Fractional Distillation

A method used to separate volatile components or components

that have slightly different boiling points.

▪ A mixture is distilled through a fractionating column

with several condensers to produce a pure distillate.

▪ When the mixture is heated, it evaporates and rises

through the fractionating column which is hot at the
bottom and cool at the top.

▪ Different components can be obtained from

different condensers of the fractionating column.

▪ The components with the lowest boiling point is

separated first.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1FjIRWVwTM
 Fractional distillation of crude oil
▪ The different components of crude oil are called
fractions.

▪ They have different boiling points and also

evaporate and condense at different
temperatures in the fractionating column.

▪ The fractions with low boiling points condense

first and rise to the top, while the fractions with
high boiling points condense later and stay at
the bottom.
https://youtu.be/GgQLccArL8k
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Solvent extraction
• A method involves the separation of two or more
components due to their unequal solubilities in
two immiscible (not mixed) liquid phases.
• This method is used to separate a required component from a mixture by dissolving the
required component in a solvent that dissolved it, but does not dissolve any other
components in the mixture.
• The process requires an effective solvent
which must be based on the solubility, cost,
safety, and environment concerns.
• Agitation is also important for the extraction
to combine a solid phase and a liquid phase
or two liquid phases.
 25
Solvent extraction
• A method involves the separation of two or more
components due to their unequal solubilities in
two immiscible (not mixed) liquid phases.
• This method is used to separate a required component from a mixture by dissolving the
required component in a solvent that dissolved it, but does not dissolve any other
components in the mixture.
• The process requires an effective solvent
which must be based on the solubility, cost,
safety, and environment concerns.
• Agitation is also important for the extraction
to combine a solid phase and a liquid phase
or two liquid phases.
Solvent extraction
• Choosing the right solvent is important in order to
dissolve the particular component and it must not be
miscible (able to mix freely) with the other solvent.

• During solid-solid extraction, the solid mixture is

dissolved in a solvent, but the target solid does not
dissolve and is dispersed and mixed in the solvent.

• The target solid is then crystallized or extracted from the dissolved mixture and the mixture
is then purified through filtration.
• For instance, salt is soluble in water but camphor is not, so we can separate camphor from
a mixture of camphor and salt by dissolving the mixture in water and filtering it through
filter paper
• For liquid-liquid extraction, the liquid mixture is dissolved in
Solvent extraction
a solvent, through swirling (to allow the required liquid to
transfer from the mixture to the solvent), forming a solution
• The solution is then put into separatory funnel and left
undisturbed for a while to separate into two layer: the
denser or aqueous layer on the bottom and the organic
layer mixed with the solvent on the top.
• The two layers are taken out and distilled
to get the pure required liquid and the
distilled solvent can be reused.
• For example, ethanol can be separated
from mixture of ethanol and benzene by
this method because ethanol is soluble in
water but benzene is not.
 27
Solvent extraction Extraction of Iodine - YouTube

The extraction of iodine from the mixture of salt and iodine water.

▪ Add tetrachloromethane
in the mixture.
▪ Shake and release gas.
▪ Separate the solution
using separating funnel.
▪ Evaporate each solvents
to obtain salt and iodine.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3A9DQF5YzqU&t=2s
 Solvent extraction
• Solvent extraction is widely used in
vegetable oil manufacturing.

• Oil of sunflower seeds, soybeans,

fruit of oil palm, peanuts, corns,
lotus seeds, sesames and rice bran
are extracted with hexane (C6H14) as
a solvent.

• The solution, mixture of oil and hexane, obtained from the extraction is filtered to remove
solid phase and then distilled to remove hexane and other unwanted components to get
pure oils.
Soxhlet extraction
• Soxhlet extractor is an apparatus that can be used for solvent extraction.

• The solvent is contained in a round-bottomed flask and heated until it

evaporates.

• The solvent vapor moves up and passes through the solid or organic
material in the thimble.

• The solvent vapor is cooled by the reflux condenser. It drips back down
into and warms the organic material, causing the required component to
dissolve in the warm solvent.

• This creates a solution which is returned to the flask. This process is done
several times until a desired amount of solution will be obtained.
Chromatography
• Chromatography is used to separate the
components of a mixture by passing them
from a mobile phase to a stationary phase.
• Different components travel up on an
adsorbent at different rates based on
their solubility and adsorption
• If a component is more soluble in the mobile
phase, it moves faster than other components.
But if a component sticks to the stationary
phase well, it moves slower than others.
• This mixtures that can be separated by this method
are often colored and in a small amount, such as
dyes, food coloring, plant pigments, and inks.
Chromatography
• Chromatography relies on two phases:
1) a stationary phase is an adsorbent such as adsorbent
paper and chalks, and an adsorbent can adsorb different
components of a mixture at different rates;
2) a mobile phase is a solvent, such as water, ethanol, sodium chloride solution, hexane,
and ether, which moves through the stationary phase and carries the components with it.

Checklist of how to choose the stationary phase or mobile phase

• The solubility of the mobile phase and the mixture must be in different rates.
• The stationary phase must adsorb different components of the mixture at different rates.
• More than one mobile phase or solvent or a mixed solvent will be used to separate a
mixture made up of several components.
Paper chromatography

▪ Place a small drop of ink onto the chromatography paper.

▪ Dip paper into a suitable solvent and let solvent travel up the paper.
▪ The ink dissolves in the solvent and moves up with it.
▪ Different colored components travel at different rate and get separated.
Paper chromatography

• The distances that different solvents

and components travel up on the
chromatography paper vary depending
on their solubility and adsorption,
mobile phase and stationary phase.

• The component that was less soluble

but easily adsorbed traveled up the
paper slower than the component that
was more soluble but less adsorbed.
Retention factors or Rf
• Retention factors or Rf values can be calculated
by distance travelled by a component divided
by distance travelled by the solvent.
• The Rf values are between 0 and 1
• The Rf values have no unit.
• Each component has a different Rf value.
• A high soluble component has a high Rf value.
• The distance that solvent travels is always
longer than the distances that the components
of a mixture travel since the solvent or the
mobile phase must be more adsorbed than the
mixture.
Paper chromatography
Retention factors or Rf
 34
Caffeine from coffee beans
Extracting caffeine from coffee - YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CoxEgbyeK4
 1
How to make sugar
 1
How to make sugar
 5
Separation methods

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuJ1xyqo2Hk
 35
What separation method would you use ?
1. Salt from salt solution

2. Water from sea water

3. Copper(II) sulfate crystals from copper(II) sulphate solution

4. Blue dye from food dye

5. Soy bean oil from a mixture

6. Caffeine from coffee beans

 36
What separation method would you use ?
7. The black pigment component in a dye
8. Alcohol and water
9. Mud from mud water
10. Sugar from sugar solution
11. Citrus oils from lemon or orange peel