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Unit 2

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The Cell

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Objectives

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At the end of the class you should be familiar with the following concepts:

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What are the components common to all cells?

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The differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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Structure and function of the cell membrane.
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Actions of passive transport, active transport, and bulk transport.
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What limits cell size?
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Structures and functions of the organelles of the endomembrane system

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Structures and functions cytoskeleton
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Mitochondria, chloroplast, and the endosymbiotic theory.
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Table of contents

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01 02

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Cells, Membrane Other Cell

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the basics and Transport Components
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Discovery, the cell theory, Cell membrane structure the endomembrane
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and prokaryotes Transport across system and other

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membrane structures
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Discovery of cells

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In 1665, Robert Hooke published the
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book Micrographia in which he

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described chamber-like structures
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observed under microscope. He

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named these structures “cells”.
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Discovery of cells

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Using microscopes designed by himself, Antonie van
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Leeuwenhoek was first to discover living and moving cells,
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including protozoa, bacteria, sperms, and red blood cells.
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animalcules
Leeuwenhoek’s

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Theodore Schwann Matthias Schleiden

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German zoologist, concluded that German botanist, concluded that all

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all animals are made of cells plant are made of cells
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The Cell Theory

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The cell theory states:
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● • All living organisms are made of cells.
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● • Cells are the basic units of life.

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● • All cells decend from pre-existing cells.

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The Tree of Life
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“There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having
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been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and ... from so
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simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most
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wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.” —— Charles Darwin
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Components

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Cell Basic Cell

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What is the bare

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minimum for a cell?

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ribosome, and DNA genetic material.

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Components common to all cells

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All living cells have at least a cell membrane, cytoplasm,

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Cells that have but the
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bear minimum are called

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Prokaryotic cells,
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which are small, simple,
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and contain no internal
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membraned structures.
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Practice Question

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All of the following cell components are found in

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prokaryotic cells except:

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A. DNA
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B. Ribosomes
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C. Cell Membrane
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D. Nuclear envelope
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E. Enzymes

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Practice Question

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All of the following cell components are found in

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prokaryotic cells except:

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A. DNA
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B. Ribosomes
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C. Cell Membrane
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D. Nuclear envelope
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E. Enzymes

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proteins. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

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Ribosomes are complexes of multiple ribosomal RNAs and

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The Cell Membrane,

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aka the plasma membrane,

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is a selectively permeable
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barrier that controls the

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movement of substances in
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and out of a cell.
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Cell membrane structure

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Cell membrane

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structure

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The fluid mosaic model describes

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membranes as mosaics of proteins
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and other molecules embedded in

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a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
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the Mosaic
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Molecules drifting in the phospholipid bilayer include protein,

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cholesterol (moderates fluidity in animal cells), and also glycoprotein
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and glycolipids (mainly responsible for cell recognition).

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a protein into a bilayer.

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The transmembrane domain of a
membrane protein mostly contains

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hydrophobic side chains that anchors

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Fludity

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move laterally in the bilayer rather rapidly.

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Phospholipids, as well as embedded molecules, can

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an easier time crossing the

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What molecules would have

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Large vs small?
Polar vs nonpolar?

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bilayer portion of a membrane?

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 s in
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select
result
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selective permeability

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Membrane structure results in

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cell membrane

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Transport across

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Passive Transport #1

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Diffusion is the movement

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of a substance from an area of
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higher concentration to an area
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of lower concentration (down
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the concentration gradient.)
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Diffusion is the result of the
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random movement of particles,

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and requires no energy input.
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Diffusion of one substance

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across a membrane

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If a substance is able to pass through a membrane, random movement
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causes it to move down the concentration gradient until an
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equilibrium is reached.
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Diffusion of two substances

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across a membrane

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When there are multiple substances diffusing across a membrane,
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each substance will diffuse down its own concentration gradient,
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What about

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a membrane?

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substances that

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cannot readily cross

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Passive Transport #2

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The diffusion of many polar

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molecules and ions is impeded
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by the hydrophobic interior of

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the bilayer. They instead
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diffuse by

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Facilitated diffusion,
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the diffusion aided by proteins.

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Example: water, ions
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Memb Passive Transport #3

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Osmosis: the diffusion

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struct of water

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ure

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When two solutions are divided by a

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selectively permeable membrane that
result
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only allows water to pass through,

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s in ZG

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clustering of water around the solute
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makes some water molecules unable to

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select
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cross the membrane.
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Memb Passive Transport #3

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rane

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Osmosis: the diffusion

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struct of water

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ure

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Water diffuses across the membrane

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from a region of higher free water
result
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concentration (lower solute

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s in ZG

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concentration) to that of lower free
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water concentration (higher solute
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select
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concentration).
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Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic

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Memb

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rane

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Hypertonic = greater

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struct

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solute density.
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ure

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Hypotonic = smaller
result
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solute density.
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s in ZG

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Water diffuses from a
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select
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hypotonic solution to a
19

hypertonic solution.

