Determination of Design Forces in Bridge Decks |i ( VEHICLE CONTACT LENGTH + 70R Tracked vehicle on bridge acts as a UDL of 4.57 m length + Ifthe span of bridge > length of UDL, Maximum moment will be produced in deck, if whole Load is over the span In SS bridge decks, Max. Moment occurs at Mid-span Maximum moment at Mid-span of a SS bridge will occur when the UDL is placed symmetrically at mid-span. ‘Thus, for max. moment in deck, IRC Tracked Vehicle is to be placed symmetrically at mid-span. 0 ‘Total weight 700 KN Noon oa 0 srn>asrm | 57m 792m lass 70-R Tracked ¥ 9/25/2022CRITICAL POSITION OF IRC70R TRACKED EH VEHICLES FOR MAX. SHEAR IN CULVERTS: WHEN SPAN < VEHICLE CONTACT LENGTH + 70R Tracked vehicle on bridge acts as a UDL of 4.57 m length + If bridge span < Span of bridge, Maximum moment in at any point in deck will develop when whole load is over the span. Critical position of IRC Tracked Vehicle for Max. Shear + Atany section, Max. positive/negative shear force will develop (at support) when NO Live load is lying in positive/ negative zone of the SFD + Or, the entire load must be negative/positive zone of SFD, + In other words, entire Live load should be on single side of section under consideration, CRITICAL POSITION OF IRC70R TRACKED EH VEHICLES FOR MAX. SHEAR IN CULVERTS: WHEN SPAN > VEHICLE CONTACT LENGTH (Same as for SF in Bridge Span < Vehicle Contact Length) + TOR Tracked vehicle on bridge acts as a UDL of 4.57 m length + If bridge span > Span of bridge, Maximum moment in at any point in deck will develop when whole load is over the span. Critical position of IRC Tracked Vehicle for Max. Shear + Atany section, Max. positive/negative shear force will develop when no load is lying in positive/ negative zone of the SFD + Orthe entire load must be negative/positive zone of SFD. + In other words, entire load should be on single side of section under consideration 9/25/2022BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE EH DUE TO UDL SHORTER THAN SPAN In this case, need to identify the location of Vehicle Max. BM and SF ——<" \ Total weight 700 kN No om — ‘Span > 3.6m 72m AA Tracked Vehicle Tolal weight 700 kN 792m IRC Class 70-R Tracked Vehicle BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE EH IN DECK DUE TO WHEELED VEHICULAR LOADS (Treated as Concentrated Loads) + Longitudinal position of Wheeled Vehicular Live for maximum bending moment and shear force is obtained using the rolling/moving load concept + According to Rolling Load Concept: — To obtain the maximum shear force at any section, the Live load [uniformly distributed load (UDL), or concentrated loads] is placed such that the whole live load lies on the single side of the section considered (where maximum shear force is required) and load should start from the section. — To obtain the maximum BM at any section due to moving uniformly distributed load (UDL), the UDL is placed such that this section divides the whole load in the same proportion as this section divides the span. This implies that the average load intensity on either side of the section becomes equal, — Thus, in the case of several concentrated vehicular loads, the vehicle position is arranged such that the average load intensity on either side of the section becomes caval 9/25/2022DETERMINATION OF MAX. BM EB IDUE TO SEVERAL CONCENTRATED LOADS Ws iw, + According to Rolling Load concept, Max. moment at any section ‘C’ will develop when the average of load on left side of point ‘C’ should be equal to the average load intensity on right side of ‘C’ + Ingeneral, concentrated loads may not be arranged exactly to produce equal average loads on each side of section since the movement of a load from one side to another side of point ‘C’ may cause the average load Intensity to change from larger to smaller or vise versa, + Insuch case, the load which influences