PRIMARY CEMENTING OVERVIEW

Date

CONFIDENTIAL
OBJECTIVES

o Definition and purposes

o Casing and cementing hardware
o Cementing equipment
o Job Procedures
Well cementing process

•Well construction : a telescopic

series of casing sections
• Conductor
• Surface
• Intermediate
• Production
• Liner
CEMENT JOB OBJECTIVES
The introduction of a cement material in the annulus between casing and open hole in order to:

o Provide total zonal isolation in annulus

o Productive zones
o Potable water zones
o Problem intervals
Surface Formations
o Provide casing protection Potable Water
o Support the borehole
o Provide casing support
Shale
o Support axial load of
casing strings to be run later
Oil & Gas
reservoirs
➔ Cement bonded to casing as to formations
➔ Uniform cement sheath without mud, gas channels..
CONDUCTOR PIPE

Purpose:
o Prevents washing out under the rig
o Provides elevation for flow nipple
oCommon sizes :
o 30” - 20” (welded) in 36” – 24” hole
o 20” - 16” (threaded) in 24” – 20” hole
o 10 to 150 m (< 30 m common)
Not always drilled and cemented to surface :
oHammering or jetting
CONDUCTOR PIPE

Other Remarks:
o Plugs not used
o Thru-drill pipe cementing common
o Careful pumping practices (losses)
o Large excess required (300%)
o BOP’s unusually connected
o Common cements
o Accelerated Lead & Neat or just accelerated Neat
THRU-DRILL PIPE CEMENTING
Technics and Tools :
oKey Points:
o Reduced cement contamination
o Channelling
o Reduced displacement
o Pump until cement to surface
o Less cement
o Reduced job time
o 2 Procedures /
THRU-DRILL PIPE CEMENTING

Top job purpose :

Bring cement to surface

o Macaroni tubing used

o Max. depth 75- 100m (250-
300 ft) Tubing moved
during job
o High friction pressure
o Non-standard connections
SURFACE CASING

Purposes:
oProtects surface fresh water formations
oCases off unconsolidated or lost circulation areas
oSupports subsequent casing strings & wellhead
oProvides primary pressure control (BOP support)
oMust withstand eventual kicks
Common sizes and depths:
o20” – 16” threaded in 24” – 20” hole
o30 to 1000 m and even deeper
SURFACE CEMENTING

oCemented to surface
o Excess of 100% plus not uncommon
oLow formation frac pressure
o Low density fluids
oRecommend thru-drill pipe or Inner string technique to save
o Cement
o Rig time
oCommon cements:
o Lead light weight slurries with high yields
o Neat tail slurries with good compressive strength
o Reduce WOC to a minimum with accelerators
SINGLE STAGE PRIMARY CEMENT JOB ( 2 PLUGS)

13
STAB-IN CEMENTING TECHNIQUE

Float collar

Float shoe

Circulating Pumping cement. Dropping dart Dart landed. Pulling out

mud. and End stinger.
displacement. of cementing.

Note : Dart is optionnal

INNER STRING CEMENTING TECHNIQUE

o A tubing run above the float collar-shoe

o Same procedure as for Stab –In technique
Procedure
o String run above the collar
o Distance collar- end of string 2 to 5 m maximum (5 to 15 ft)
o Seal Head equipment to run string
o Advantages / Stab –in technique
o No need for stab in tools ( collar and stinger)
o Collapse risk reduced :
Surface differential pressure applied inside casing
BOP

Rotary table
Rig Floor
Mud Outlet
Annular Preventor
Choke Line Kill Line
BLIND RAMS

SHEAR RAMS

PIPE RAMS

Surface Casing Head

Conductor pipe Surface Casing
Cement
INTERMEDIATE (OR PROTECTION) CASING

oLong sections to top of reservoirs

oPurposes :
o Separates hole into workable sections
o Lost Circulation
o Overpressured Zones
o Salt Section
o Heaving Shales
o Common sizes and depths:
o 13 3/8”, 10 3/4”, 9 5/8” in 17 1/2”, 16”, 13 3/8” hole
o Vertical or deviated 1000 to 5000 m or more
INTERMEDIATE CASINGS

o Cementing technique
o Cemented to previous casing shoe or to surface
o Single stage (2 plugs)
o Two stage jobs common or Specialised Lightweight cements
o Plugs, casing equipment, casing accessories usual
o Good cementing practices are required
o Large cement volumes
o Common Cements:
o Typically filler slurries followed by high compressive tail
o Specialised (lightweight, heavyweight, salt cement, etc…)
TWO STAGE CEMENTING

oKey Points:
o Separation and isolation of zones
o Reduces hydrostatic Stage
Collar
o Can leave uncemented zone in the annulus
(cement at TD and at surface)