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Water potential Ψ

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Water potential ψ describes the potential of water to move from one
19

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area to another. Water moves from a region of high water potential to

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a region of low water potential.
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
Pure unpressurized water have a water potential of zero, so a
19

19
03

unpressurized solution must have a negative water potential.

03
ZG

ZG
19

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 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
Types of membrane

03

03
ZG

ZG
transport

19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03
1. Passive

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
Transport
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
the diffusion of substances
19

19

19
down their concentration
03

03

03
ZG

ZG
gradients with no energy

ZG
investment.
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
19

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 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
Types of membrane

03

03
ZG

ZG
transport

19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03
1. Passive

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
Transport What if a cell wants to move
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG
substances against the

ZG
the diffusion of substances
19

19
concentration gradient?

19
03

down their concentration

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
gradients with no energy
19

investment.
19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
19

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 ZG
03
19
ZG
03
19
ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 0
31 19
9
gradient.

ZG ZG
transport

2. Active

03
Transport

03 19
their concentration

19
substances against
uses energy to move

ZG ZG
Types of membrane

03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19
ZG
03
19
ZG
03
19
 ZG
03
19
ZG
03
19
ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 0
31 19
9
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
energy from ATP.

ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19
proteins to move substances against

ZG
Active transport use transport

03
their concentration gradient, investing

19
ZG
03
19
 ZG
03
19
ZG
03
19
ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
Examples: Na+/K+ pump

03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 0
31 19
9
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19
ZG
03
19
ZG
Cotransport

03
19
 ZG
03
19
ZG
03
19
ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 0
31 19
9
be transported by a protein?

ZG ZG
transport

03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
Types of membrane

What if a substance is too large to

03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19
ZG
03
19
ZG
03
19
 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
Types of membrane

03

03
ZG

ZG
transport

19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03
3. Bulk

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
Transport
19

What if a substance is too large to

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
be transported by a protein? moves large
19

19

19
molecules using
03

03

03
ZG

ZG
vesicles

ZG
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
19

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 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
Bulk Transport: transport of large materials

19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
Bulk transport includes
19

19

19
03

03
endocytosis and exocytosis,

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
the inward and outward
19

19

19
03

transport of large materials

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
using vesicles and energy.
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
19

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03
 ZG
03
19
ZG
03
19
ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 0
31 19
9
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19
ZG
-- exocytosis

03
Bulk Transport: transport of large materials

19
ZG
03
19
 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
Types of membrane

03

03
ZG

ZG
transport

19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03
1. Passive 2. Active 3. Bulk

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
Transport Transport Transport
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
the diffusion of substances uses energy to move moves large
19

19

19
down their concentration substances against molecules using
03

03

03
ZG

ZG
gradients with no energy their concentration vesicles

ZG
investment. gradient.
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
19

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03
 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
Practice Question

19

19

19
03

03
Carbon dioxide most likely enters a cell through which of the

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
following processes?

19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
A. Simple diffusion through the membrane
19

19

19
03

03
B. Facilitated diffusion through membrane proteins

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
C. Active transport through membrane proteins
19

19

19
03

03
D. Active transport through aquaporins

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
19

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 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
Practice Question

19

19

19
03

03
Carbon dioxide most likely leaves a cell through which of the

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
following processes?

19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
A. Simple diffusion through the membrane
19

19

19
03

03
B. Facilitated diffusion through membrane proteins

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
C. Active transport through membrane proteins
19

19

19
03

03
D. Active transport through aquaporins

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
19

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31
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 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
Practice Question

19

19

19
03

03
One biologist hypothesizes that a newly developed drug can

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
diffuse passively across the plasma membrane like O2 and CO2

19

19

19
03

03
can. Which below might be their reasoning?

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03

03
A. The drug is a small nonpolar molecule

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
B. The drug is a small charged molecule
19

19

19
03

03
C. The drug is a large polar molecule

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
D. The drug is a large charged molecule
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
19

9
31
03
 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
Practice Question

19

19

19
03

03
One biologist hypothesizes that a newly developed drug can

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
diffuse passively across the plasma membrane like O2 and CO2

19

19

19
03

03
can. Which below might be their reasoning?

