three-phase trip. This authorisation is based on an analysis of line and busbar voltage. The
synchro-check module is not used for single-phase high-speed cycles but may be used for three-
phase high-speed cycles.
The synchro-check function verifies compatibility between the operating mode set (return,
inversed return or loopback check) and certain conditions on the lines and busbars.
The EPAC synchro-check function is independent of the auto-recloser. The reclosing authorisa-
tion signal can therefore be used with an auto-recloser external to the product.
Synchro-check can be:
- inhibited,
- operational only on low-speed three-phase cycles,
- operational on all three-phase cycles.
2-87
Return mode
This mode is used if the EPAC is located on a direct outgoing line.
The synchro-check’s function in return mode is to detect the absence of line voltage and the
presence of any busbar voltage. If the return condition has been verified for 100 ms, reclosing
authorisation is confirmed.
If the return condition is not satisfied at any moment during this time delay, the delay is
reinitialised.
No line
voltage & Reclosing
Time delay
& authorisation
Busbar
voltage present
No busbar
voltage
& Time delay & Reclosing
Line authorisation
voltage present
These conditions must have been verified for a adjustable time delay before reclosing can be
authorised.
If the loopback condition is no longer satisfied, the delay is reinitialised.
Busbar
voltage present
Line voltage
present
Time delay & Reclosing
DeltaF < threshold & authorisation
Deltaϕ < threshold
DeltaV < threshold
All
This mode combines the three preceding modes.
Reclosing authorisation is activated if the return, inversed return or loopback conditions have
been verified.
The synchro-check module and the auto-recloser run in parallel. The synchro-check module
verifies that the network characteristics are compatible with reclosing. If the conditions have
been verified, the reclosing authorisation is confirmed and the circuit breaker is closed.
The input "Busbar Fuse Failure" invalidates the information of autocloser authorisation resulting
from the check synchronising function. This will not permit the cycles of delayed autocloser to
take place in case the check synchronising function is chosen as an option.
If a fault appears and an external "manual reclosing" digital input signal is set to 1:
- the auto-recloser is inhibited,
- a 500 ms time delay is initialised by the main protection relays,
- a reclaim time is initialised by the auto-recloser.
If a fault occurs during the first 500 ms after manual reclosing, there is an instantaneous and
definitive three-phase trip.
* DI "CB closed"
Monostable 500ms
Zone 2 fault
Instantaneous
Three-phase tripping
AR Blocking
(reclaim time)
Always trip
3-phase
Figure 2.6h: Manual reclosing with fault during the first 500 ms
2-90
If a fault occurs after the first 500 ms and before the end of the reclaim time, there is a definitive
three-phase trip at the end of the time delay for the step concerned.
DI "CB closed"
Monostable 500ms
Zone 2 fault
Three-phase
tripping after T2
AR Blocking
(reclaim time)
Always trip
3-phase
The contact for the "Always trip 3-phase" functionis active after the drop-off of the order to trip
(internal or external) and is maintained until the end of the time delay of blocking.
This contact is activated only if the cycle of autoreclosing is activated by the distance protection
or by the DEF.
The contacts for Cycle in Progress are active after the dropoff of the orders to trip and are
maintained until the pick-up of the trip reclose commands.
If a fault occurs during a high-speed single-pole cycle while the phase circuit breaker is open:
- the three phases are tripped (at T1 or T2),
- if the high-speed synchro-check cycle option on three-phase fault has been selected, a three-
pole high-speed cycle is initialised.
2-91
The auto-recloser can be enabled or disabled from the user interfaces or by the digital inputs:
- Auto-recloser enabled,
- Auto-recloser disabled.
The digital signal must be present for at least 10 ms in order to consider these conditions.
If the busbar voltage and the line voltage are different for more than 20 seconds, the check
synchronising function locks out. It will therefore be no longer possible to reclose 3-pole.
The input "CB closed" must indicate the three-pole status of the circuit breaker. When the three
poles of the circuit breaker are closed, the state of this input is 1 logic.
The three-pole cycle in progress will not be validated if during the reclosing order this input is
still 1 logic.
EPAC has two counters saved in the EEPROM to consider the number of single or three-phase
cycles carried out by the product. These counters can be reset by the operator dialogue.
2-92
These digital inputs are used to operate the EPAC internal auto-recloser from an external
protection device. The associated reclosing cycles are:
A trip B trip C trip Backup trip Reclosing cycle
0 0 0 0 None
0 0 1 0 High-speed single-phase cycle
0 1 0 0 High-speed single-phase cycle
1 0 0 0 High-speed single-phase cycle
1 1 1 0 High- or low-speed three-phase distance or DEF
protection cycle
0 or 1 0 or 1 0 or 1 1 Three-phase zero-sequence backup protection cycle
If the "Poles Discrepancy" input is selected and if this input has a low level status during a single-
phase cycle:
- the single-phase cycle is disabled,
- a three-phase cycle is started.
If a tripping order lasts for more than 300 ms, the reclosing cycle is not performed.
2-93
Auto-recloser blocking
Time delay for recloser blocking cycle in progress (after trip by dist. prot., DEF or Weak
Infeed)
Three-phase trip
Always trip three-phase command to auto-recloser
Auto-recloser enabled
Auto-recloser disabled
*: External logic
input (TS)
: External input (TS)
or internal logic
2-96
The standard EPAC is used to analyse the detected faults from a general point of view. This
analysis can be consulted from the various user interfaces. It provides the following indications:
- the main characteristics of the electrical values measured during the fault,
- the measured fault distance, resulting from the distance-resistance calculation that was used
to determine the convergence of the loop with the fault.
This analysis can be made more accurate by integrating the module: a fault locator, which gives
an accurate indication of the fault distance, whatever the network topology.
Fault reports can be printed out automatically on a printer connected to the front panel of the
EPAC 3100/3500 if the latter includes a local printer option.
Once an electrical fault has been processed by one of the protection functions, the EPAC records
its main characteristics in a fault report, i.e.:
- feeder and substation's name,
- date and time of fault,
- the fault voltages,
- the fault currents,
- the network frequency before the fault,
- phase(s) affected by the fault,
- phase(s) tripped,
- the type of protection device initiating the trip,
- if tripped by distance protection:
. the zone where the fault is located,
. the distance of fault, expressed in kilometres, miles, Ohms/LV, Ohms/HV and line
percentage,
. the resistance of fault expressed in Ohms/LV and Ohms/HV.
The reports of the last ten faults can be consulted via operator dialogue. They are also transmitted
across the communication network if the communication option has been integrated into the
EPAC.
The fault reports are saved in memory.
Courier database events are saved in EEPROM if the configuration is changed.
Fault reports recorded by the protection function can be deleted via:
- the WinEPAC software,
- the EPAC front panel display unit,
- the COURIER master station.
This function, available on some models, records electrical values and is based on the same
principle as the acquisition unit in the TPE 2000 disturbance recorder, designed by ALSTOM
T&D P&C. It allows the fault recording data to be acquired and stored for a total duration of up
to five seconds per record. Recordings include:
- the 8 analogue values that are continuously acquired by the EPAC (IA, IB, IC, Ir, UA, UB, UC,
Ur),
- the status of 0 to 32 digital inputs/outputs.
Analogue and digital values are continuously stored in a buffer memory. The buffer memory
duration, called "pre-time", can be configured from 0.1 to 0.5 s. The fault data measured during
this pre-time is thus always available in the fault recording module.
The maximum duration of a recording can thus be configured from 0.2 to 5 sec (0.5 sec before
start-up and 4.5 sec following start-up).
The disturbance recording element can record an average of 40 events. When the fault-
dedicated memory is full, restarting the fault recording function will erase the oldest event.
2-98
The EPAC disturbance recording element is integrated into the TPE 2000 architecture in the same
way as a UA-type acquisition unit. Therefore, the EPAC can be connected to the following:
- a UR 2000 or UR 2000-2 type concentrator via a current loop link, to access the data using
the TPE 2000,
- a PC via an RS232 serial link, to access the data locally using the WinV24 disturbance
recording software,
- a PC by modem link to access the data from the WinMODEM software.
Moreover, the fault recording data can be exchanged via an IEC 870-5 VDEW protocol control
system connected to the EPAC.
This parameter must be taken into account by the fault locator because, if the lines belong to a
parallel network with a mutual coupling, then it is necessary to integrate the value of the residual
coupling current into the distance measurement equation. The residual current is determined on
the basis of the coupling residual voltage as measured by a zero-sequence compensation unit.
The relationship between the coupling residual current and the coupling residual voltage is as
follows:
Vc = K.Ir’ where:
- Vc = voltage supplied by the zero-sequence compensation unit (external BCH case),
- K = Zm/Z1 = constant,
- Ir’ = derivative of the residual current for the mutual coupling.
Zero-sequence Vc=Ku(ΣI'r)
Compensation
Unit FAULT LOCATOR
EPAC
I'r2
I'r1
With some models, fault reports can be printed out automatically on a printer connected to the
RS232 socket on the EPAC 3100/3500 front panel.
Either two and three fault reports per page can be printed out on the local printer. The information
printed out is the same as that supplied via one of the EPAC user interfaces.
The local printer should be connected to the serial port of the AC board on the EPAC 3100/
3500 front panel. Use of the local printer excludes use of the link between the EPAC 3100/3500
and WinV24, which also uses the AC board serial port.
Local printing can be initiated and the printer driver selected from any of the EPAC 3100/
3500’s setting interfaces:
- the EPAC 3100/3500 front panel display unit,
- the WinEPAC software,
- the PA&T software via the KBUS-COURIER link.
The EPAC uses the DTR signal of the printer’s serial link to access whether a local printer is
present. This allows the EPAC to differentiate between a local printer link and one with a WinV24
system. The consequence of using the DTR signal is that no alarm is sent if the local printer is
not operating properly (paper jam, printer buffer full, etc.).
This function is used to view the constantly changing values of measurements taken and signals
sent and received by the EPAC. In polling mode, the significant values are sent to the WinEPAC
software at regular intervals via a PC connected to the EPAC front panel. Polling can be inhibited
2-102
to obtain a snapshot of the values at any given moment. This function can only be used after the
polling data viewing screen has been accessed.
The function is used to view the instant value of:
- the analogue values for the permanently operating electrical network,
- the current direction,
- the digital inputs/outputs connected to the EPAC input/output boards.
- the protection Access Software & Toolkit (PAS & T) software installed on a micro-computer
from the master control computer for COURIER communication,
- WinTPE for the TPE disturbance recording function.
There are three LEDs on the EPAC 3100/3500 front panel. They indicate:
- minor and major alarms,
- the tripping of the associated circuit breaker,
- the EPAC 3100/3500 status.
Alarm Indication
The LED "ALARM" illuminates when a minor or major failure has been detected by the
autocontrol of the product.
counters reset).
The WinEPAC software is supplied on floppy disk and can be installed on a PC/AT type micro-
computer with a Windows 3.11 environment. The micro-computer is connected directly to the
EPAC 3100/3500 front panel, at the RS232 serial link connector, for local exploitation or to
the communication network that is itself connected to the communication board, for remote
exploitation.
The configuration and display parameters are contained in screens that can be accessed via
tabs or buttons.
Each screen proposes options that make data search more accurate.
Figure 2.9b represents the software main menu.
Parameter Screens
These screens allow the parameters to be displayed or modified. Figure 2.9c represents the
parameter screen corresponding to the line parameter configuration.
2-106
2 lines of 16 characters
Enter
key
Help
The dialogue that can be accessed from the display unit provides access to the same functions
as those available from the WinEPAC software installed on a PC. The two main differences
between the two software programmes are:
- the names assigned to the functions and parameters: since the front panel display unit cannot
accept more than 16 characters, a function or parameter name has less characters on the
display unit than it has with the WinEPAC software,
- function access and parameter modification, which are via the 4 arrow keys and the Set key.
This software is designed to adapt to all types of relay using the COURIER protocol. The data
required for its operation are supplied to it by the relays.
It is used to view the status of the relay it is connected to, via a KITZ hub in order to modify its
parameters and to exchange electrical network characteristics data.
2-108
The Protection Access Software & Toolkit software functions are categorised according to two
distinct types of task:
Background tasks
These tasks involve functions that are continuously updated or checked by the software. They
include:
- polling for data (voltage, intensity, frequency, input/output status),
- relay recognition,
- fault detection,
- disturbance recording events.
Current tasks
These tasks involve functions that are deliberately activated by the operator, such as relay
parameter modification.
The EPAC memory can store four groups of configuration parameters that are numbered from
1 to 4. Each parameter group corresponds to a specific EPAC configuration. Only one group
is active at a given time.
2-109
A new group of parameters can be activated by one of the two procedures below:
- via an activation command sent from one of the user interfaces or from one of the
communication interfaces,
- via a command received from two external digital inputs, with the status of digital inputs
corresponding to the number of the parameter group to be activated, expressed in binary
code:
If the status of the and the status of the then the activated group
digital input "bit 1" is: digital input "bit 0" is: of parameters is:
0 0 1
0 1 2
1 0 3
1 1 4
Switching from one group of parameters over to another by a digital input is achieved by the
detection of a transition in the digital inputs (transition confirmed in 2 sec.).
The bit 0 switching and bit 1 switching digital outputs indicate the active configuration.
Bit 1 switching Bit 0 switching Group of
active parameters
0 0 1
0 1 2
1 0 3
1 1 4
The switch-over from one group of parameters to another can be identified by reading a
transition in the digital outputs.
An optional AC board can be integrated into the EPAC in order to manage communication with
one or more external systems. Different systems can therefore be connected, for example:
- a data exchange system for the fault data recorded by the EPAC (modem board with the
2-110
The EPAC disturbance recording function is integrated into the architecture of the TPE 2000 fault
recorder designed by ALSTOM T&D P&C. As a result, the disturbance data recorded by the
EPAC can be directly exchanged with:
- the WinANALYSE software installed on a micro-computer,
- by modem via the WinMODEM software,
- the UR 2000 restitution unit of the TPE 2000 disturbance recorder via a current loop. In this
case the EPAC is considered to be a UA.
The micro-computer with the WinTPE software is connected in the following way:
- either directly to the serial link connector of the EPAC AC board, when the fault data is
accessed locally while using the disturbative recorder TPE in EPAC,
- or to the TPE 2000, when the fault data is accessed remotely.