1st Stage
TWO STAGE CEMENTING

First stage sequences Second stage sequences

PRODUCTION CASING & LINER
oPurposes :
o Isolates the pay zone from other formations and the fluids in them
(gas, oil, water).
o Protective housing for production equipment.
o Subsurface artificial lift
o Multiple zone completion
o Screens for sand control
o Covers worn or damaged intermediate string.
Common sizes :
o 9 5/8”,7”, 5”, 4 1/2”
in 13 3/8’’, 8 1/2”, 6” hole
o MD 3000 to 5500 m or more (ERD, horizontal)
LINERS
Pump Down Plug
oKey Points: “Dart”

o Requires less casing Liner Hanger

o Deeper wells Liner Wiper

Plug
o Small annular clearance
Liner Over Lap
o Specialized equipment
o Liner hanger Previous Shoe
o Running tool
o Dart(s) & Wiper plug(s)
o Float landing collar
Landing collar
o Cost effective +
o Risk of poor isolation at top of liner Float collar
Float Shoe
LINERS

1 2

3
CEMENT THROUGH THE LIFE OF THE WELL

▪ Squeeze operations
– Fill annulus to raise top of cement
– Plug perforations to control water production
– Repair corroded casing

Oil

After few years of production ... Water

cone

▪ Plug and Abandonment

– Make sure impervious plugs are set for 100’s of years
Casing and cementing hardware
CASING

o API Casing Specs

o OD 9 5/8”
o Weight 53.5 lbs/ft (determines ID)
o Grade C75 (yield point allowable tension)
o Burst pressure 7430 PSI
o Collapse pressure 6380 PSI
o Thread Buttress
o Tapered string used to minimize well cost.
o Casing program for well based on :
o Burst Pressure
o Collapse Pressure
o Tensile Load
THREAD TYPES

• 8 Round
• Seals on threads

• Buttress couplings
• Seals on threads
• VAM couplings
• Seals on threads & shoulder
• Hydril couplings
• Seals on threads & shoulder

• Integral couplings
• 2 sets of threads
FLOAT SHOES

Float Shoe Float Shoe

Float Shoe Cement Nose
- Ball Valve - Poppet Valve
with Down Jets with Flapper Valve and
Automatic Fill-Up
FLOAT COLLARS

Auto Fill Float

Float Collar Float Collar Collar
Style - Ball Valve Style – Poppet Valve Flapper Valve

Placed 1- 4 Casing joints above shoe

Purpose: Reduce contamination around the shoe
STAB-IN EQUIPMENT (EXAMPLE)

Reduce excess cement

Avoid contamination

Reduce job time

Option :
Flexible Latch-In
Plug

Stab-In Shoe Stab-In Stab-In

Auto Fill Unit AutoFill Collar
CASING CENTRALISER

oPurpose :
o Assist in centering the string to assure
mud removal and good isolation
o Facilitate casing running
o Allow casing reciprocation or free pipe
rotation

Differential sticking
Weatherford
Cementing Equipment
Cement Job Procedures
EQUIPMENT ON-SHORE

Batch Mixer
Diesel Engine

Pump Truck Cement Head

Bulk Plant
Silos, WBB, Compressor,
Dust Collector
EQUIPMENT OFF-SHORE

Batch Mixer

Liquid Addtive System

Liquid Additive System Cement Pumping Skid

Sub Sea Head System

Slurry Mixer
JOB MONITORING

▪ Density
▪ Flow Rate
▪ Pressure

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CEMENTING HEADS

oSeparate fluids

oWiping casing

oSurface indication
of placement

Quick coupling

Weatherford cementing plugs

CEMENTING PLUGS

oSeparate fluids

oWiping casing

oSurface indication of placement

Weatherford cementing plugs

CEMENT PLUGS

Bottom Plug
Top Plug
(Hollow Inside)
(Solid)

Anti Rotation Plugs

Weatherford

38
LINER : DARTS & PLUGS

oSingle plug liner • Tandem plug liner

DEEPSEA CEMENTING: SUB-SEA CEMENTING HEAD

Schlumberger DeepSea Express®

JOB PROCEDURES

oPre- job
o Check calculations : co-man & cementing engineer
o Check materials
o Rig up
o Maintenance on equipment
o Safety and organization meeting
o Prepare mix fluids, spacers and washes
oWell operation
o Run Casing at TD
o Intermediate circulations
o Mud circulation and conditioning
oCement job
RUNNING CASING
oInspection of Casing
o Tuboscope
o Pipe tally, rabbit and calliper
oHole Preparation
o Mud condition
o Clearance
oRunning
o Casing crews
o Too fast
o Intermediate circulations
o Landing Casing
o Nippling up
THE CEMENT JOB
Test lines
Load plugs
Resume mud circulation
Pump washes
Drop bottom plug
Pump spacer
Mix and pump cement
Drop top plug
Displace and control returned volumes
Bump plug and check returns
Pressure test casing if required
WAIT ON CEMENT – EVALUATION

oPost Job • Post Job – Well

o Wash up equipment operation
o Rig down • Land casing string
o Equipment maintenance • Wait On Cement
o Job reports, data acquisition.
• Drill shoe track
o Initial cement evaluation • Shoe bond test
• Drill below the rat
hole
FIT / LOT

• Cement evaluation :
Logging