the average intensity of loads is referred as critical load. * For computation of Maximum moment, the critical load is placed at the section itself, ie. ‘C’ in this case DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE MAX. w= DUE TO SEVERAL CONCENTRATED LOADS Cont. 5 a Fa P [ 72, x/2| ie we + Inthe Simply supported bridge, norrnally a maximum moment occurs near Mid-span + Therefore, due to several concentrated loads also, the Absolute maximum moment will develop near Mid-span. + According to Rolling Load Concept, for producing Max. BM at mid-span, the several concentrated loads are arranged such that the resultant of all the loads and the load near to it (on either side of) must be equidistant from girder’s mid-span. + Selection of live load among the live loads on left or right side of resultant for arranging the live load to produce absolute max. moment depends on — Magnitude of Loads adjacent to resultant — Distance of Loads adjacent to resultant from the resultant 9/25/2022[| «Fy Max. BMD Always occurs under a Concentrated Load | While arranging the vehicle position such that resultant of all the loads and the load near to it are equidistant from girder’s mid-span, NO Live load will occur at mid-span. + Since, the shape of the BMO for a$S beam due to series of concerted load is always a combination of several Straight lines, Abs. Max. BM can not occur at mid-span unless these a concentrated load at mid-span and it will always occur under any of the concentrated load near to resultant (Fig. on Next Slide) * Therefore, the Abs. Max. BM occurs under a Load only near to Mid-span (not a mid-span load isnot available at mid span) ZL SN DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE MAX. w= DUE TO SEVERAL CONCENTRATED LOADS Cont. + Hence, the absolute maximum moment in a Simply supported beam occurs under one of the load near to resultant of all loads when this load and the resultant of all the loads (over the bridge only) are positioned equidistant from the beam’s centerline. + Maximum moment is to be determined under both the loads on either side of centerline and maximum of these will give Absolute Maximum Moment + Generally, absolute maximum moment occurs under the largest Load lying nearest the resultant force of the system except when the heavier load on either side of resultant is very far from resultant compared to lighter load on other load. 9/25/2022[Example on Determination of Absolute = Bw Max. Moment Due to IRC Class-A Loading | Example: Determine the Absolute Max Moment 1 TOM span and 4.25 m wide carriage way Simply Supported voided slab bridge due to Class-A Load. Thickness of slab is 450 mm and wearing coat thickness is 80 mm. Width of kern on each side is 250 mm. 83 ia as [tas I | . a Venic ~l non QI OO. ee Ninn paps 3.0 apt nom 4 dk 68 + As the span of bridge is 10 m, at a time either driving-vehicle or trailer may lie over the bridge. + We will consider different positions of vehicle on the. se Example on Determination of Abs. Max. Moment in slab culvert Cont. treating Wheels of Class A as concentrated Load (A) Considering Class: ing vehicle only on Deck Yomi em -- “cS 27 27 Axel LoadsinkN114 114 First of all, there is need to fix the position of axels in longitudinal direction to develop Absolute maximum moment in bridge Jaccording to rolling/moving load concept. 9/25/20229/25/2022 Example on Determination of Abs. Max. EH Moment in slab culvert Cont........ treating Wheels of Class A as concentrated Load Determination of Resultant of Loads + Let the position of resultant of the deriving-vehicle loads is at distance x from left 27 kN load + ‘x’ may be determined by taking the moment of loads about extreme left load (i.¢.) 