EPAC
UA
EPAC
EPAC
UA
Current
loop
RS232
Modem for local use
STN, X25
UR
or RS 232
Modem
STN, X25
or RS 232
WinTPE
Master Control
Computer
The EPAC can be adapted to the communication protocols used by most control systems but it
is specifically suited to the VDEW and KBUS COURIER protocols. The latter have been adapted
from the IEC 870-5 standard to correspond to the specificities of digital protection units used
in the domain of electrical networks. They allow a dialogue to be set up between the EPAC and
a control station which centralises the data from several protection units and then sends
commands to these protection units.
The VDEW and COURIER protocol architecture is based on the EPA (Enhanced Performance
Architecture) OSI model. This module divides communication services into three layers:
- Layer 1 (physical),
- Layer 2 (data link),
- Layer 7 (application).
These networks can exchange fault data recorded on the EPAC, as well as control and command
signals.
1
ster
K-BUS clu
32 RS 485 64 kbits
K-BUS
KITZ
Master
Control RS232
Computer CEI870
9600 or 19200 bauds
Other
K-BUS clusters
VDEW characteristics
The VDEW protocol defines exchanges between the protection relays and a master control
computer. Data is exchanged via a serial link. The master control computer can communicate
with:
- one protection device at a time and receive data in return,
- the whole network, but without receiving any reply.
RS232
CEI870-5-2
Master
Control
Computer
The master control computer can then issue the following general orders:
- Enable / disable auto-recloser,
- Operate / block teleaction,
- Operate / block protection device,
- Request information,
- Log messages,
- Switch configuration.
Fault and maintenance data are dated according to a dating device that is regularly updated
by an internal clock which can by synchronised by an external clock (depending on models and
connected systems). The dated events are:
- the disturbance data,
- the data stored when an electrical fault occurs,
- the data stored when the EPAC fails to operate correctly.
If no external signal is provided for synchronisation, the dating device is based on a configurable
time reference (unit: 1 ms). It is subject to:
- the internal clock drifts,
- the dating device drifts during the power-off periods,
- the inaccuracy of the configuration operation.
If an external signal is provided, the EPAC synchronizes its internal clock with it and thus allows
integration into a global substation control system.
An optional interface between the AC board and the IRIGB board can be incorporated into the
EPAC. In this case, the IRIGB receiver uses signals from aerial time receivers.
Synchronism is:
- relative if the external signal comes from:
. a data concentrator (UR 2000) of the TPE 2000 (disturbance recorder),
. a VDEW protocol network,
- absolute if the external signal is of the hertzian type (radio or satellite signal) with IRIG.B.
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MS/M 1.6882-B EPAC 3100/3500
CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE AND
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
EPAC 3100/3500 MS/M 1.6882-B
BLANK PAGE
3-1
CONTENT
PAGE
BLANK PAGE
3-3
The EPAC is built around a basic module assembly. Add-on boards for different functions are
available according to the model concerned
This base is comprised of an insulated and stabilised power supply and the following items:
- a QTF input transformer board,
- a CPU-TMS processing board,
- an IO-1 or IO-3 tripping and inputs/outputs board.
Optionally, the following boards may be added without requiring wiring changes:
- an AFF management board for the front display unit,
- an AC management board for the front panel display unit, the disturbance recorder TPE and
miscellaneous communication modes,
- an IO-2 tripping and outputs board or a second IO-1 or IO-3 tripping and inputs/outputs
board.
WinEPAC MMI
RS232 External
Local link
communication
EPAC ARCHITECTURE
WinTPE
- Current loop
Disturbance
- IEC 870-5
recording
VDEW
software
standard
The EPAC acquires analogue values from the measurement dividers. The QTF transformer board
has the following functions:
1. To adapt these values for use and to isolate them with respect to the disturbances.
2. To filter the signals in order to eliminate high frequencies that cannot be sampled cor-
rectly. Anti-return filters are used for this task.
These values are then transmitted to the CPU-TMS board which has the following functions:
Tripping orders and signals transmitted by the CPU-TMS board are sent to the IO board(s)
equipped with contacts.
With the operator dialogue, the operator can configure the way the logic inputs and outputs of
the different modules are assigned to the board contacts.
3-5
Voltages Currents
UC TMS Board
Filtering and pre-processing
the analog signals
IO-1 or IO-3
Board
AC Board
TRIP
ALARM
RELAY AVAILABLE
SET
TERMINAL 1
Help
TERMINAL 2
This board is in double "Europe" standard format and is used to bring the analogue values
provided by the transformers down to a value that is compatible with the EPAC electronics. It
includes:
- 3 phase current transformers with two primary windings, one for the 5A rating, the other for
the 1A rating (T1, T2, T3),
- for networks with a directly earthed neutral: 1 residual current transformer with two primary
windings, one for the 5A rating, the other for the 1A rating (T4); a dedicated CT core for the
Directional Earth Fault (isolated or impedant network),
- 3 phase voltage transformers (T5, T6, T7),
- 1 busbar voltage transformer (T8),
- 1 image voltage transformer for the zero sequence current compensation of the parallel line
(T9),
- 1 overvoltage protection device,
- 1 analogue anti-overlap filter per input.
This board is in double "Europe" standard format and it performs the main equipment functions,
i.e.:
- analogue-to-digital conversion of the signals from the QTF board,
- protection management depending on the signal status,
- communication with the link and peripheral boards.
The board also comprises three reference voltages used to check the system gains.
Processing
The board has a 320-C25 TMS signal processor used for processing operations. The processor
can operate with a 50 MHz clock. It controls the sampling frequency, making it 24 times the
network fundamental frequency. To do this, it measures this frequency with a zero transition
method.
3-7
The TMS formats the signals by filtering them and then calculates the protection values. The TMS
acquires logic input values and combines them with the results of the protection calculations for
decision-making operations. These decisions are materialised by the control of the tripping
relays and signalling contacts.
The TMS also manages the front panel LEDs and the serial link on the CPU-TMS board.
The CPU-TMS board also has different memories:
- RAM working memory,
- PROM program storage,
- back-up memory for the EEPROM characteristic values and parameters.
Interfaces
The board is equipped with lights that indicate the operating status.
The board also has an RS232 serial link on its front panel, that can be accessed via the front
panel. It is used to dialogue with a PC.
The CPU-TMS board is connected to the following:
- the QTF analogue value acquisition board,
- the IO-1 board.
This boards are in double European standard format and have TS logic inputs, TC signalling
contacts and DEC (trip) command relays.
The logic inputs and the signalling contacts may be configured on commissioning, providing the
user with the choice of the appropriate wiring diagram.
The design of the IO boards is such that the tripping orders and signals can be self-checked.
3-8
The front panel has a backlit display unit of 2 lines having 16 characters. There are also six
scrolling keys and an interface board. The four arrow keys are used to scroll through the menus
and to access all the programming functions of the EPAC.
The front panel dialogue is used to:
- set the protection parameters,
- to view the status of digital inputs and outputs and the value of analogue inputs,
- examine the last fault record,
- analyse the protection failures,
- acknowledge the alarm(s) and then re-start the protection function.
If the MES menu is not active, the display goes off when it
is not used for a few minutes. To turn it back on, click on
one of its buttons.
3-9
IO-1 (additional)
It is composed by:
- 3 tripping relays,
- 1 CB closed,
- 16 signalling contacts,
- 8 opto inputs,
- 1 equipment fault contact (contact closed in rest).
IO-3 (additional)
It is composed by:
- 6 tripping relays,
- 1 CB closed,
- 13 signalling contacts, (n° 14, 15, 16 can not be assigned )
- 8 opto inputs,
- 1 equipment fault contact (contact closed in rest).
IO-2
It is composed by:
- 3 tripping relays,
- 1 CB closed,
- 16 signalling contacts,
- 1 equipment fault contact (contact closed in rest).
3.1.2.6. AC Board
This board has the following standard functions:
- management of the front panel display unit,
- management of a serial link for local restitution of fault recording data on the WinTPE
software or for automatic printout of fault reports.
Two "daughter boards" can be connected to the AC board. These boards can be chosen from
among the following four boards:
- loop current interface board,
- modem interface board,
- 870-5 VDEW interface board,
- KBUS interface board.
MODEM board
This board is used to exchange fault recording data between the EPAC and a micro-computer
equipped with the WinMODEM software.
MODEM board characteristics are:
- 8 bits,
- no parity,
- one stop bit,
- baud rate: 300 to 19200, configurable from one of the user interfaces.
VDEW board
This board enables the EPAC to communicate with a centralised master control computer, via
the VDEW protocol.
KBUS board
This board is an interface between the UART1 channel of the AC board and the KBUS network.
The CPU-TMS board software of the EPAC, i.e., the protection functions, is sequencer-based.
This sequencer summons the tasks according to their order of priority.
It is activated by conversion end-interrupts at each sampling step, i.e. 24 times per period. If
a non-priority task has not been completed while a priority task is activated, the non-priority tasks
resumes processing at the point where it was interrupted when the sequencer returns control to
it.
This structure allows non-priority functions to be performed when the processor is not busy with
the priority tasks.
For example, fault-finding is a priority task whereas maintenance dialogue management is a
non-priority task.
The equipment designers have taken care not to reduce the reliability of the EPAC by limiting
the number of additional components.
If the complete self-test function is chosen on power-on condition, the following two types of check
are possible:
- a continuous self-test that avoids any inadvertent operation,
- a self-test, processed by low-priority tasks, i.e., with a periodicity of a few seconds and with
the main aim of checking that the functions are available.
If a fault is detected:
- if the fault is not redhibitory, the protection function continues operating and a "non-urgent
alarm" signal is issued,
- if the fault is redhibitory, the protection function stops. The protection then, executes a
complete autocontrol of initialisation. If the fault is confirmed, the alarm signal is positioned
and the functions of EPAC are no more assured. If the autocontrol of initialisation does not
confirm the anomaly, EPAC restarts normally. Two redhibitory (major) faults in less than 24
hours provoke the stopping of the product and the alarms are positioned. In the case of
stopping of EPAC, the alarms "Major fault" and "Equipment fault" are emitted.
3-12
This self-test has the same priority as the protection tasks. It includes:
- a self-test by hardware interrupts:
. PFIN (loss of auxiliary supply),
. watchdog,
. calculation time exceeded,
- a plausibility check of the current channels. It compares the sum of the phase voltages and
currents to the value of the channel of acquisition of the residual current,
- an acquisition sequencing check. It checks that the analogue channel acquisitions are
correctly sequenced by analysing their addresses,
- a verification of the messages exchanged between the boards containing processors, by
using check sums,
- verification of the FIFO for access to the analogue-to-digital conversion values,
- verification of the messages exchanged by the RS232 link of the CPU-TMS board,
- verification of the tripping and signalling commands by re-reading the order and checking
the continuity of the command circuit. This check should be carried out before giving an order
to a relay or contact.
This self-test is a continuous self-test that uses calculation power reserves not used for priority
tasks. The duration of the complete self-test cycle is too short to affect the reliability or the
performance of the EPAC.
The main actions are the following:
- bus self-test by:
. checking the "address" bus by accessing the specific addresses and memories,
. checking the "data" bus by writing on the memory zones,
. checking the "command" bus at the different elements,
- watchdog self-test by checking that it sends an interrupt after its time-delay,
- memory self-test:
. calculating the "CHECK-SUMS" of the memories and comparing them with those in the
memory,
. checking the memory in all of the addressing zone by writing then reading the values
5555H and AAAAH before re-writing the initial value,
. checking the EEPROM stored memories by calculating the CHECK-SUMS and comparing
them with those stored,
- checking the drift of the analogue amplifiers,
- verifying the gain of the analogue-to-digital conversion by checking the results of the
reference voltage conversions,
3-13
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MS/M 1.6882-B EPAC 3100/3500
CHAPTER 4
TOOLS FOR COMMISSIONING
AND MAINTENANCE
OPERATIONS
EPAC 3100/3500 MS/M 1.6882-B
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4-1
CONTENTS
PAGE
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4-3
This chapter describes the hardware and software tools required to carry out commissioning and
maintenance operations on the EPAC 3100/3500.
The first part lists the tools necessary to carry out the commissioning and maintenance operations
on the EPAC 3100/3500. These tools must be used to test the equipment correctly.
The second part describes the software designed by GEC ALSTHOM P&C to help you configure
the EPAC, analyze the electrical faults on the network and the EPAC internal faults (hardware
and software self-monitoring functions). These functions can be accessed from:
- the WinEPAC software on a micro-computer in local operation,
- the front panel display unit,
- the Protection Access Software and Toolkit (PAS & T) software on a micro-computer via a
KBUS network if this type of communication is installed on the EPAC.
4-4
To carry out the commissioning and maintenance operations on the EPAC 3100/3500, the
following tools and equipment must be available:
- a screwdriver set,
- a pipe wrench set,
- a multimeter,
- an injection box:
. GEC ALSTHOM model DLF 210,
. OMICRON model CMC 56 or 156,
. ABB model XS92 A,
- a PC-type micro-computer operating under MS WINDOWS 3.11 or 95,
- a printer connected to the parallel port of the PC.
This sub-division describes the basic principles for using the interactive software designed by
GEC ALSTHOM P&C to manage the functions of the EPAC.
The EPAC is supplied with two disks containing the WinEPAC software used to manage the
EPAC functions from a PC-type micro-computer.
These functions are organized in five dialogues:
- the "Settings" dialogue lets you configure the protection functions as well as the automatic
control functions integrated into the EPAC,
- the "Maintenance" dialogue lets you display the current and past status of the EPAC, thus
making maintenance operations easier,
- the "Orders" dialogue lets you manage:
. the EPAC date and time,
. the EPAC password,
. the status of the auto-recloser and the associated counters,
. configuration switch-over (4 setting groups),
- the "Measurements" dialogue lets you display:
. the analogue values measured on the three phases,
. the input/output values for the IO-1 or IO-3 board and for a second additional board, if
appropriate,
- the "Events" dialogue lets you display reports on faults that have occurred on the line.
A software configuration dialogue lets you adjust the WinEPAC software settings.
Figure 4.2a shows the tree breakdown of the main EPAC management and setting options
available with the WinEPAC software. The first level of the tree breakdown shows the main menu
options.
4-6
View instantaneous
Measurements
network values
Before the WinEPAC software can be run, it must be installed on the hard disk of your micro-
computer.
1. Click on the icon to start the software. The software is loaded into memory. After
Alphanumeric Keys
These keys are used to enter or change settings in entry fields. All keys of the numeric keypad
as well as upper and lower case characters can be used. The software reduces the possibility
of error by inhibiting the entry of:
- a wrong character (e.g. a letter instead of a number),
- a numerical value outside the permitted limits.
Control Keys
These keys are used to move the cursor from one entry field to another or to change the value
of an entry field.