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03

03
A. The drug is a small nonpolar molecule

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
B. The drug is a small charged molecule
19

19

19
03

03
C. The drug is a large polar molecule

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
D. The drug is a large charged molecule
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
19

9
31
03
 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
Practice Question

19

19

19
03

03
Intravenous (IV) solutions administered to patients are normally

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
isotonic. Which of the following is most likely if an IV of distilled

19

19

19
03

03
water is administered to a patient?

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03

03
A. The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will shrink

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
as a result of salt moving into the blood
19

19

19
03

03
B. The liver will secrete bile salts into the blood to raise the

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
tonicity of the administered fluid
19

19

19
03

C. The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will expand

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
as water moves osmotically into the cells from blood
19

19
D. The patients respiration rate will slow to compensate for the
03

03
ZG

ZG
higher levels of circulating blood
19

9
31
03
 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
Practice Question

19

19

19
03

03
Intravenous (IV) solutions administered to patients are normally

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
isotonic. Which of the following is most likely if an IV of distilled

19

19

19
03

03
water is administered to a patient?

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03

03
A. The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will shrink

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
as a result of salt moving into the blood
19

19

19
03

03
B. The liver will secrete bile salts into the blood to raise the

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
tonicity of the administered fluid
19

19

19
03

C. The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will expand

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
as water moves osmotically into the cells from blood
19

19
D. The patients respiration rate will slow to compensate for the
03

03
ZG

ZG
higher levels of circulating blood
19

9
31
03
 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
Practice Question

19

19

19
03

03
The illustration shows the transport of hydrogen ions through a

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
membrane protein. which best predict the effect of not having

19

19

19
03

03
ATP?

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03

A. H ions will stop moving through the protein

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
B. H ions will move in the other direction through the protein
19

19
C. H ions will move at a slower rate
03

03
ZG

ZG
D. H ions will begin to move through phospholipids
19

9
31
03
 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
Practice Question

19

19

19
03

03
The illustration shows the transport of hydrogen ions through a

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
membrane protein. which best predict the effect of not having

19

19

19
03

03
ATP?

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19

19
03

A. H ions will stop moving through the protein

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
B. H ions will move in the other direction through the protein
19

19
C. H ions will move at a slower rate
03

03
ZG

ZG
D. H ions will begin to move through phospholipids
19

9
31
03
 ZG
03
19
ZG
03
19
ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 0
31 19
9
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
grow larger?

03 03
19
Why don’t cells

19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19
ZG
03
19
ZG
03
19
 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
Cell size is limited mainly by its

19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG
surface area to volume ratio

ZG
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
It is optimal for a cell
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

to have a large surface

ZG

ZG
area compared to its
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

volume to exchange
ZG

ZG
materials and energy
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

between the itself and

ZG

ZG
its environment.
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
19

9
31
03
 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
Practice Question

19

19

19
03

03
In an experiment, the efficiency of oxygen exchange across the

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
plasma membrane is being assessed in four artificial red blood

19

19

19
03

03
cells. The table above lists some properties of those artificial

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
cells. Other conditions being equal, which artifical cell is
19

19

19
03

03
predicted to be the most efficient in exchanging oxygen with the

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
environment by diffusion?
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
A. The cuboidal cell
19

19

19
03

03

B. The tetrahedral cell

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
C. The cylindrical cell
19

19
03

D. The spherical cell

03
ZG

ZG
19

9
31
03
 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
Practice Question

19

19

19
03

03
In an experiment, the efficiency of oxygen exchange across the

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
plasma membrane is being assessed in four artificial red blood

19

19

19
03

03
cells. The table above lists some properties of those artificial

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
cells. Other conditions being equal, which artifical cell is
19

19

19
03

03
predicted to be the most efficient in exchanging oxygen with the

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
environment by diffusion?
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
A. The cuboidal cell
19

19

19
03

03

B. The tetrahedral cell

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
C. The cylindrical cell
19

19
03

D. The spherical cell

03
ZG

ZG
19

9
31
03
 03
0
ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
Practice Question

19

19

19
03

03
Simple cuboidal epithelial cells line the

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
ducts of certain human exocrine glands.

19

19

19
03

03
Various materials are transported into

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
or out of the cells by diffusion.
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
Which of the following cube-shaped
19

19

19
03

03
cells would be most efficient in

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
removing waste by diffusion?
19

19

19
03

03

03
ZG

ZG

ZG
19

19
03

03
ZG

ZG
19

9
31
03
 ZG
03
19
ZG
03
19
ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
Eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cell
size comparison
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 0
31 19
9
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19 19
ZG ZG
03 03
19
ZG
03
19
ZG
03
19