27 KN and equating it zero. QT O27 HA. 1+114x(1.143.2)4114x(1.143,241.2)-282 x x = 0 > x= 4,068 m 289 Distance between the aoa 1m one resultant and load nearer to ! it (Le. 114 kN) v 1100+3200)-4068 “ifog* 3200 «1200 32 mm “ 4068 "32" :xample on Determination of Abs. Max. wordt ain WL ‘ont........ treating Wheels of Class A as concentrated Load + In order to develop maximum moment at mid span, according to rolling (moving) load concept, the deriving-vehicle is to be placed such that the resultant of load and the load nearest to resultant are equi-distant from the mid-span. + Moreover, as we know, absolute maximum moment always ‘occurs under a load near to resultant. + Inthis case, absolute maximum moment may occur either under the 114 KN load or under the 27 KN load (either side of resultant) + Since, the 114 kN load is heavier ae as well more closer to resultant in 27 2% rome 144 comparison to 27 KN, absolute ¥ maximum moment may occur “= 71003200 1200 under the 114 kN load. ae‘xample on Determination of Abs. Max. jloment in slab culvert Cont........ treating heels of Class A as concentrated Load Thus the position of loads resulting maximum moments will be as follows: 22 5000 5000 Example on Determination of Abs. Max. EH Moment in slab culvert Cont. treating Wheels of Class A as concentrated Load 282 t 27 ar rome 44 “88S TT t 000 5000 + Reaction at right support of beam = [270.816 +27*(0.816+1.1)+114%(5+0.116)+114(5+0.116+1.2)] /10 = 137.7 KN + Maximum moment under the 114 kN Load (nearer to mid-span) = 137.7*(5-0.116) — 1141.2 = 535.7 kNm + Check: BM at mid span 37.75 —114%(1,2+0.116) — 114%0.116 = 524.3 kNm <535.7 a 9/25/2022 10Example on Determination of Abs. Max. EH Moment in slab culvert Cont. treating Wheels of Class A as concentrat oad (B) Considering Rare Axels of Class-A Driving vehicle and Trailer on Deck 83 12] 48 12) 48 | Perving vere na 14 668 Example on Determination of Abs. Max. Moment in slab culvert Con! . treatin Wheels of Class A as concentrated Load For the given span (10 m), itis possible to place the rare axel of driving vehicle and single trailer on the slab bridge 9/25/2022 "1Example on Determination of Abs. Max. EE Moment in slab culvert Cont... treating Wheels of Class A as concentrated Load Determination of Resultant of Loads + Let the position of resultant of the vehicular loads is at distance ‘r from extreme left 114 KN load +f may be determined by taking moment of forces about extreme left load (.¢.) 114 KN and equating it zero. 114x04114x1.2+68x(1.2+4.3)+68x(1.244.343.0)-364xr= 0 > 1=2.990m Distance between the resultant and load nearer to it (i.e. 114 KN) ae ge os = 2990 — 1200 = 1790 mm eye And distance of 68 KN load from resultant = (1200+4300) -2990 7200. 4399 3000, = 2510 mm —_1790, 2510" 72990 ones snes ec SE] Example on Determination of Abs. Max. Moment in slab culvert Cont. treating Wheels of Class A as concentrated Load |} 114 KN is heavier than the load on 364 other side of resultant (Le. 68KN), 4, 14 TB gg |- and also 114 KN load is nearer to 179042510 resultant compared to 68 KN load, ‘< ————— |} keeping 114 KN load and resultant 1200 _4300 3000 at equidistant from mid span in 2990 order to develop absolute maximum moment in bridge af ‘4 ta | e688 9/25/2022 12Example on Determination of Abs. Max. Moment in slab culvert Cont. treating Wheels of Class A as concentrated Load sooo-iz00e05 114 14 | St 68 68 £2005 14300 —— 98" 3000 S000 + Reaction at right support of beam = [114x2905 +114x(5000-895) +68x(2905+1200 +4300) +68x(2905+1200 +4300+3000)] /10000 = 214.62 kN + Reaction at left support = 364 — 214.62 = 149.38 kN + Maximum moment under the 114 KN Load (near mid-span) = 149.38 *(2.905+1.2)— 114x1.2 = 476.4 kNm + Check: BM at mid span = 149.38%5—114x(1.2+0.895) -114x0.895 = 406.04 kNm <476.4 KN (OK) [Example on Determination of Abs. Max. [Moment in slab culvert Cont........ treating heels of Class A as concentrated Load (C) Considering Class-A Trailers only (No driving vehicle) on Deck 83 jz] as 14s. 9/25/2022 13:xample on Determination of Abs. Max. vod sian ‘ont........ treating Wheels of Class A as concentrated Load 3000 :xample on Determination of Abs. Max. vod sin ‘ont........ treating Wheels of Class A as concentrated Load 27a 68 eT 68 68 1500! 