Control key Function
← Moves the cursor to the left in a data entry field.
→ Moves the cursor to the right in a data entry field.
TAB Moves highlighting to the next field or button.
Shift+TAB Moves highlighting to the previous field or button.
<Suppr> Deletes the character to the right of the cursor when
entering data.
<Insert> Activates/deactivates the insertion mode when entering
data.
<Del> Deletes the character below the cursor when entering data.
<Backspace> Deletes the character to the left of the cursor when entering
data.
<Return> Validates data, a menu option or deactivates an error
message.
<Esc> Goes back to the previous screen.
The contents of an entry field are highlighted when the field is active. The value can then be
changed.
4-10
The following table explains the basic terms associated with the use of the mouse.
Action Meaning
Point Place the pointer on an element.
Click Point to an element, then press and release the left mouse
button.
Double click Point to an element, then press the left mouse button twice
quickly and release it.
The mouse pointer changes its form according to the item it is positioned on. The following table
indicates the two forms of pointer used by the WinEPAC software.
Entering text
1. Position the mouse pointer over the entry field required.
2. Click on the left mouse button. The field is highlighted.
3. Enter the text.
Selecting an option
1. Position the mouse pointer over the appropriate button or tab.
2. Click on the left mouse button. The selected option is activated.
4-11
Title Bar
This bar consists of the Minimise, Maximise and Restore icons and the title of the current screen.
The Minimise icon lets you reduce the active window to an icon, the Maximise icon enlarges
the window to its maximum size, and the Restore icon returns it to its original size.
Menu Bar
This bar consists of one or more menus. Each menu lets you access the commands required to
activate particular functions such as exiting from a screen or saving a configuration.
Tool Bar
This bar consists of icons assigned to predefined functions. Click on the icon to activate its
associated function.
4-12
Working Area
This is the interactive area of the screen. It can include:
- one or more tabs related to the function selected,
- fields that may be:
. changeable settings (e.g. setting to select nominal frequency),
. fixed data (e.g. analogue value measured by the EPAC ).
Depending on the settings and software options selected, some data cannot be accessed. These
data appear greyed on the screen. All other settings can be accessed using the mouse and the
keyboard’s control keys.
Button Area
Each button in this bar is associated with a function. Click on the button to access the function.
Message Line
This contains a message about the highlighted field. For adjustable settings, the message
indicates the maximum and minimum values, step and unit to be entered.
This paragraph contains the basic instructions for using the WinEPAC software. It describes how
to use the most common commands:
- moving from one screen to another,
- changing settings,
- checking consistency,
- obtaining contextual help,
- configuring the software.
4-13
To return to the previous screen, press <ESC> or select the icon on the right of the tool bar.
Main
Screen
WinEPAC
Software
Configuration
EPAC
Main
Management
Screen
Settings Events
Orders
Maintenance Measurements
Main Main
Maintenance Measurement
Screen Screen
Changing a setting
The software has different types of field for entering and changing the settings. The way of
changing a setting varies according to the type of field concerned.
Settings can be entered as described above. They can also be changed using the mouse. To
change a setting in an entry or selection field using the mouse:
1. Click on the arrows next to the entry field. The setting is then incremented or decremented
by a predefined step. The size of the step is usually indicated in the message line.
Settings cannot be entered directly. They have to be selected from a list of permitted settings.
To change a setting in a simple selection field:
1. Click on the arrow to the right of the selection field. The permitted settings appear below
the selection field.
2. Click on the new setting, which is validated automatically.
Check Box
A check box is used to validate or inhibit the associated function. The function is validated if the
box is checked. If not, it is inhibited.
4-15
Radio buttons
Radio buttons are used to validate one of the several available functions. To select a function:
1. Click on the button corresponding to the function you wish to validate. The function
previously selected is invalidated and the function you have checked is validated.
Checking coherency
Each time you change a setting, you should carry out a coherency check to ensure that the
change is compatible with the other settings. The coherency function can be accessed from all
parameter setting screens.
To check coherency:
2. The coherency window appears, indicating any corrections that need to be made to
settings.
2. Click on the icon. The help window is displayed in the working area. The message
line indicates the name of the field the help item refers to.
2. Click on the icon or select the Preferences option in the Options menu. The software
preferences screen is displayed.
3. Click on the Language button. The list of available working languages is displayed.
If the EPAC 3100/3500 is fitted with a display, most configuration and monitoring functions
available from the PC can be accessed from the front panel of the EPAC 3100/3500. However,
the name of the functions, the way the software is used and the user interfaces are different.
Figure 4.2f shows the tree breakdown of the main functions available from the display.
2 lines of 16 characters
Set
key
SET
Help
Help key
Arrow keys
Alphanumeric Display
The display consists of 2 lines of 16 characters.
The first line contains information about the current environment, e.g. the name of the functions
selected to access the current screen.
The second line displays the name of options or parameters that can be selected. When entering
data, the character being changed is underlined. When not entering data, the parameter or the
option that can be directly selected flashes.
The following characters can be displayed:
- upper or lower case, alphabetical characters without accents,
- numeric characters,
- control characters.
Keyboard Keys
6 keys can be found below the display. They are used to carry out all the available selection
and configuration operations.
Key Function
When entering data: moves the cursor onto the next
character;
when not entering data: activates the next option or
parameter on the second line of the display.
When entering data: moves the cursor back to the previous
character;
when not entering data: activates the previous option or
parameter on the second line of the display.
When entering data: selects the previous character or
number;
when not entering data: moves backwards.
When entering data: displays the next character or number;
when not entering data: selects the option or parameter
that flashes on the second line.
SET When only the main screen is displayed: activates the user
dialogue;
when the user dialogue is already active: confirms a
changed parameter.
Help
Displays a help line that gives details about the menu
option or parameter that is flashing on the second line.
This paragraph contains the basic instructions for using the EPAC software program from the
display. This software program can run in two modes:
before the —> character which indicates that other options are available to the right.
The first option flashes.
EPAC 3000
LEDS CONF EVEN >
SET
Help
Selecting a parameter
1. Move the flashing area onto the parameter to be changed using the arrow keys.
2. Press the key. The parameter name, its setting and type of unit are displayed on the
second line.
Validating a configuration
1. Press the key several times to return to level 1. The CONF EVEN MES options should
be displayed in the second line.
2. Select the CONF option, then press the key.
3. Select the PARA option, then press the key.
4. Select VALI.
4.2.3. Accessing the EPAC from the Protection Access Software & Toolkit software (PAS & T)
The Protection Access Software & Toolkit software has been designed by GEC ALSTHOM T&D
P&C to manage K relay parameters. The EPAC can include an optional COURIER communica-
tion management function that can be accessed with this software.
The commands available from this external program are described in separate documentation
entitled "User Manual-Protection Access Software & Toolkit".
The following figure shows the software’s main window.
ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Protection Access Software & Toolkit V2.00
Access Control Records Units Options Quit Help
About Program
OK
Changing a setting
1. Select the relay whose setting you wish to change (cf. last procedure).
2. To retrieve the EPAC configuration, select the option SET Active Setg: Retrieve=[0] from
the SETTING COMMANDS column.
3. Activate the "Reset Cell Locn" command.
4. Select the setting to be changed using the ↑ and ↓ keys, then press <Enter>. A command
menu appears:
CELL MENU
Change setting S
Add Poll Item A
Delete Poll Item D
Reset Cell Locn R
View Strings V
Cancel ESC
Function Description
Change setting Changes a setting.
Add Poll Item Adds the setting to the list of settings whose instantaneous
values you want displayed.
Delete Poll Item Deletes the setting from the list of settings whose instanta-
neous values you want displayed.
Reset Cell Location Validates the selected command if it ends in [0].
View strings Displays correspondences between settings and functions.
Cancel Exits.
The following table describes the main features of the software menus. For further details on
software use, see the documentation "User Manual - Protection Access Software & Toolkit".
Menu Description
Access Displays the list of protection relays recognised by the
software and establishes a link with one of them.
Polling To view dynamic changes in certain settings.
Control To switch over the relay configuration.
Records To save the relay’s settings and fault disturbance data.
Units To manage the list of addresses of relays that can be set
from the software.
Options To change and save the following options to disk:
- parameters for communicating with relays,
- display parameters,
- activation of the background task used to download
fault disturbance data,
- change to debugging mode in case of problems, to
view all messages concerned with communications.
Quit To exit from the software.
4-26
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MS/M 1.6882-B EPAC 3100/3500
CHAPTER 5
COMMISSIONING
EPAC 3100/3500 MS/M 1.6882-B
BLANK PAGE
5-1
CONTENTS
PAGE
5.6. CHECKING THE PROTECTION AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL FUNCTIONS _____________ 5-84
5.6.1. Fault Analysis Tools __________________________________________________________ 5-84
5.6.2. Functional Tests _____________________________________________________________ 5-88
5-2
BLANK PAGE
5-3
This chapter describes the complete commissioning procedures for the EPAC 3100/3500.
The first part describes the various checks to be carried out before the equipment is energized,
in particular, the configuration corresponding to the rated characteristics and the input/output
connections.
The second part describes the energization procedure and the first checks to be carried out to
make sure the EPAC is operational.
The third part describes the configuration of the EPAC. This configuration enables the operator
to adapt the EPAC functions to the electrical environment.
The fourth part describes all the tests used to check that the EPAC built-in protection and automatic
control functions operate correctly.
5-4
The first step of the EPAC 3100/3500 commissioning procedure is to check that all the
connections are correctly made and the pre-configuration of the steady state characteristics is
well suited to the electrical environment.
Do the following to check that the boards inside the EPAC 3100/3500 are correctly connected:
1. Remove the plastic cover.
2. Unlatch the front panel by loosening the milled screw located at the right hand side of
the door.
3. Rotate the front panel to the left.
4. Check:
- the location of the boards,
- the ribbon cable insertion.
Door
IRIGB board
QTF board
TMS-QTF
Add. IO-2/IO-1/IO-3 board
The rated current can be either 1 A or 5 A. You can select one of these two values by moving
the connector button. Check that the indication corresponds to the desired rating. If not, loosen
the nuts to invert the tabs. Refer to the enclosed Installer’s Guide.
The voltage level is written on the left of the EPAC 3100/3500 front panel. Check that this value
complies with the power supply voltage provided.
5-6
The current and voltage analogue inputs are connected to terminal block X5 as described in the
following figures.
Tore
P2 P1
S2 S1
IL1 P2 P1
S2 S1
IL2 P2 P1
S2 IL3 S1
To BCH
S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 10 9 11 12 13 14 15 16
P2 P1
S2 S1
IL1 P2 P1
S2 S1
IL2 P2 P1
S2 IL3 S1 UL1 UL2 UL3
P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2
S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 To BCH
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 10 9 11 12 13 14 15 16
ILE1 ILS1 ILE2 ILS2 ILE3 ILS3 INS INE UL1 UN UL2 UL3 UbusbarE UbusbarS ITMHE ITMHS
EPAC 3100/3500
TMH S
2
TMH E
4 U BarS
bar
U BarE
6 UL2
UL3
8 UN
UL1
10
12
INE
14 If IN = 5A
INS
16 INE If IN = 1A
INS E: Input
18 IL E3 If IN = 5A S: Output
IL S3
20 IL E3
If IN = 1A
IL S3
22 IL E2
IL S2 If IN = 5A
24 IL E2
IL S2 If IN = 1A
IL E1
26 IL S1 If IN = 5A
28 IL E1 If IN = 1A
IL S1
X5 QTF Board
Screw-in
connector
5.1.3.2. Earthing
A nut located on the lower right-hand side of the EPAC 3100/3500 rear panel is used for
earthing.
An additional nut, located on the bottom left-handside of the rack, is used to connect grounding
wires for current loop and/or K-BUS cable if these options are installed.
The logic inputs/outputs are connected to the X1 to X4 sockets of the input/output boards. These
sockets are designed to receive standard Midos terminal blocks.
Some of the contacts on these boards are pre-allocated whereas others can be allocated to
inputs/outputs with the user’s dialog (refer to the paragraph entitled "Assigning the Inputs/
5-8
27 28 - Power Supply
+ Power Supply
X6 Connector
These connections are made via the rack front panel connectors for the RS 232 connector and
the rack rear panel connectors for all other connections. The type of connectors available
depends on the configuration options selected.
Options selected Connector Location
TPE disturbance recording TERMINAL 1 EPAC front panel
VDEW D24 receiver EPAC rear panel
D25 transmitter
K-BUS COURIER D26 EPAC rear panel
Current loop X18 EPAC rear panel
MODEM link X20 EPAC rear panel
IRIGB time synchronisation X30 EPAC rear panel
D26
NC
X1 X2 X1 X2
X6 X3 X4 X6 X3 X4
X5 X5 X18
Current loop
KBus link
To UR
Protection cable Protection cable
X6
1 2 27 1 27 1
X1 X2
28 2 28 2
27 1 27 1
X3 X4
28 2 28 2
D26
27 1
X1 X2
X5 X6 X3 X4 X30
27 28 28 2
X5
X20
X6
1 2 27 1 27 1
X1 X2
28 2 28 2
27 1 27 1
X3 X4
28 2 28 2
D24
D25
27 1
X1 X2
X5 X6 X3 X4
X30
27 28 28 2 X5
X18
Front view
TERMINAL 1
TERMINAL 2
5.2. ENERGIZATION
Energize the EPAC. The function management program of the EPAC which is run automatically,
first performs a complete self-test. The self-test results are indicated by front panel lights. More
details on the results can be accessed from the WinEPAC software or from the display.
Some parameters of the EPAC protection and automatic control functions can be adapted to the
environment in which the EPAC operates.
This sub-chapter describes:
- EPAC configuration management,
- the configuration of the protection and automatic control functions provided by the EPAC,
- the input/output assignment.
The configuration of the EPAC can be modified, allowing the user to adapt its settings to the
characteristics of the network it is monitoring. The EPAC comes with the option of four
configurations stored in memory. These can all be modified, and can replace the current
configuration if required.
A password must be entered before the active configuration can be modified.
The following pages describe how to:
- enter the password,
- select a configuration,
- transfer a configuration to the EPAC,
- switch setting groups,
- save and print out a configuration,
- prepare a configuration to be modified or created.
5-12
Description
1. Click on the Orders button of the EPAC main management screen. The EPAC’s current
status is displayed.
2. Click on the Password Setting button. The password change window is displayed. A
message prompts the user to enter the current password and the new password.
3. Click on the OK button when the passwords have been correctly entered. The user is
asked to confirm the new password entry.
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4. The PC queries the EPAC to check that the registers of the two items of equipment are
consistent with one another. If the result is positive and the current password entered by
the user is correct, the new password becomes the current EPAC password.
1. Press SET
in the initial contents of the display/display configuration.
2. Select the PASS option, then the SAIS option.
3. Press SET
.
4. Enter the current password using the arrow keys:
Keys Use
and to scroll through the letters and select a password charac-
ter.
5. If the password entered is correct, the MODI option is activated. Select this option and
enter the new password, which automatically becomes the current EPAC password.
Description
Selecting a Configuration
4. Once the new configuration has been loaded, the main setting screen is displayed.
9. Once the new configuration has been loaded into the memory, the main setting screen
is displayed.
Description
This function is used to transfer a modified configuration to the memory of the EPAC.
1. Select the Upload option from the configuration module screen. The transfer screen is
displayed. This screen indicates the name of the substation and the outgoing feeder.
2. Enter the password in the PASSWORD field.
3. Click on the OK button to validate the transfer order. WinEPAC checks the consistency
of the configuration registers. If the result is positive and the password is correct, the
configuration is loaded into the EPAC. In this case, the EPAC stops and carries out a
complete initialisation self-test before restarting and displaying the self-test result. If the
parameter group option is installed, the loading of configuration group 0 stops the
EPAC and is followed by initialisation a complete self-test.
1. Press several times until the PARA option is displayed on the second line.
2. Select the VALI option.
3. Enter the password. If the password is correct, the configuration in the memory of the
display unit is sent to the EPAC.
5-17
3. Activate the "Reset Cell Locn" command. The configuration is uploaded to the EPAC and
becomes the active configuration.
5-18
CHANGING CONFIGURATIONS
Description
This function is used to change from one configuration identified by a number to another
configuration identified by another number.
Changing Configurations
1. Press several times until the PARA option is displayed on the second line.
2. Select the ACTI option.
3. Select the number of the configuration to be activated.
4. A message prompts the user to enter the password if this has not already been done.
5. If the password is correct, an OK message appears.
The configuration selected becomes the active configuration.
5-19
1. Select Change Setting Group in the Control menu. The list of relays and the number of
their active configuration are displayed.
2. Select the EPAC whose configuration you wish to change. The window for selecting the
number of the configuration to be activated is displayed.
3. Select the number of the configuration to be activated.
4. Press Control + F10 to confirm the change of configuration.
Description
Saving a Configuration
1. Click on the button of the configuration module screen. The configuration save
window is displayed. This window is used to indicate the disk drive and root directory in
which the configuration should be saved, and the name to be assigned to it.
2. Select the disk drive and directory in which the configuration should be saved.
3. Enter the configuration file name (8 characters maximum).
4. Click on OK. The current configuration is saved in the specified directory.
Printing a Configuration
1. Click on the button of the configuration module screen. The printout window is
displayed.
2. To configure the printout:
2a. Click on the Options button. The printout configuration window is displayed.
2b. When the printout is correctly configured, click on the OK button. The configura-
tion window disappears.
PREPARING A CONFIGURATION
Description
After commissioning, the software must be configured in accordance with the characteristics
selected.
3. Enter the name of the substation and the outgoing feeder, plus your licence numbers for
the protection device to be configured.
1. Select the SOFTWARE OPTIONS column. The parameters for the software options in-
stalled on EPAC are displayed. The options installed are marked ON. The options not
installed are marked OFF.
1. Select the HARDWARE SETTING column. The hardware options are displayed. They
indicate whether the AC, supplementary I/O and IRIGB boards are present. The boards
installed are marked ON. The boards not installed are marked OFF.
Description
Description
Setting the language and the fault distance and line length units:
1. Select the CONF and PARA options, then the DFIN option.
2. The parameters that can be changed are:
- LANG for the language used by the EPAC,
- Decl for the fault distance unit,
- Dist for the line length unit.
These are the standard functions installed on the EPAC. They consist of:
- the line characteristics function,
- the teleprotection function,
- the zone setting function,
- the tee line function,
- the weak infeed function,
- the miscellaneous parameters function,
- fuse failure,
- the input/output function.
They can be accessed using the buttons of the setting screen for the standard functions.
2. Select the CONF, PARA and PROT options one after the other from the main menu.
SET
Help
Description
Z2
Z1
EA (L1) 7 km (L2) 3 km EB
ZSA ZSB
length to be entered: 10 km
total positive sequence impedance to be protected
Zd = Zdl + Zdc for Z1 = 0.8 Zd and for Z2 = 1.2 Zd
Z01 = (Z0l/L1).(L1+L2)
Z02 = Z0l+Z0c
If you only have the HV impedance values (calculated before the CTs), the impedances in LV
Ohms are calculated as follows:
ZBT = (Current transformer ratio/voltage transformer ratio).Zcalculated
1. Select the Line button in the Settings - Main screen. The setting screen for line character-
istics is displayed.
Setting conditions
- The unit used in the Line Length setting depends on the unit selected on the Preferences screen
displayed via System Data.
Description
These parameters are used to define the type of teleaction between the EPAC and the distance
protection at the other end of the line:
- the possible type of tripping,
- the teleprotection mode,
- the teleaction channels to be used,
- the blocking time delay if a blocking mode is used,
- the teleaction mode,
- the possible use of busbar isolation mode,
- the possible use of zone reach control mode if no teleprotection is used.
Setting conditions
- The "Emission type" group can only be set if a distance protection scheme is selected.
- The "HF presence/unblocking" group can only be set if the distance protection selected is
acceleration or permissive.
- The transmission time delay can only be set if the distance protection scheme selected is
locking.
- The Zone Reach Control and Busbar Isolation options are mutually exclusive.
- The Zone Reach Control or Busbar Isolation option can only be selected if there is no distance
protection setting for the EPAC.
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Description
These parameters define the characteristics of the convergence zones and the time delays of the
associated steps:
- the impedances for the 5 zones,
- the limit resistance values for parallelogram-shaped characteristics,
- the zone 3 directional,
- the time delays associated with the 5 zones,
- the time delays, thresholds and directionals associated with overcurrent start-up.
For which zones can parameters be set and under what conditions?
Parameters can always be set for zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 and for:
- Extended zone 1, if zone reach control mode is active,
- Zone 5, if busbar isolation mode is inhibited.
Zone 2 Zone 2
C D C D
Zone 1
Zone 1
Zone 1 Zone 1
Zone 2 Zone 2
Underreach Overreach
Associating a directional with a threshold is the equivalent of defining the threshold as a backup
protection in the selected direction. If no directional is defined, the backup protection applies
for reverse and forward protection.
Setting conditions
Extended zone 1 impendance can only be set if the "Zone reach control" option has been
selected in the teleprotection screen.
Setting the time delays and threshold characteristics associated with the overcurrent start-up
1. Click on the Zone Setting button of the Settings - Main screen.
2. The zone setting screen is displayed.
3. Click on the Time Delays... tab. The setting screen for time delays and thresholds is
displayed.
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Description
The EPAC can also handle situations where a short tee line is located near one of the ends of
a line to be protected. It is thus possible to have independent teleaction parameters with the
protection located on the branch line.
In general:
- both ends of the main line are connected to the network and, as a result, to sources,
- users are supplied through tee lines.
What is the most appropriate teleaction mode for the tee line and the main line?
As distance measurements are not very disturbed on the main line, protections on that line can
operate in step acceleration.
As branch line measurements lack precision, the tee line protection must operate in the overreach
range and blocking mode with the main line protection.
In the example of figure 5.4l, the protections must be configured as follows:
- Protections A-B permissive underreach
- Protections A-C blocking overreach mode
- Protections B-C blocking overreach mode
A B
ZONE 1B
ZONE 1A
ZONE 1A ZONE 1B
C
Figure 5.4m: Setting Screen for the Teleprotection for Tee Line Function
Setting conditions
- The "Emission type" group can only be set if a distance protection scheme is selected.
- The "HF presence/unblocking" group can only be set if the distance protection scheme
selected is acceleration or permissive.
- The transmission time delay can only be set if the distance protection scheme selected is
locking.
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Description
The Weak Infeed mode is used to continue operation in remote protection mode when one of
the ends is close to a source that is too weak.
The weak infeed parameters are used to define the following:
- the detection time delay and threshold of a weak infeed,
- the measures to take if a source is considered to be too weak.
How can tripping be avoided when the corresponding CB of the protection is open?
If the weak infeed mode is associated with a tripping operation, a minimum current threshold
is used to determine whether one or several phases are open and therefore to prevent tripping
if the circuit breaker is open.
Setting conditions
- "Weak Infeed" mode can be activated under the following conditions:
. permissive or acceleration mode selected in the zone setting parameters,
. no tee line selected in the tee line parameters.
- The "Confirmation by under voltage" group can be activated if one- or three-pole tripping
is selected.
- If tripping mode is set as 1-pole, confirmation by under-voltage is automatically selected.
Description
Recloser blocking
The recloser blocking is taken into account:
- after a step 2, 3, 4 or 5 time delay,
- after an overcurrent protection time delay (T>> ou T>).
The selected time delay should make it possible not to lock the auto-recloser without reason.
1. Select DIVE.
2. The first three parameters available are displayed on the second line, just before the
—> sign indicating that other parameters are available.
Description
1. Click on the Others button of the Settings - Main screen. The setting screen for the
miscellaneous parameters is displayed.
2. Click on the Fuse Failure tab. The setting screen for the fuse failure functions is dis-
played.
1. Select FFUS.
2. The first three parameters available are on the second line, just before the —> sign
indicating that other parameters are available.
These functions are present on some EPAC models only. The following functions are concerned:
- the power swing function,
- the high resistance earth fault function,
- the auto-recloser function,
- the synchro-check function,
- the isolated or compensated network function and the zero sequence power function,
- the maximum voltage, minimum voltage and overload protection function.
The setting screens for these functions can be accessed using the buttons of the setting screen
for the software functions.
Description
X
Z4
R
R
- Rlim Rlim
The power swing band parameters are calculated in the following way:
To make sure that a power swing frequency of 5 Hz is detected, the following is obtained:
∆R = 0.16 x Rcha
How can the maximum time for keeping the point inside the characteristic be set?
Time selectivity can be defined for the maximum time the impedance point stays in the
characteristic as a result of the power swing phenomenon only.
If the limit resistance width corresponds to half the load for sources that are out of phase by 60˚,
the impedance point remains in the characteristic for half the duration of the cycle.
For example, the point will remain in the characteristic for approximately 5 seconds if there is
a power swing of 0.1 Hz.
Setting conditions
- The first threshold ratio for unblocking the protection can be set if unblocking on current Ir
threshold is activated.
- The second threshold ratio for unblocking can be set if unblocking on current I2 threshold is
activated.
- The Imax unblocking threshold can be set if unblocking on Imax is activated.
Description
The high resistance earth fault parameters are used to configure the following:
- the directional comparison protection,
- the auxiliary protection, with inverse time zero sequence current or zero sequence power.
Setting conditions
If directional comparison is activated, you can set:
- the tripping type,
- the tripping scheme,
- the tee line tripping scheme,
- the voltage thresholds and transmission time delays.
1.a Select DEFD to change the parameters of the directional comparison protection.
1.b Select DEFI to change the parameters of the backup protection.
2. The first three parameters available are displayed on the second line, just before the
—> sign indicating that other parameters are available.
Description
If the recloser function is integrated into the EPAC, the following can be defined:
- the acceptance of the recloser option,
- the cycle and reclaim time delays,
- the duration of the closing order,
- the shots used (single-phase/three-phase, single-phase/three-phase/three-phase, three-
phase/three-phase/three-phase/three-phase, etc.).
Trip
Tcyc Tencl
Tbloc
The time delay of the high-speed single-phase cycle must be greater than the minimum time it
takes to deionize the arc on the line to be protected. The deionization time depends on the length
of the line due to the charging/discharging phenomena of the conductor capacitances used.
The time delay of the high-speed three-phase cycle must be short enough to assure line stability.
The reclaim time delay must allow the recloser to correctly process the transient faults.
The slow reclaim time delay associated with the backup protection must be at least as long as
the standard reclaim time delay.
Description
If the synchrocheck function is integrated into the EPAC, you can configure the type of
synchronisation to be checked between the line and bar voltages for one slow cycle reclosing
operation.
Setting conditions
- The voltage presence/absence thresholds can be set if any type of synchro-check other than
"none" is activated.
- The difference thresholds and the Live busbar/live line delay can be set if the selected check
synchronising scheme is either "Live busbar and live line" or "All".
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Description
If the RNI option is integrated into the EPAC, the following can be defined:
- the acceptance of the RNI option,
- the priority criterion to be used by the phase selection function if a double fault is detected,
- the value of the tripping time delay associated with a simple phase-earth fault.
Busbar
Fault 2
Fault 1
Line 2
Line1
EPAC 3000
Figure 5.4z: Setting Screen for the Isolated or Compensated Network Function
Description
If the function is integrated into the EPAC, the following can be set:
- the primary CT core angle,
- the residual current threshold, the directional detection characteristic angle and the power
threshold coefficient K,
- the CT core ratio KIs,
- the auto-start (intermittent) faults period.
φ Phase angle =
(φ1 - φ2). I (φ2.I1 - φ1.I2)
+
(I1 - I2) (I1 - I2)
φ1
Phase angle = φ2
φ2
I1 I2 I
1. Click on the Non-Earthed Network button of the Settings - Options screen. The main
setting screen for the RNI function is displayed.
2. Click on the ZSP tab. The setting screen for the zero sequence power functions is dis-
played.
Setting conditions
- The zero sequence directional can only be activated and set if the Zero Sequence Power
option is checked on the system functions Software Options screen for.
- The I1 current threshold must be lower than the I2 threshold.
- The I1 phase angle must be higher than the I phase angle.
Description
The MaxI, MaxU and MinU protection parameters are used to define:
- the backup protection to be used,
- the threshold value for each protection device selected.
What time delays should be associated with the protection against overloads?
The following can be associated with this protection:
- settable time delays corresponding to settable thresholds,
- time delays corresponding to ANSI (also known as US) or IEC inverse time curves.
Figure 5.4ac: Setting Screen for the MaxU and MinU Protections
Setting conditions
If the relays are activated by MaxU, the following can be set:
- the MaxU threshold,
- the MaxU time delay,
- the trip on MaxU.
If "Fixed thresholds" is selected for overload protection, three fixed thresholds and their
associated time delays can be set.
If inverse time curves are selected, the following can be set:
- the time curve standard,
- the time curve type,
- the line current threshold,
- the multiplier factor.