1509] 300030003000 “4500 "232 Keeping the resultant and either 68 kN load (nearer to resultant) at equidistant from mid span in order to develop absolute maximum moment in bridge. 2 ee few rs ta 5000 9/25/2022 14:xample on Determination of Abs. Max. vod sin AL, ‘ont........ treating Wheels of Class A as concentrated Load Reaction at right support of beam = [68%1250+68%(4250)+68%(7250)+68%(10250)] /10000 = 156.4 KN Reaction at left support = 272 — 156.4 = 115.6 KN Maximum moment under the 68 kN Load (near mid-span) = 115.6 *(1.25+3.0) - 68*3.0 = 287.3 KNm Check: BM at mid span = 115.6*5-68%(3.0 + 0.750) -68%0.75 = 272.0 kNm < 287.3 kN OK Thus Case (A) gives maximum moment which is 535.7 kKNm. [Determination of SHEAR FORCE IN SLAB Due to Class A loading Treating Wheel a | Loads as Concentrated Loads (A) Considering Class-A Driving vehicle only on Deck First, there is need to fix the position of the axels in longitudinal direction to develop maximum Shear Force in Bridge using rollingimoving load concept. 9/25/2022 15Determination of Shear Force IN SLAB Due EE iB lto Class A loading Treating Wheel Loads as’ (ConcentratedLoads __ Cont. Determination of Max. Negative Shear Force for Case A 7 114 114 “100” 3200 1200 L= 10000 Position of axels of driving vehicle to produce maximum shear at left support Maximum NEGATIVE shear i.e. maximum reaction at left support may be determined by taking the moment about support B as Va = [2710.0 + 27%(10.0-1.1) + 114x(10,0-1,1-3.2) +114x(10.0-1.1-3.2-1.2)J/10.0 = 167.31 KN Determination of Shear Force IN SLAB ot Ito Class A loading Treating Wheel Loads as’ Concentrated Loads __Cont. Determination of Max. Positive Shear Force for Case A a oar 114 "4 00 L= 10000 Maximum POSITIVE shear i.e, maximum reaction at left support may be determined by taking the moment about support A as Vp = [114%10.0 + 114x(10.0 - 1.2) + 27%(10.0- 12-3.2) +427x(10.0 - 1,2- 3.2 - 1.1)]/10.0 = 241.59 KN 9/25/2022 16Determination of Shear Force IN SLAB Due EE iB lto Class A loading Treating Wheel Loads as’ [ConcentratedLoads __Cont. (B) Considering Rare Axels of Class-A Driving vehicle and {Trailer on Deck Only the rare axel of driving vehicle and a trailer may be accommodated on the bridge of span 10 m [Determination of Shear Force IN SLAB Due: Ito Class A loading Treating Wheel Loads “= [ConcentratedLoads _Cont. Determination of Max. Negative Shear Force for Case B m4 oe 68 68 t Maximum NEGATIVE shear i.e. maximum reaction at left support may be determined by taking the moment about support B as Va = [114%10.0 + 114x(10.0-1.2) + 68x(10.0-1.2-4.3) 468x(10.0-1.2- 4.3-3.0)]/10.0 = 255.12 KN 9/25/2022 7[Determination of Shear Force INSLAB Due Ry | ito Class A loading Treating Wheel Loads a: (Concentrated Loads _ Cont. Determination of Max. Positive Shear Force for Case A 1414 68 68 “3000 Maximum POSITIVE shear i.e. maximum reaction at left support may be determined by taking the moment about support B as Vp = [6810.0 + 68x(10.0-3.0) + 114x(10.0-3.0-4.3) +114%(10.0-3.0- 4.3 - 1.2)]/10.0 = 163.48 KN [Determination of Shear Force IN SLAB Due: Ito Class A loading Treating Wheel Loads “= \ConcentratedLoads _Cont. 68 68 68 68 a a a Maximum NEGATIVE shear i.e. maximum reaction at left support Va = [68%10.0 + 68x(10.0-3.0) + 68x(10.0-3,0-3.0) +68x(10.0-3.0- 3.0 - 3.0)J/10.0 = 149.6 KN Note: Due to symmetric loads, Here, Max. Positive SF = Max. Negative SF 9/25/2022 18Summary of Shear Forces ae Case A: Driving Vehicle over the Span Maximum Negative Shear Force = 167.3 kN Maximum Positive Shear Force = 241.59 kN Case B: Rare Axels of Driving Vehicle