1. To set the parameters of the MaxI protection device, select the RELI option.
To set the parameters of the MaxU and MinU protection devices, select the RELU option.
2. The first three parameters available are displayed on the second line, just before the
—> sign indicating that other parameters are available.
Description
If the disturbance recording function is installed in the EPAC, the following can be defined:
- the acceptance of the disturbance recording option,
- the value of the pre-time and post-time,
- whether or not the disturbance recording function starts up on analogue thresholds.
Setting conditions
The current, voltage and frequency thresholds can only be set if the Analogue thresholds box
is checked.
Description
The digital inputs/outputs specific to each function of the EPAC can be assigned to the physical
contacts of the IO-1 input/output board and, to the physical contacts of a second IO-1 or IO-
2 board, if applicable. Allocating the inputs/outputs in this manner allows the signalling
interface between the EPAC and the outside to be monitored.
Each contact of the input/output boards is associated with a number (refer to Appendix "Input/
Output Connections"). The output contacts are numbered from 01 to 16 and the input contacts
are numbered from 01 to 08.
If the fault recording option is integrated into the EPAC, each digital input/output can be
configured in the following way:
- so that its actions are recorded into the disturbance report,
- to start up the fault recording function on low-to-high or high-to-low transition. A signal that
is configured to start up the fault recording function is always recorded by the latter.
The assignable inputs and outputs are divided into several screen pages called grids. There are
2 assignment grids for the inputs and 4 assignment grids for the outputs. They can be accessed
via the Inputs and Outputs buttons of the main setting screen.
Re-assigning an output
2. There are five entry fields to the right of the label of the output to be assigned, as shown
in the following figure, (if the corresponding options are present).
3. The first four fields are used to assign the digital signals to the contacts of the IO-1 or IO-
3 board and of a supplementary IO-1 or IO-3 or IO-2 board (if the latter is installed on
the EPAC ). The last field is used to assign the signal to disturbance recording.
The IO-3 board has been developed for some very specific applications. It is not
recognised as such by the EPAC software which will assume it is an IO-1 board.
!
Therefore, when an IO-3 board is used, whether as standard and/or additional
board, contacts 14, 15 and 16 are tripping contacts. They must not be assigned
any outputs as these would not be taken into account and there would not be any
warning from the software
Re-assigning an input
4. There are between one and three entry fields to the right of the label of the input to be
assigned.
5. The first field is always present and is used to assign the digital signals to the IO-1 or IO-
3 board.
The second field is only present if the supplementary input/output board is installed on
the EPAC. It is used to assign the digital signals to this second board.
The third field is only present if the disturbance recording option is installed on the
EPAC. It is used to activate start-up of disturbance recording on status change, as appro-
priate.
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The assignable inputs and outputs are divided into two or four groups identified by the options
OUT1, OUT2, INP1 and INP2.
Option Groups Together
OUT1 the assignable outputs on the IO-1 or IO-3 board.
OUT2 the assignable outputs on the additional IO-1 or IO-3 or IO-
2 board.
INP1 the assignable inputs on the IO-1 or IO-3 board.
INP2 the assignable inputs on the additional IO-1 or IO-3 board.
Re-assigning an output
1. Select the OUT1 or OUT2 option. The labels of the first three assignable output signals
are displayed on the second line.
2. Select the signal to be configured. The current signal allocation is displayed on the
second line. Two data input fields are located to the right of the signal label.
SET
Help
3. Both fields can be used to assign the signal to two contacts on a board.
Re-assigning an input
1. Select the INP1 or INP2 option. The labels of the first three assignable input signals are
displayed on the second line.
2. Select the signal to be configured. The present signal assignment is displayed on the
second line. A data input field is located to the right of the signal label.
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Re-assigning an output
1. To assign outputs to the main IO-1 or IO-3 board, select the OUTPUT CONFIGURATION
column.
2. The list of outputs that can be assigned to the main IO-1 or IO-3 board is displayed.
Each output label is preceded by DO1 and can be assigned to a contact of the IO-1 or
IO-3 board.
3. To assign outputs to the supplementary board, select the OUTPUT CONFIGURATION
(2ND BOARD) column.
4. The list of outputs that can be assigned to the supplementary board is displayed. Each
output label is preceded by DO2 and can be assigned to a contact of the supplementary
board.
5. To assign the signals to disturbance recording, select the OUTPUT SETTING FOR DIS-
TURBANCE column. The possible parameters are:
- No: does not start up disturbance recording,
- Low to high,
- High to low,
- No trip.
Re-assigning an input
1. To assign inputs to the main IO-1 or IO-3 board, select the INPUT CONFIGURATION
column.
2. The list of inputs that can be assigned to the main IO-1 or IO-3 board is displayed. Each
input label is preceded by DI1 and can be assigned to a contact of the IO-1 or IO-3
board.
3. To assign inputs to the supplementary board, select the INPUT CONFIGURATION (2ND
BOARD) column.
4. The list of inputs that can be assigned to the supplementary board is displayed. Each
input label is preceded by DI2 and can be assigned to a contact of the supplementary
board.
5. To assign the signals to disturbance recording, select the INPUT SETTING FOR DISTUR-
BANCE column. The possible parameters are:
- No: does not start up disturbance recording,
- Low to high:,
- High to low,
- No trip.
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Description
Checking Consistency
1. Click on the icon or press F2. This activates a consistency test on the configuration
(it is carried out automatically when the configuration is transmitted).
2. When the check is finished, the result is displayed in a window, indicating any inconsist-
encies.
Changes in the characteristics of the permanent operating electrical network can be viewed in
real time approximately every 5 seconds.
1. Click on the Measurements button of the EPAC main management screen. The screen
displaying the characteristics of the permanent operating electrical network appears.
2. Click on the Start button to restart dynamic display of the measurements.
3. Click on this button to stop dynamic readings every 5 seconds.
1. Press the SET key if the display shows the self-test result.
2. Select the MES function.
3. The instantaneous characteristics of the network are grouped together in a list and the
first two elements displayed.
This is the last step of the checking procedure to make sure that the EPAC correctly carries out
its functions. In most cases, the following operations are carried out:
- creating electric faults by injecting currents and voltages,
- checking that the functions tested react correctly. This is done from one of the user interfaces
or from the injection box.
Tripping
Indication TRIP
ALARM
RELAY AVAILABLE
1. Click on the Events button of the main management screen of the EPAC software. The
fault report screen is displayed.
2. Click on the Reset LEDs button. The trip light is extinguished.
Each time a fault occurs, the EPAC stores the following analogue and logic values characterising
the fault:
- the value of the phase and voltage currents measured by the EPAC when a fault occurs,
- the value of the frequency before the fault,
- the tripped phase(s),
- the results of the following (if applicable):
. phase selection,
. convergence of phase with fault in zone characteristic,
. fault resistance and distance measurements,
- the function that tripped the circuit breaker.
These values are grouped together in a report. 10 reports can be kept in the EPAC.
When 10 reports are already stored in the EPAC, a new fault report takes the first place, the
other reports move down a place in the memory. This new fault report therefore deletes the oldest
report.
If the EPAC has a local printer connected to its front panel, the fault reports are printed out
automatically.
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The WinEPAC software can be used to access the reports stored by the EPAC and those stored
on hard disk or diskette. It can also be used to save the reports on hard disk or diskette or to
print them.
1. If the result of the self-test appears on the display, press the SET
key.
2. Select the EVEN function.
3. The 10 most recent fault reports can be accessed from the second line of the display. A
report is identified by EV followed by its record number.
4. Select the report to be displayed. The fault distance unit displayed is the one selected in
the basic configuration parameters.
Accessing fault reports from the Protection Access Software & Toolkit software
1. Click on the Events button of the main management screen of the EPAC software. The
fault report screen is displayed.
2. Click on the Efface Events button. The fault reports recorded by the protection device are
deleted when the password is entered.
Deleting the fault reports via the Protection Access Software & Toolkit software
To simulate a fault in a zone, the current must be made to vary gradually so that the point moves
inside the desired zone.
Distance X
Xlim
E
Z
-Rlim ϕ Resistance R
Rlim
-Xlim
X4
Zone 4 (T4)
X3
Zone 3 (T3)
X2
Zone 2 (T2)
X1 K01
Zone 1 (T1)
R1B
-Rlim R1M R2 R3 Rlim
Zone 5 (T5)
X5
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for faults in other zones and check that the time delays associated
with each zone are not changed whatever the status of the teleaction input.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 for all the teleaction modes indicated in the table.
7. Confirm the voltage drop acceptance using WinEPAC, regulate the threshold to 0.4 VN
and VB = -VC = VN, validate the authorisation of monophase tripping.
8. Activate the teleaction input.
9. Check the following:
- the teleaction transmission signal is activated,
- the protection trips monophase phase A.
2. Increase one of the phase current inputs until Ir/Ithreshold is equal to 1.5.
3. Check that the tripping contact is activated after a given time delay that is determined
from the IEC and ANSI curves given in the appendix.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 for the Ir/Ithreshold values 5 and 10.
3. Reduce one of the phase voltages until it is equal to 90% of the configured MinU thresh-
old.
4. Check that the MinU alarm signal is activated.
5. Check that the tripping contact is activated after the configured time delay has expired.
6. Repeat steps 1 and 2 then increase the phase voltage until it reaches Vn.
7. Check that the MinU alarm signal is no longer activated.
8. Position the Circuit Breaker Position input to 0.
9. Repeat steps 2 to 4 then check that the tripping contact is not activated.
2. Increase one of the phase voltages until it is equal to 110% of the configured MaxU
threshold.
3. Check that the MinU alarm signal is activated when the configured time delay expires.
4. Repeat steps 1 and 2 then reduce the phase voltage until it reaches Vn.
5. Check that the MaxU alarm signal is not activated.
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2. Increase the phase A current and decrease the phase A voltage input so that a residual
current and a residual voltage are created that are greater than the configurable Ir and
Vr thresholds.
4. Check that the tripping contact is activated after a time delay expires for different values
of Ir/Ithreshold. This time delay is determined from the selected IEC or ANSI curve with
the configured operating time added.
Poles discrepancy
1. Simulate a single-phase fault.
2. Deactivate the "poles discrepancy" input during the single-phase high-speed cycle.
3. Check the following:
- the ARL single-phase cycle signal is no longer activated,
- the ARL three-phase cycle signal is activated.
Recloser Blocking
1. Simulate a single-phase fault.
2. Activate the "Auto-recloser low pressure" input during the high-speed single-phase cy-
cle.
3. Check the following:
- the 1-pole reclosing cycle in progress signal is no longer activated,
- the auto-recloser blocking signal is activated.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 but check that the recloser is blocked when the "Reclosing impossi-
ble" input is activated.
5-97
Auto-recloser blocked at T2
1. Simulate a single-phase fault in zone 2 for tripping at T2.
2. Check the following:
- the tripping contact is activated,
- no reclosing cycle is activated,
- the autorecloser blocking contact is activated.
2. Inject a busbar voltage that is greater than the configured voltage presence threshold,
and a line voltage less than the voltage absence threshold.
3. Check that the "Auto-recloser enabled by synchro-check" signal is activated after
100 ms.
2. Verify that at the end of 100 ms, the signal "Auto-recloser enabled by synchro-check" is
activated.
2. Inject a busbar voltage and a line voltage that are greater than the configured thresh-
olds. The difference in amplitude, phase and frequency between the two voltages must
be less than the configured thresholds.
3. Check that after the settable time delay has expired, the "Auto-recloser enabled by
synchro-check"signal is activated.
5-98
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 but check that if there is a difference in amplitude, phase or
frequency between the line and busbar voltages, the check synchronising conditions are
not verified and the "Auto-recloser enabled by synchro-check" signal is inhibited.
Test of live busbar/dead line, dead busbar/live line, live busbar/live line mode
1. Select live busbar/dead line, dead busbar/live line, live busbar/live line mode.
2. Repeat the three previous tests.
1. If the Locator option is integrated into the EPAC, put it into service.
2. If an EPAC is located on a double line, energize the UTMH analogue input from a BCH
case.
3. Simulate the solid single-phase and resistive single-phase faults as well as the solid two-
phase and solid resistive two-phase and solid three-phase faults for fault positions at
20%, 50%, 80% and 100% of the line.
4. Using WinEPAC, check the accuracy of the values recorded by the fault locator. If the
locator option is in service, the accuracy of the remote measurement should be better
than 3% with a minimum error of 400 meters.
The relay indicates by (L) if the result is provided by the fault locator.
MS/M 1.6882-B EPAC 3100/3500
CHAPTER 6
MAINTENANCE
EPAC 3100/3500 MS/M 1.6882-B
BLANK PAGE
6-1
CONTENTS
PAGE
BLANK PAGE
6-3
This chapter describes the maintenance tools and procedures used with the EPAC. In particular,
it describes the corrective maintenance required by the equipment because:
- the self-tests that are carried out regularly and on start-up automatically check that the
equipment is operating correctly,
- there is no need to implement preventive corrective action or replacements because the EPAC
does not contain any components that age rapidly.
The first part describes the analysis of the fault reports for faults that were detected by the self-
test, and in particular how the hexadecimal codes characterising these faults are interpreted.
The way these reports are accessed from the user interfaces is also described.
The second part describes the additional tests used to check the functions that were not tested
by the EPAC self-test.
The third part describes the procedures for repairing the different boards of the EPAC.
Obviously, these procedures should only be implemented if a failure is detected by the self-test
and if the analysis of the corresponding report has allowed the faulty board to be accurately
identified.
6-4
The EPAC self-tests check the operation of 90% of the active components. They detect the
majority of faults that can affect the EPAC.
If the equipment fault, non-urgent alarm and urgent alarm signalling contacts are connected to
a monitoring system, any failure detected by the EPAC is indicated to the user. If the signalling
contacts are not connected to a monitoring system, it is wise to regularly check the condition of
the EPAC.
A fault detected by the self-test must be acknowledged from one of the user interfaces, in order
to stop the alarm.
The maintenance lights on the front panel of the EPAC 3100/3500 indicate the following
information:
- urgent and non urgent failure, a major fault that causes the EPAC to shut down,
- the status of the EPAC.
In normal operating mode, the "RELAY AVAILABLE" light must flash and the "ALARM" light must
be off.
TRIP
Correct operation
indication RELAY AVAILABLE
OUTPUT
OK i
Ut
I oL
1 2
MELCHER
Red light is on if
i the power supply is insufficient.
1 the load is too high on the 5 V.
2 the load is too high on the 12 V.
5. If the converter lights cannot be used to identify the fault, the voltages of the following
equipment items should be checked:
- the ribbon cable connectors of the TMS board,
- the Converter board output connector.
6. If one of the voltages is absent, remove the boards one after another and test the volt-
ages each time you remove a board.
7. If you remove a board and the power supply fault signal is cleared, replace the board
with another one.
(1)
Melcher and Seb are the names of converter manufacturers.
6-6
8. If no board has a power supply fault, check that there is no short circuit between the
power supply tracks on the back panel bus.
9. If the isolation is faulty, change the rack.
10. If the isolation is correct, replace the converter board with another one.
The following operations should be carried out if the "ALARM" light is on:
The failure type and its severity must be accurately identified before carrying out any work on
the board. This information is recorded in a fault report that can be accessed from the
maintenance dialogue. This dialogue is described in the following sub-division.
When a failure is detected by the self-test, the EPAC automatically records the characteristic
values of the fault in a report. This report accurately identifies a failure. It can be displayed using
the WinEPAC software or using the front panel display.
6-7
This data is in hexadecimal code. The encoding system minimises the memory space taken up
by a report and thus lets the EPAC keep up to 10 control reports of the product.
If several boards are detected as being faulty, their codes are added together. For example, if
the AFF and the UC-TMS boards are faulty, the resulting code is 11.
If an input/output board is faulty, EPAC will indicate that the fault might result from the I0 board
or the TMS board.
1a. Click on the icon. The software is loaded into memory. After a few mo-
2. Click on the Maintenance button. The current status of the EPAC is displayed in a dia-
logue box.
6-9
2. To acknowledge the last fault, click on the Acknowledge button. The password is then
requested.
3. Accessing other reports:
If the EPAC does not have the AC board option, the date
will not be saved if there is a break in the auxiliary power
supply. In this case, you may find record numbers with the
wrong dates.
When the EPAC carries out a complete initialisation self-test without detecting any anomalies,
the test result is saved as a fault report. This report indicates:
- faulty board: code 0,
- seriousness of fault: code 1,
- fault type 1: code 40,
- other fault types: code 0.
6-11
The protection status is displayed by default on the second line of the display several minutes
after the keyboard keys below the display were last used.
SET
Help
Acknowledging a failure
1. Select the ACQU option. If the password has not already been typed in with the PASS
INPUT option, a message prompts the user to type in the password.
If the password is correct the current fault can be acknowledged. The protection device
runs a complete self-test. If the fault is acknowledged, the EPAC replies "Protection OK".
If not, the error code must be analysed.
6.1.2.4. Using the Maintenance Dialogue from the Protection Access Software & Toolkit software
Acknowledging a fault
Deleting the fault reports via the Protection Access & Toolkit software
1. Select the MAINTENANCE DATA column.
2. Assign the value Clear Rec = [0] to the Maint. parameter. The fault reports recorded by
the protection device are deleted when the password is entered.
The aim of these tests is to check the elements that are not covered by the self-test because they
are located on the periphery of the EPAC. The following elements are mainly concerned:
- the primary windings of the input transformers,
- the contacts of the IO board relays,
- the connections for the analog and logic signals,
- the connected inputs-outputs.
4. Energise the EPAC with 3 voltages unaffected by faults, with VN amplitudes, and 3
currents in antiphase with In amplitudes.
5. Check in the WinEPAC Measurements window that:
- the phase voltages are between 0.9 Vn and 1.1 Vn;
- the phase currents are between 0.9 In and 1.1 In;
- the active power values are between -0.9 Pn and -1.1 Pn.
6. Polarise the 8 digital inputs of the IO-1 or IO-3 board and check in the Measurements
window that the DI’s of the IO-1 or IO-3 board are set to 1.
7. Polarise the 8 digital inputs of the (optional) supplementary IO-1 or IO-3 board and
check in the Measurements window that the DI’s of the supplementary IO-1 or IO-3
board are set to 1.
8. Assign the Unlock Transmission output to DO no. 1 of the main (IO-1 or IO-3) board
(associated with reduced range mode and acceleration) and check in the Measure-
ments window that bit no. 1 of the main board in the contacts representation field is set
to 1.
9. Repeat this operation for the other contacts of the main board and, if appropriate, for
those of the additional board contacts.
6.2.3. Tests for Checking the Active Operation of the Inputs and Outputs
These tests complete the results of the self-test. The protection device operates in real values when
injection devices are used.
The procedure depends on the way in which the protection device has been configured. This
configuration should not be changed.
The following operations are necessary to make sure that the step 1 or 2 trippings are single-
phase:
- a voltage before the fault should be simulated,
- the module (magnitude) and/or argument (angle) of this voltage should vary when the fault
occurs.
The following procedures are used to check that the EPAC behaves correctly when it receives
logic orders.
The following operations are necessary to check these contacts:
- program all the inputs with a function whose effects can be easily checked and repeat the
procedure for all the inputs then re-load the former assignments, or,
- check all the programmed inputs without modifying the configuration.
1. Put the Teleaction Reception input to the low level and the Carrier Presence input to the
high level.
2. Simulate a fault in zone 2.
3. Put the carrier presence input to the low level less than 100 ms after the fault occurs.
4. Check that the EPAC trips in step 1.
The following procedures are used to check that the tripping contacts and signalling contacts
behave correctly.
The following operations should be performed in order to check the contacts:
- program the signalling contacts with a meaning that is easy to generate and repeat the
procedure for all the contacts, then re-load the former assignments, or,
- check the contacts without modifying the parameters.
Testing the contacts associated with a phase A (B, C) single-phase fault in zone 1
1. Simulate a phase A (B, C) single-phase fault in zone 1.
2. Check that the following contacts are activated:
- Phase A (B,C) tripping,
- Phase A (B, C) tripping signal,
- Tripping signal,
- A (B,C) selection,
- Start-Up,
- Zone 1,
- Forward directional,
- Single-phase fault,
- Teleaction transmission (if programmed),
- Additional transmission (if programmed),
6-17
Testing the contacts associated with a two-phase fault in zone 2 with teleaction reception
1. Simulate a two-phase fault in zone 2.
2. Position the Teleaction Reception input to the high level.
3. Check that the following contacts are activated:
- Multiphase Fault,
- Zone 2.
This sub-division describes the first-degree maintenance operations that can be carried out on
the EPAC. These maintenance operations are limited to checking the type of contacts and
replacing the faulty modules. These maintenance operations should only be implemented after
the faulty board has been accurately isolated using the fault report, as described in the previous
sub-section.
7. If the problem is not caused by the fuses, replace the converter board.
Fuse
Converter +
JP3 JP2
Fuse
48/60 V
220/250 V
110/125 V
Procedure:
1. Disconnect the power supply from terminals 27 and 28 of the X6 connector on the rear
panel.
2. Open the front panel.
3. Detach the TMS board from the analog board by disconnecting the ribbon cable con-
nectors connecting it to the IO-1 (or IO-3) and QTF boards. The plugs are held in place
by two hooks that should be released before they are removed.
4. Use an extractor to remove the TMS board by sliding it on its guides.
5. Check the position of the jumpers. These jumpers determine the memory plane of the
central processing unit.
6. Check that the components mounted on the base are correctly inserted.
7. If the problem persists after all these checks have been carried out, replace the board
and check the position of the address jumpers on the new board.
ST12
ST6 ST11 ST13
D3
Jumpers
D4 D29 D30
ST1
S402 S102 S104 tp1
D15
D11
D35
D14
D12
D16
S103
D34
D17
Procedure:
1. Disconnect the power supply from terminals 27 and 28 of the X6 connector on the rear
panel.
2. Disconnect the I and U analog inputs, making sure that the necessary precautions have
been taken.
3. Open the front panel.
4. Detach the QTF board from the TMS board by disconnecting the cable connector lo-
cated to the left. The plug is held in place by two hooks.
5. Unscrew the three screws located on the rear panel.
6. Use an extractor to remove the QTF board by sliding it forward on its guides.
7. Verify that all the pin straps are closed.
8. If the problem is not caused by the straps, replace the QTF board and check the position
of the pin straps on the new board.
S7
Pin strap
S5
S8 S6
S9
S4 S3 S2 S1
5A 5A 5A 5A U U U U
5A 5A 5A 5A U U U U
S7
S5 Pin strap
S8 S6
S9
S4 S3 S2 S1
5A 5A 5A 5A U U U U
5A 5A 5A 5A U U U U
The IO-1 or IO-3 board is the second board from the top.
Procedure:
1. Disconnect the power supply from terminals 27 and 28 of the X6 connector on the rear
panel.
2. Open the front panel.
3. Detach the IO-1 or IO-3 board from the TMS board by disconnecting the cable connec-
tors located to the right and left of the board. The plug is held in place by two hooks that
should be released before the main IO-1 or IO-3 board can be removed.
4. Use an extractor to remove the main IO-1 board by sliding it on its guides.
5. Check the position of the address jumpers.
6. Check that the components mounted on the base are correctly inserted.
7. If the problem persists after all these checks have been carried out, replace the board
and check the position of the address jumpers on the new board.
Main board
jumpers' position
d2
d3
The additional board is located below the main (IO-1 or IO-3) board. It is optional.
Procedure:
1. Disconnect the power supply from terminals 27 and 28 of the X6 connector on the rear
panel.
2. Open the front panel.
3. Detach the additional board from the TMS board by disconnecting the cable connectors
located to the right and left of the board. The plug is held in place by two hooks that
should be released before the additional board can be removed.
4. Use an extractor to remove the additional board by sliding it on its guides.
5. Check the position of both address jumpers. These jumpers must be positioned on IO-2.
6. Check that the components mounted on the base are correctly inserted.
7. If the problem persists after all these checks have been carried out, replace the board
and check the position of the address jumpers on the new board.
Additional board
jumpers' position
d2
d3
Figure 6.3g: Side Face of the additional I0-1 or IO-3 or I0-2 Board
6-26
Procedure:
1. Disconnect the power supply from terminals 27 and 28 of the X6 connector on the rear
panel.
2. Disconnect the AC board connections on the EPAC rear panel.
3. Open the front panel.
4. If a display is installed on the EPAC front panel, detach the board from the display
module by disconnecting the ribbon cable between them. The plugs are held in place by
two hooks that should be released before they can be removed.
5. Use extractors to remove the AC board and the network board by sliding them on their
guides.
6. Check that the components mounted on the AC board, the daughter boards of the AC
board and the network board are correctly inserted.
7. If the problem is not caused by the position of the components on these boards, replace
the AC board.
U23 U24
X5
U25 U26
U52
Copyright
label
X1
DS1
These boards are fixed on the AC board as indicated on the AC board diagram.
Procedure:
1. Disconnect the power supply from terminals 27 and 28 of the X6 connector on the rear
panel.
2. Disconnect the AC board connections on the EPAC rear panel.
3. Open the front panel.
4. Remove the AC board as indicated in the previous section.
5. Unscrew the four screws holding the daughter board to the AC board.
6. Replace the daughter board.
7. Tighten the screws in the new daughter board.
8. Replace the AC board in its support and plug in the X6 connector.
(X6) 9069605
(X6) 9071110
2058680A02
Grounding spring
Procedure:
1. Disconnect the power supply from terminals 27 and 28 of the X6 connector on the rear
panel.
2. Open the front panel.
3. Detach the board from the display module by disconnecting the ribbon cable between
them. The plugs are held in place by two hooks that should be released before they can
be removed.
4. Use the extractor to remove the IRIG-B board by sliding it on its guides.
5. Check the position of jumpers S2 to S5. These jumpers indicate the board gain.
6. Check that the components mounted on the base are correctly inserted.
7. If the problem persists after all these checks have been carried out, replace the board
and check the position of the jumpers on the new board.
d6
d7 d3 d5
d9
d10
d8
d2 d1
d4 t1
S5 S4 S2
Gain = 0,1 Gain = 1 Gain = 10
IRIGB Signal IRIGB Signal IRIGB Signal
between1,9 V between192 mV between 40 mV
and19 V and1,9 V and 200 mV
APPENDIX A
EPAC 3100/3500 MS/M 1.6882-B
BLANK PAGE
A-1
CONTENTS
PAGE
BLANK PAGE
A-3
Technical Data
Ratings
Inputs
AC current (In) 1 A and 5 A
AC voltage (Vn) 100 V to 120 V in steps of 1V
DC auxiliary voltage Nominal (V) Operative range (V)
48 38.4 - 57.6
60 48 - 72
110 88 - 132
125 100 - 150
220 176 - 264
250 200 - 275
DC opto-isolated input voltage supply 48 V, 60 V, 110 V, 125 V, 220 V, 250 V
Frequency 50/60 Hz
Permitted ripple 12% superimposed on nominal frequency
Burdens
AC current 0.1 VA at In = 1 A; 0.5 VA at In = 5 A
AC voltage 0.1 VA
DC auxiliary voltage 25 W under healthy live line conditions, 35 W max.
Optically isolated inputs 10 mA per input
Thermal withstand
AC current inputs 4 In continuous
100 In for 1 s; 30 In for 5 s
AC voltage inputs 2.2 Vn continuous
2.6 Vn for 10 s
Reference conditions
Temperature 20 °C
Auxiliary voltage Nominal DC voltage range
Frequency 50 or 60 Hz
Contact ratings
Tripping and Closing Contacts
Maximum operating voltage 250 Vdc
Make 30 A and carry for 500 ms
250 A and carry for 30 ms
Permitted overload 250 A, 30 ms
Carry 5 A continuous
Breaking capacity (L/R < 40 ms) 0.75 A with 48 Vdc
0.3 A with 125 Vdc
0.25 A with 220-250 Vdc
Signalling Contacts
Maximum operating voltage 250 Vdc
Permitted overload 100 A, 30 ms
Carry 5 A continuous
Breaking capacity (L/R < 40 ms) 0.75 with 48 Vdc
0.3 A with 125 Vdc
0.25 with 220-250 Vdc
A-4
Contact durability
IRIG.B
All versions 3X3X have a BNC type connector to carry IRIG-B format data for automatic setting and synchronising
the relay's calendar clock.
Settings
Line parameters
Neutral earthing direct
isolated or Petersen coil earthed network
Length of line in km or miles 0.3 to 999.99 km or 0.18 to 621.49 miles in steps of 0.01
Range of settings in secondary values. Parameters can be entered in Cartesian co-ordinates, Polar Co-ordinates
or Positive sequence impedance/earth ratios.