and Trailer over the Span: Maximum Negative Shear Force = 255.12 kN Maximum Positive Shear Force = 163.48 kN Case C: Only Trailers over the Span: Maximum Negative Shear Force = 149.6 kN Maximum Positive Shear Force = 149.6 kN Hence, Maximum Shear Force = 241.59 kN Dispersion of Live Load through deck slab 9/25/2022 19[Dispersion of Wheel Loads having Finite Contact Area + For simplicity in calculations, normally wheel loads are assumed to have Infinitesimal contact area, as a result, loads are treated as Concentrated loads. + However, in reality, loads have a certain contact area and the wheel load is uniformly distributed over the contact area. + If wheel Loads are distributed over the Finite Contact Area, dispersion of load through the deck slab also takes place and wheel load is assumed to be uniformly distributed over this dispersed area [|i w:CU DISPERSION OF DISTRIBUTED LOAD ON DECK SLAB * Dispersion of Load is \ considered up to bottom fiber off conorete slab. ~ + In thickness direction, load passes through = wearing coat, and . —conerete slab + Dispersion of load is considered through wearing coat as well as concrete slab, + Dispersion of load takes place in span direction as well as in eat teat Transverse direction Length of Load after dispersion along length -> ‘Effective length of Load” Width of Load after dispersion along width > ‘Effective width of Load’ 9/25/2022 20DISPERSION OF LOAD ALONG SPAN EH (DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE LENGTH) + Load is assumed to disperse in longitudinal direction by 45° through wearing coat as well as concrete slab + Effective length of load along the span after dispersion through the deck thickness and wearing coat is obtained as 1 \S bE A« APP ae ll, =1+2x(D+t,) Where, D= overall thickness of concrete slab and t, = Thickness of wearing coat DISPERSION OF LOAD ALONG WIDTH a | DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE WIDTH ) + In width direction, dispersion of load through wearing coat is considered at 45° (same as in case of effective length) + width of the wheel after dispersion through wearing coat only b,=b+2t, where, t,, = thickness of wearing coat However, dispersion of load along width through slab depends o * Distance of load from nearest support, and * Aspect ratio (B/L) of the slab where, B is width of] slab including kerb/ footpath) + Type of support conditior 9/25/2022 21DISPERSION OF LOAD ALONG THE EH WIDTH (EFFECTIVE WIDTH) Cont. Width of load after dispersion through wearing coat and slab i.e. effective width is calculated as Seo, Actual widthof slab L) istance of CG of Load from Nearest Support K = constant which depends on (i) the (BIL) ratio where B is the width of the slab and (ii)Type of support conditions of slab (i.e. SS or Cont.) ( b.=K.a 1- \ where, 2, Value of K for Different Aspect ratios EB of slab (Annexure B-3 of IRC 112) The Coefficient ‘k’ for Simply Supported (SS) and Fixed/Continuous (Cont.) Slabs are given in following Table s Kier = Kier No. |B Ss [Cont | No. |B [~ss" [Cont 1 [or oa OF i pia | 360 [2.28 2 [02 Os 08 12 [12 | 268 [2.36 3. [03 Lig ie P13, | 1a 2.72 2.40 ces Las [Lae [ 1a [1a 2802s a 172 [ Los [15] 13 [2.84 [3.48 6. [os 196 tsa [16 | 16288 [2.52 7_[ or 22196 P17} 7392352 pow 224 [2.08 P18, [18 [2.96 [2.60 3. [ 09 236 [3.16 [19 | 19 [3.00 [3.60 11.0 248 [2.24 [20 [20 [3.00 [2.60 9/25/2022 22|i ti‘(‘ia a ZT Determination of Effective width for Single Wheel Load A ECE +m B le Pressure on entire area,|.