Positive sequence Z1, Zero sequence Z01 and Z02 Impedance in Cartesian Coordinates
- R1 positive sequence resistance in LV ohms from 0.001 to 999 in steps of 0.001
- X1 positive sequence reactance in LV ohms from 0.001 to 999 in steps of 0.001
- R01 zero sequence resistance in LV ohms from 0.001 to 999 in steps of 0.001
- X01 zero sequence resistance in LV ohms from - 999 to 999 in steps of 0.001
- R02 zero sequence resistance in LV ohms from 0.001 to 999 in steps of 0.001
- X02 zero sequence resistance in LV ohms from - 999 to 999 in steps of 0.001
Polar Co-ordinates
Positive sequence impedance module, Z1 0.001 to 999 Ω in steps of 0.001 Ω
Positive sequence impedance argument 0° to 90° in steps of 1°
Zero sequence impedance modules Z01 et Z02 0.001 to +999 Ω in steps of 0.001 Ω
Zero sequence impedance argument –90° to +90° in steps of 1°
Scheme functions
Tripping type single-phase for zones 1 and 2
single-phase for zone 1
ordinary three-phase tripping all zones
Scheme logic basic scheme logic for stand-alone operation
accelerated underreach scheme (AUP or PUR)
permissive overreach transfer tripping scheme
(POR1 or POTT)
blocking overreach scheme (BOR2)
blocking underreach scheme (BOR1)
permissive underreach transfer tripping scheme
(PUP forward or PUTT)
zone reach control
busbar isolation
HF acceptance or unblocking (line carrier) none, unblocking, HF acceptance
Carrier send transmission carrier send transmission in zone 1
carrier send transmission in zone 2
carrier send transmission in reverse zone 5
Tee Line
The teleaction possibilities for the second teleprotection channel of the Tee line are the same as those for the first
channel. Tee-line applications may use two-different schemes.
Power-swing
Power swing detection boundary 0 to 25 Ω in steps of 0.01 W
Unblocking timer 0 to 30 s in steps of 100 ms
First zone independent on power swing yes/no
Carrier send blocking on power swing yes/no
Carrier receive blocking on power swing yes/no
Unblocking on residual current Ir yes/no
Unblocking percentage threshold kr 10 to 100% in steps of 1 % of Ir
Unblocking on overcurrent Imax yes/no
Unblocking threshold Imax In to 20 In in steps of 0.01 In
Unblocking on negative sequence current yes/no
Unblocking percentage threshold 10 to 100% in steps of 1% of I2
Tripping mode 1 pole/3 poles
Blocking type none
blocking all zones
zone 1 blocking
zones 1 and 2 blocking
zones 1, 2 and 3 blocking
zone 1 unblocking
zones 1 and 2 unblocking
zones 1, 2 and 3 unblocking
A-6
Seal-in
Enabled/disabled yes/no
Holding threshold 0.1 In to In in steps of 0.1 In
Auto-recloser
Reclosing mode on 1 pole trip None, 1, 1/3, 1/3/3, 1/3/3/3
Reclosing mode on 3 pole trip None, 3, 3/3, 3/3/3, 3/3/3/3
Reclosing mode on trip by backup protection None, 3, 3/3, 3/3/3, 3/3/3/3
High-speed 1 pole dead time 0.1 to 5 s in steps of 0.01 s
High-speed 3 pole dead time 0.1·k to 500 s in steps of 0.01 s
Low-speed dead time 0.1·k to 500 s in steps of 0.01 s
where k=1 if no synchro-check
where k=2 if voltage check
where k=4 if synchro-check
Reclaim time 0.1 to 500 s in steps of 0.1 s
Backup protection reclaim time 0.1 to 500 s in steps of 0.1 s
Duration of closing command 0.1 to 10 s in steps of 10 ms
Switch on-to-fault
Switch on to fault threshold In to 9.9 In in steps of 0.1 In
Fault locator
Fault locating unit in km or in miles,
Accuracy ± 3% of the line length
Disturbance recording
Disturbance recording enabled yes/no
Disturbance recording triggered when
analogue thresholds are exceeded yes/no (IA, IB, IC, Ir, UA, UB, UC, UR, F)
Min and max voltage thresholds 0 to 250% Vn in steps of 1% Vn
Min and max current thresholds 0 to 7,000% In in steps of 1% Vn
Min frequency threshold
If freq. = 50 Hz 45 £ Fmin £ 50; 50 £ Fmax £ 55
If freq. = 60 Hz 55 £ Fmin £ 60; 60 £ Fmax £ 65
Pre-time 0.1 to 0.5 s in steps of 100 ms
Post-time 0.1 to 4.5 s in steps of 100 ms
Overload protection
Type of protection none
fixed thresholds
inverse curves
Fixed threshold I1 0.5 In to 2 In in steps of 0.01 In
Fixed threshold I2 In to 3 In steps of 0.01 In
Fixed threshold I3 1.3 In to 3 In in steps of 0.01 In
Threshold I1 tripping timer 1 to 100 min in steps of 1 min
Threshold I2 tripping timer 1 to 100 min in steps of 1 min
Threshold I3 tripping timer 1 to 100 s in steps of 1 s
Type of inverse curve IEC, ANSI (US)
Choice of IEC curve inverse/very inverse/extremely inverse
Choice of ANSI curve moderately inverse/inverse/very inverse/extremely inverse
Threshold line current 0.5 In to 2 In in steps of 0.05 In
Multiplier factor 0 to 3.2 In in steps of 0.01 In
Operating Time
Fastest tripping time 18 ms
Typical operating time 60 Hz: 22 ms
50 Hz: 25 ms
≤ 30 ms for SIR =1
≤ 40 ms fpr SIR = 30
Electromagnetic interference (immunity) 27 MHz - 1000 MHz 10 V/M, 80% modulation at 1 kHz
Fast transient disturbance 4.0 kV, 5.0 kHz 1 min. applied to all inputs
Electromagnetic interference
on logic channel (transmission) NF for 55011 and 55022 Group 1, Class A
Dimensions
EPAC 3100:
- Width 412.50 mm
- Height 177 mm
- Depth 304.30 mm
EPAC 3500:
- Width 483 mm
- Height 177 mm
- Depth 304.30 mm
EPAC 3100/3500:
- Weight of apparatus fitted with all its modules 12 kg
A-10
Commissioning report
COMMISSIONING REPORT
EPAC Characteristics
EPAC code :
Serial number :
Up-Grade Index :
Auxiliary Supplies
Converter : VDC
Inputs/logic : VDC
Teleprotection Reception : VDC
A-11
LINE HV CHARACTERISTICS
CONFIGURATION
PARAMETERS
A-13
LINE PARAMETERS
Label on Value Unit Adjustment
PC display range
Nominal Current In A 1 or 5
Voltage Ratio Ku 1 to 20 000
Cartesian Z0 and Zd
R1 positive sequence resistance Rd LV ohms 0.001 to 999
X1 positive sequence reactance Xd LV ohms 0.001 to 999
R01 zero sequence resistance R01 LV ohms 0.001 to 999
X01 zero sequence reactance X01 LV ohms -999 to 999
R02 zero sequence resistance R02 LV ohms 0.001 to 999
X02 zero sequence resistance X02 LV ohms -999 to 999
Polar Z0 and Zd
Z1 positive sequence impedance LV ohms 0.001 to 999
Z01 zero sequence impedance LV ohms 0.001 to 999
Z02 zero sequence impedance LV ohms 0.001 to 999
Argument of Z1 degrees 0 to +90
Argument of Z01 degrees -90 to +90
Argument of Z02 degrees -90 to +90
MONITORING PARAMETERS
Label on Unit Adjustement
Value
PC display range
TELEPROTECTION PARAMETERS
Label on
PC display Value Adjustment range
If teleaction = permissive
overreach or accelerated
HF acceptance or unlocking Ph None/Unblocking/HF presence
If teleaction = blocking
Emission type Emis Zone 1, 2 or 5
Label on Adjustment
Value
PC display range
If teleaction = permissive
overreach or accelerated
HF acceptance or unlocking HFPh None/Unblocking/HF presence
If teleaction = blocking
Emission type Emia Zone 1, 2 or 5
Transmission time delay Tema 0 to 1000 ms
A-17
MISCELLANEOUS PARAMETERS
Label on Adjustment
Value
PC display Unit range
I
Trip Seal-in on presence of Seal s YES / NO
line current
If YES :
Seal-in threshold Isea In 0.1 to 1
If blocking :
Teleprotection time delay Trande ms 0 to 1000
SYNCHRO-CHECK PARAMETERS
Label on
Value
PC display Unit Adjustment range
I1threshold I1 mA 1 to 4000
Phase angle at I1 DI1 degree -30 to + 30
I2 threshold I2 mA 1 to 4000
Phase angle at I2 DI2 degree -30 to + 30
If inverses curves
Standard Tyno ANSI/IEC
If ANSI
ANSI curve selection TypU Inverse
Moderately inverse
Extremely inverse
Very inverse
Multiplier coefficient Tm 0 to 3.2
Current threshold Is In 0.5 to 2
line threshold
If IEC
IEC curve selection TypC Inverse
Very inverse
Extremely inverse
Multiplier coefficient Tm 0 to 3.2
Current threshold Is In 0.5In to 2
A-27
UA
UB
UC
UR Min. thresholds (% Vn)
} %V 0 to 250
}
IA
IB
IC %In 0 to 7000
IR
}
UA
UB
UC %Vn 0 to 250
UR Max. thresholds (% Vn)
}
IA
IB
IC %In 0 to 7000
IR
Frequency - min. threshold Hz 45 to 60
Fault Codes
Fault Level
Hexadecimal Code Failure
1 detected when the EPAC is initialized
2 detected during operation
4 major; causing the EPAC to shut down
8 minor; causing operation in a down-graded mode
10 repetitive
Type 1 Fault
Bit Value Meaning
0 1h PROM self-test error
1 2h RAM self-test error
2 4h RAM addressing self-test error
3 8h EEPROM self-test error
4 10h DEC relay self-test error
5 20h DO relay self-test error
6 40h End of init. self-tests
7 80h Error of acq. control word
8 100h Write EEPROM error
9 200h Offset computation error
10 400h PFIN error
11 800h 12 V absence or eqpt. fault on trip (*)
12 1000h INTERNAL TIMER expires
13 2000h Read code overflow
14 4000h IO-1 board IT
15 8000h IT not found in IT table
A-29
Type 2 Fault
Bit Value Meaning
0 1h Context save overflow
1 2h Time-delay overflow
2 4h WDOG IT occurs
3 8h +/- 10 V fault
4 10h Frequency slaving fault
5 20h Reference voltage fault
6 40h 16 IA channel failure (*)
7 80h 16 IB channel failure (*)
8 100h 16 IC channel failure (*)
9 200h WATCHDOG self-test error
10 400h TIMER 1 self-test error
11 800h No configuration in EEPROM
12 1000h Configuration in EEPROM not valid
13 2000h TIMER2 self-test error
14 4000h IT1 self-test error
15 8000h IT2 self-test error
Type 5 Fault
Not used.
A-31
Tore
P2 P1
S2 S1
IL1 P2 P1
S2 S1
IL2 P2 P1
S2 IL3 S1
To BCH
S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2
P2 P1
S2 S1
IL1 P2 P1
S2 S1
IL2 P2 P1
S2 IL3 S1 UL1 UL2 UL3
P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2
S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 To BCH
ILE1 ILS1 ILE2 ILS2 ILE3 ILS3 INS INE UL1 UN UL2 UL3 UbarreE UbarreS ITMHE ITMHS
X5
Connector
X6
1 2 27 1 27 1
X1 X2
28 2 28 2
27 1 27 1
X3 X4
28 2 28 2
D26
27 1
X1 X2
X5 X6 X3 X4 X30
27 28 28 2
X5
X20
EPAC 3100/3500
TMH S
2
TMH E
4 U BarS
bar
U BarE
6 UL2
UL3
8 UN
UL1
10
12
INE
14 If IN = 5A
INS
16 INE If IN = 1A
INS E: Input
18 IL E3 If IN = 5A S: Output
IL S3
20 IL E3
If IN = 1A
IL S3
22 IL E2
IL S2 If IN = 5A
24 IL E2
IL S2 If IN = 1A
IL E1
26 IL S1 If IN = 5A
28 IL E1 If IN = 1A
IL S1
X5 QTF Board
Screw-in
connector
27 28 - Power Supply
+ Power Supply
X6 Connector
A-33
CONFIGURABLE CONFIGURABLE
SIGNALLING EPAC 3100/3500 SIGNALLING
CONTACTS (TC) CONTACTS (TC)
2 TC 15 TC 01 2
4 TC 16 TC 02 4
6 Phase A tripping TC 03 6
8 Phase B tripping TC 04 8
10 Phase C tripping TC 05 10
12 Closing by recloser TC 06 12
14 TS 01 TC 07 14
16 TS 02 TC 08 16
18 TS 03 TC 09 18
20 TS 04 TC 10 20
22 TS 05 TC 11 22
24 TS 06 TC 12 24
26 TS 07 TC 13 26
28 TS 08 TC 14 28
CONFIGURABLE
LOGIC INPUTS (TS)
X1 IO-1 BOARD X2
Screw-in Screw-in
Connector Connector
A-34
CONFIGURABLE CONFIGURABLE
SIGNALLING EPAC 3100/3500 SIGNALLING
CONTACTS (TC) CONTACTS (TC)
2 Phase B tripping TC 01 2
4 Phase C tripping TC 02 4
6 Phase A tripping TC 03 6
8 Phase B tripping TC 04 8
10 Phase C tripping TC 05 10
12 Closing by recloser TC 06 12
14 TS 01 TC 07 14
16 TS 02 TC 08 16
18 TS 03 TC 09 18
20 TS 04 TC 10 20
22 TS 05 TC 11 22
24 TS 06 TC 12 24
26 TS 07 TC 13 26
28 TS 08 Phase A tripping 28
CONFIGURABLE
LOGIC INPUTS (TS)
X1 IO-3 BOARD X2
Screw-in Screw-in
Connector Connector
A-35
CONFIGURABLE
CONFIGURABLE
EPAC 3100/3500 SIGNALLING
SIGNALLING
CONTACTS (TC)
CONTACTS (TC)
2 TC 15 TC 01 2
4 TC 16 TC 02 4
6 Phase A tripping TC 03 6
8 Phase B tripping TC 04 8
10 Phase C tripping TC 05 10
12 Closing by recloser TC 06 12
14 TS 01 TC 07 14
16 TS 02 TC 08 16
18 TS 03 TC 09 18
20 TS 04 TC 10 20
22 TS 05 TC 11 22
24 TS 06 TC 12 24
26 TS 07 TC 13 26
28 TS 08 TC 14 28
CONFIGURABLE
LOGIC INPUTS (TS)
CONFIGURABLE CONFIGURABLE
SIGNALLING EPAC 3100/3500 SIGNALLING
CONTACTS (TC) CONTACTS (TC)
2 Phase B tripping TC 01 2
4 Phase C tripping TC 02 4
6 Phase A tripping TC 03 6
8 Phase B tripping TC 04 8
10 Phase C tripping TC 05 10
12 Closing by recloser TC 06 12
14 TS 01 TC 07 14
16 TS 02 TC 08 16
18 TS 03 TC 09 18
20 TS 04 TC 10 20
22 TS 05 TC 11 22
24 TS 06 TC 12 24
26 TS 07 TC 13 26
28 TS 08 Phase A tripping 28
CONFIGURABLE
LOGIC INPUTS (TS)
CONFIGURABLE
CONFIGURABLE EPAC 3100/3500 SIGNALLING
SIGNALLING
CONTACTS (TC)
CONTACTS (TC)
2 TC 15 TC 01 2
4 TC 16 TC 02 4
6 Phase A tripping TC 03 6
8 Phase B tripping TC 04 8
10 Phase C tripping TC 05 10
12 Closing by Recloser TC 06 12
14 TC 07 14
16 TC 08 16
18 TC 09 18
20 TC 10 20
22 TC 11 22
24 TC 12 24
26 TC 13 26
28 TC 14 28
X3 IO-2 BOARD X4
Screw-in Screw-in
Connector Connector
A-38
30 SIR=30 (typ) 30
SIR=30 (max)
25 SIR=1 (typ) 25
SIR=1 (min)
20 20
15 15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Reach (%) Reach (%)
30 SIR=30 (typ) 30
SIR=30 (max)
25 SIR=1 (typ) 25
SIR=1 (min)
20 20
15 15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Reach (%) Reach (%)
A-39
Phase-phase-neutral faults
Operating 40 Operating 45
Time Time
40
(ms) 35 (ms)
35
30 SIR=30 (typ)
SIR=30 (max) 30
25 SIR=1 (typ)
SIR=1 (min) 25
20 20
15 15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Reach (%) Reach (%)
3-phase faults
35
SIR=30 (typ)
30
SIR=30 (max)
30
SIR=1 (typ)
25 SIR=1 (min)
25
20
20
15 15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Reach (%) Reach (%)
A-40
Curves
Standard Inverse
IEC Curves
1000,00
Curve equation:
0.14
⋅ TM
( )
I / I 0.02 − 1
E
100,00
I= earth fault current
IE=set earth fault pick-up
Operating time (s)
TM=1
10,00 TM=2
TM=3,2
1,00
0,10
1 10 100
Ir/threshold
A-41
Very inverse
IEC Curves
1000
Curve equation:
13.5
⋅ TM
( )
I / IE − 1
100
I= earth fault current
IE=set earth fault pick-up
Operating time (s)
TM=1
10 TM=2
TM=3,2
0,1
1 10 100
Ir/threshold
A-42
Extremely Inverse
IEC Curves
1000
Curve equation:
80
⋅ TM
( )
I / I 2 − 1
E
100
TM=1
10 TM=2
TM=3,2
0,1
1 10 100
Ir/threshold
A-43
Standard Inverse
ANSI Curves
1000,00
Curve equation:
5.95
0.18 + ⋅ TM
( )
2
I / IE − 1
100,00
TM=1
10,00
TM=2
TM=3.2
1,00
0,10
1,00 10,00 100,00
Ir/threshold
A-44
Very Inverse
ANSI Curves
1000,00
Curve equation:
19.61
0.491+ ⋅ TM
( )
I / IE − 1
2
100,00
10,00 TM=1
TM=2
TM=3.2
1,00
0,10
1,00 10,00 100,00
Ir/threshold
A-45
Extremely Inverse
ANSI Curves
1000,00
Curve equation:
28.2
0.1217 + ⋅ TM
( )
I / IE − 1
2
100,00
TM=1
10,00
TM=2
TM=3.2
1,00
0,10
1,00 10,00 100,00
Ir/threshold
A-46
Moderately Inverse
ANSI Curves
1000,00
Curve equation:
0.0515
0.1114 + ⋅ TM
( )
0.02
I / IE − 1
100,00
TM=1
10,00
TM=2
TM=3.2
1,00
0,10
1,00 10,00 100,00
Ir/threshold
A-47
Out line
EPAC 3100
304,3
412,50
177,0
A-48
EPAC 3500
304,3
483,0
88,9
177,0
57,1
15,5
A-49
Digital Inputs/Outputs
(*) WinTPE and COURIER MMI's assign a number to each disturbance digital signal sent by the EPAC.
A-50
For instance, if digital inputs "carrier receive" (N° 55), "1 phase cycle auto-reclose" (N° 69) and digital
outputs "carrier send" (N° 23), "Power swing detection" (N° 17) are set to start the disturbance recorder,
they are sorted according to their number and, thus, have the following labels :
Input/output WinTPE label COURIER label
CARRIER RECEIVE LOGN03: RECEP. TELEACT. DIGITAL_GRP1_03
Digital Outputs assignable to contacts of IO-1 or IO-3, IO-2 or additional IO-1 or IO-3 board(s)
Cell
0300 MEASUREMENTS:
0301/0302/ *MSR IA, MSR IB, Current value on each phase, as percentage of In
0303 MSR IC
0304 → 0306 *MSR VA, MSR VB, Voltage value on each phase, as percentage of Vn
MSR VC
0307 → 0309 *MSR PA, MSR PB, Active power value on each phase, as percentage of Pn
MSR PC
030A → 030C *MSR QA, MSR QB, Reactive power value on each phase, as percentage of
MSR QC Qn
030D *MSR Freq Line frequency value
8000 RECORDER:
8001 *REC Control Recorder status
8002 *REC Capture Type of samples recorded
8003 REC Pre Trigger Duration of pre-time for next record
8004 REC Post Trigger Duration of post-time for next record
Display Functions
| | |_______ WEAK
| | | |_______ Acti Weak-infeed enabled (Yes/No)
| | | |_______ Verp Blocking on power swing (Yes/No)
| | | |_______ Dec Tripping type
| | | |_______ Conu Confirmation by under voltage
| | | |_______ Smtw Under voltage threshold in % of Vn
| | | |_______ Smcw Current detection threshold
| | | |_______ Tdec Tripping time delay in ms
| | | |_______ Tver Blocking time delay in ms
| | |_______ POMP
| | | |_______ Bdpm Power swing boundary in Ohms
| | | |_______ tDec Tripping type (1-phase/3-phase)
| | | |_______ tver Blocking type
| | | |_______ Z1in 1st zone independent
| | | |_______ Vrem Carrier send blocking
| | | |_______ Vert Carrier receive blocking
| | | |_______ Tdvr Time delay for unblocking on power swing
| | | |_______ Scir Unblocking on Ir
| | | |_______ Ir% Ir threshold in % of Imax
| | | |_______ Scii Unblocking on Ii
| | | |_______ Ii% Ii threshold in % of Imax
| | | |_______ Scim Unblocking on Imax
| | | |_______ Imax Imax threshold in % of IN
| | |_______ FFUS
| | | |_______ Sffi I0 and I1 threshold detection
| | | |_______ Tffs Fuse failure alarm time delay in s
| | | |_______ AI> If> threshold enabled
| | | |_______ If> If> threshold
| | | |_______ Tf> If> tripping time delay
| | | |_______ AI>> If>> threshold enabled
| | | |_______ If>> If>> threshold
| | | |_______ Tf>> If>> tripping time delay
| | | |_______ AIr> Ir> threshold enabled
| | | |_______ Ir> Ir> threshold
| | | |_______ TIr> Ir> tripping time delay
| | | |_______ Verf Auto-recloser blocking on Ifus tripping
| | |_______ SEAL
| | | |_______ Seal Seal-In enabled (Yes/No)
| | | |_______ Isea Seal-in current threshold in % of IN
| | | |_______ Venc Auto-recloser blocking
| | | |_______ Ienc Threshold for CB closed on fault.
| | | |_______ Rvg Reverse Guard time delay (Norm or Def)
| | |_______ DEFD
| | | |_______ Acti DEF enabled (Yes/No)
| | | |_______ Vrd Vr start-up threshold
| | | |_______ Ied IR forward start-up threshold
| | | |_______ Dec. Tripping type (1-phase, 3-phase)
| | | |_______ Cane Independent teleprot. channel (Yes/No)
| | | |_______ Type Teleprotection scheme (auto/bloc)
| | | |_______ Tran Teleprotection time delay
| | | |_______ Typi Tee-line teleprotection scheme
| | | |_______ Trai Tee-line teleprotection time delay
| | | |_______ Tfon Operation time
| | |_______ DEFI
| | | |_______ Acti Inverse time enabled (No/Current/Power)
| | | |_______ Tfon Operation time
| | | |_______ Ie Ir start-up threshold
| | | |_______ Coei Multiplier ratio (current)
A-67
| |_______ DFIN
| |_______ Num Configuration number (1-4)
| |_______ Post Substation name
| |_______ Dep Feeder name
| |_______ Opt1 Additional I/O card (Yes/No)
| |_______ LIC1 1st license word
| |_______ LIC2 2nd license word
| |_______ LANG Language (Fr/Ang/All/Esp)
| |_______ Dist Length unit (Km/Ml)
| |_______ Decl Length unit in fault records (Km/Ml/
| %L/ΩB/ΩH)
|_______ ACTI Active configuration switchover
|EVEN____ LIST______
| | |_______ EV1 Event record 1
| | |_______ EV2 Event record 2
| | |_______ EV3 Event record 3
| | |_______ EV4 Event record 4
| | |_______ EV5 Event record 5
| | |_______ EV6 Event record 6
| | |_______ EV7 Event record 7
| | |_______ EV8 Event record 8
| | |_______ EV9 Event record 9
| | |_______ EV10 Event record 10
| EFF________________________________________ Reset Event records
MES__________________________________________________ Network measurements
(PA,B,C/QA,B,C/UA,B,C/ZA,B,C/FREQ/
OUT1/INP1/DATE/TIME/TRAN)
ARC______
ETAT Auto-recloser and counter status
| (Mono/Tri/Etat)
CMD
|_______ ARC Change auto-recloser status (ON/OFF)
|_______ cpts Reset counters
MAIN
|_______ DATE
| |_______ Date View and change date
| |_______ Heur View and change time
|_______ ACQU(2) Ack. alarms and type in password
|_______ LIST_______
| | |_______ DF1 Fault report 1
| | |_______ DF2 Fault report 2
| | |_______ DF3 Fault report 3
| | |_______ DF4 Fault report 4
| | |_______ DF5 Fault report 5
| | |_______ DF6 Fault report 6
| | |_______ DF7 Fault report 7
| | |_______ DF8 Fault report 8
| | |_______ DF9 Fault report 9
| | |_______ DF10 Fault report 10
EFF Reset fault reports
PASS
|_______ SAIS Type in current password
|_______ MODI Change password
CHXCONF Select configuration number
PERT
|_______ llis Disturbance record list
| | |_______ Per1 Disturbance record 1
| | |_______ Per2 Disturbance record 2
| | |_______ Per3 Disturbance record 3
A-72
Connections to a PC or a printer
WinEPAC
TRIP
GEC ALSTHOM
ALARM
SET
TERMINAL 1
DB 25
Help
TERMINAL 2
WinEPAC PC
DB 25
WinV24
TRIP
GEC ALSTHOM
ALARM
RELAY AVAILABLE
DCL 382 cable
SET
TERMINAL 1
Help
TERMINAL 2
DB 25
WinV24 PC
DB 25
Printer
TRIP
GEC ALSTHOM
ALARM
RELAY AVAILABLE
DCL 399 cable
SET
TERMINAL 1
Help
TERMINAL 2
DB25
Local printer
DB 25
WinMODEM
DB9
(Serial port)
DCL 396
cable
Remote PC
DCL 396 for disturbance
Rear view of the EPAC
cable records (WinModem
and WinAnalyse)
DB 25
DB 25
Modem
Modem
K-Bus-COURIER
DB9
(Serial port)
RS 485
(K-Bus)
RS 232
(CEI 870-5)
COURIER
Master Station
KITZ
A-75
VDEW
DB9
(Serial port)
Optical fibre
Transmitter
Receiver
A-76
Specifications 3111 3112 3113 3116 3121 3122 3123 3126 3131 3132 3133 3136
3511 3512 3513 3526 3521 3522 3523 3526 3531 3532 3533 3536
Distance protection
Five zones of protection X X X X X X X X X X X X
Directional overcurrent start-up
Full range of teleaction schemes
Power-swing tripping X X X X X X X X X X X X
Single or three pole tripping X X X X X X X X X X X X
Directional earth fault (DEF) or IDMT
element for X X X X X X X X X X X X
high resistance earth faults
Additional overload, overvoltage X X X X X X X X X X X X
and undervoltage protection
Voltage and check synchronism
functions X X X X X X
Automatic single and/or three-pole
autoreclose X X X X X X
function
Four independent user selectable
setting groups X X X X X X X X X X X X
Fault location X X X X X X X X X X X X
Ten fault reports stored in non-volatile
mass memory X X X X X X X X X X X X
Automatic down-loading of fault
reports to a printer X X X X X X X X X
Oscillography stored in non-volatile
memory X X X X X X X X X
IRIG-B input for real-time
clock synchronisation X X X X
Substation communications via X X X X X X X X X
It is not possible to allocate serveral outputs on one contact except for the following :
- Phase A tripping
- Phase B tripping
- Phase C tripping
- Single pole trip
- Three-phase trip
- D.E.F. trip
- Weak infeed trip
- Fuse failure trip
OR - Phase A selection
- Phase B selection
- Phase C selection
OR - Zone 1 fault
- Zone 2 fault
- Zone 3 fault
- Zone 4 fault
- Zone 5 fault
OR - Unblocking signal transmission
- Unblocking signal transmission for tee line
OR - Single phase fault
- Multi phase fault
OR - Carrier send
- Carrier send for tee line
OR - Self test in progress
- Urgent alarm
- Non urgent alarm
- Fuse failure
- Power swing detection
OR - Directional comparison signal
- Directional comparison signal for tee line
OR - 1 pole reclosing cycle in progress
- 3 pole reclosing cycle in progress
OR - Min U alarm
- Max U alarm
- Max I alarm
A-78
BLANK PAGE
MS/M 1.6882-C EPAC 3100/3500
APPENDIX B
Sofware Version V6
EPAC 3100/3500 MS/M 1.6882-C
BLANK PAGE
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