~*-{ i + kaif , nan hateax(D41) UDI, w = p (kN?) x 4 m w kim mmm = # KN L |i (ti‘ When two or more wheel loads are placed on deck slab, actual contact area of wheels do not overlap, however, the dimensions of wheels after considering dispersion may overlap. + Overlapping of whee''s dispersed areas (at bottom fiber) may be (i) along length of wheel only (ii) along width of wheel only (ii) along length as well as width of wheel E 9/25/2022 23Determination of Effective Length of | | Dispersion Due to Two wheel Loads Two possibilities + Effective Lengths of the wheels NOT Overlap + Effective Lengths of the wheels Overlap oom | | oo io | oo No Overlap of Effective Lengths Effective Lengths of wheels Overlap Effective Lengths of Wheels will overlap or not it depends on + Spacing between axels + Wheel length + Thickness of slab Determination of Equivalent Effective Lent i due to Two or more Loads along the span : NO overlapping along length * Loads are treated as two separate loads + Load for per m length for each load is calculated separately + Ifthe Effective with for i load is b, and effective length is |,, + UDL under a load W, load, p,= Wy(I,x b,) kNim? 8 a : 9/25/2022 24[Determination of Equivalent Length due to am of Equivalent Length due fo ‘Two Loads along the span : Overlapping along length Toul? 2 Teal 7 If CIC spacing between axels > (leu lyya) > NO Overlap IFCIC spacing between axes < (ys * qua) > Overlapping Ifoverlapping is there, both the loads are assumed to produce pressure on _p z Equivalent length haw BES + ha + as/2) lg * 5 hyp/2 * lol) Determination of Equivalent Effective wie Due to Two wheels Loads kept Along width Two possibilities + Effective widths of the wheels Do not Overlap +_Effective widths of the wheels Overlaps + We) i {Hf fn i No Overlap of Effective Widths Effective Width of wheels Overlap Effective Widths of Wheels will overlap or not it depends on: + Spacing between wheels on a axel + Wheel width * Distance of axel from nearest support and + type of support condition i.e, SS or Cont. + Aspect ratio of slab 9/25/2022 25Equivalent Effective Width Due to Single EH ‘Axel having Two Wheels when Effective widths of wheels Do not Overlap IFIC spacing between wheots > (py: * Iya) > NO Overlap ICIC spacing between wheels < Vers + lea) > Overlapping For No overiapping case: Both wheels on a axel are treated as separate wheel Pressure under each wheel is calculated seperately L y= Welly ys) KN/| Iber lbae a= Welz Ba) KN? Bending Moment in Slab Due to Single a hay wving Two Wheels when Effective widths of wheels Do not Overlap * At mwide strip is considered under a whool and then pressure is calculated. + Ifa slab panel is subjected to two loads of different magnitudes (because wheels from different vehicles) L + tmwide 7 stripis > considered pew _ under a By = Welly Bgy) KN/m?| a wheel having 0 1 F maximum PL pressure Pe a= Wall bas) KNim Te Por = Mp. of (py and pj kNin? W = Prax X 17 = Pes KNI Ww kN/m. 9/25/2022 26Effective Dimensions of dispersed Load for Pair of aa |Axels (each axel having Two wheels): No Overlap of effective Lengths and No Overlap of Effective widths A strip considered at any location, will have pressure of p KN/m? 2 Ta. I pe ki im | Py kN? By = Walley bas) NI? 1m || Ter PykNim pa kNim LTT TTT Effective Width due to a Axel Containing ay ‘Two Wheels and their Effective Widths Overlaps + For the two or more concentrated loads in a direction perpendicular to the span direction and effective width for these load may overlap. + If effective widths of two or more loads overlap, net effective width is calculated Kerbi footpath be bya bei? ~ Oreap” Pol? Tat Whon toads are away from the edge The resulting effective wid is calculated a sum of individual wath minus the over 9/25/2022 27LFF Effective Width of a wheel placed near the Kerb + For the patch (distributed) Load loads placed near the kerb/footpath (at minimum clearance), there may be two possibilities: — When Effective width of wheel is within the bridge premises — When effective width extends beyond the premises of bridge When Effective width of wheel is within the bridge premises When effective width extends beyond the premises of bridge (EntSaye width tobe. Effective width of a Single Axel containing EH Two wheels and their Effective widths. Overlaps but NOT Extends out of Bridge y= Wy, by a= Walle Bas) — P= (WM, Wi) ill bd 9/25/2022 28Effective Width due to Two Loads ane ‘width of slab: Effective within slab When loads are near to edge (kerb) w Dow! HF aqa!2-Dyl2) + Dayal2Dyl2) < 9 OR dey /2 + Boyd < (Gt bytl2 + byol2) > No overlap If (ows/2-Dysl2) < ¢ + w (if any) OR boy/2 < (6+ byi2 +) > Effective width remains within the stab Maximum Moment Due to Single Axel EH containing Two wheels and their Effective widths Overlaps but Extends out of Bridge p=2Wil, bd) 9/25/2022 29Effective Width due to Two Loads ar width of slab: Effective Extends beyon! the slab When loads are near to edge (kerb) Ta Bal bg Oa If ou!2Dy/2) # Dye2-bual2) <9 OR beyI2 + Boul? < (Qt By!2* byg2) > No overlap If Deys/2-Dyyl2) > 0+ (iFany) OR beyl2> (6+ by /2+W) > Effective width extends beyond the extreme edge of the slab, Longitudinal Position of Wheel for EB Determination of Maximum Shear 7 1 6 8 Wk Bp kNim? pkNin 4 L 9/25/2022 30[| fF Example Single Lane Voided Slab Bridge +Example: Determine the Absolute Max. Moment, in 10 m span and 4.25 m wide carriage way Simply Supported voided slab bridge due to Class-A Load. Thickness of slab is 450 mm and wearing coat thickness is 80 mm. Width of kern on each side is 250 mm. Bending moment due to IRC Class A Vehicle Considering Dispersion of Wheel Loads + For accuracy point of view, wheel loads are considered as Distributed loads + Since, last two (rare) axels are close, probably the dispersed lengths of rare wheels may overlap, and, + In case effective lengths of rare axels overlaps, two wheels will be treated as a single distributed load in longitudinally direction + Therefore, firstly there is a need to determine the effective lengths of the rare two axels (over the bridge deck) and check for overlapping :xample Single Lane Voided Slab Bridge Cont Bending moment due to IRC Class A Vehicle ‘onsidering Dispersion of Wheel Loads Deriving Vehicle 88 68 68 (854) 9/25/2022 31|) cc wm UL Contact Areas for IRC Class-A Loading ig rel Loais | Ground Conc Area Tr ay) Bim) wim) gow, Se ae 4 a 200 380 = ia 27 kN i $ Section 27 150 200) 9) : ; 1 Clear Cariage 3 7 2: | i |s2 Wath BMG i Varying between | 160 mm for su Hho ‘Above 75m 12m way widths a Q = 7 B: 114 kN in nl w Ww 1.975 mto 2.3 m Effe ae jective Length of Dispersion of Two Rare [Axels of Driving Vehicle of Class-A Loading Considering 45° dispersion of loads (through weering coat and slab thickness), Effective length of heaviest wheel of class A vehicle (measured along span of bridge) + 2%(D + t,) = 0.25+ 2°(0.45+0.08) = 1.31m 1310+ 5 COBY si0— Effective Length of Dispersion for Rare Axel of Driving Vehicle of Class-A Wheels Loads Since, CIC spacing between wheels (=1.2) < sum of half of the effective lengths (0.5x1.31+0.5x1.31 = 1.31 m), effective lengths for both the axels will overlap From the figure, total Effective length of dispersion of both the axels will be [= 1.302 +1.2 + 1.312 = 251m 9/25/2022 32Jeteive Lenght eprcon tte acon Oe | Effective Length of Dispersion of Rare Axels of Driving Vehicle of Class-A Loading + Thus both the wheels will be treated as a single load of length 2.51 mand the magnitude of this combined load will be 228 KN (=2x114). + Inorder to develop maximum moment at mid span this 2.51 m long uniformly distributed load must be placed symmetrically Effective Length of Dispersion for Rare Axcls of Driving Vehicle of Class-A Wheels Loads Effective Length of Dispersion of Front we of Deriving Vehicle of Class-A Loading | Considering 45° dispersion of loads ({hrough wearing coat and slab thickness), Effective length of heaviest wheel of class A vehicle (measured along span of bridge) =1+ 24D + t,) = 0.15+ 2*(0.45+0.08) = 27kN 27kN 140, sig LY. priboohosam aaa cenn se 1210 ——=— 1210 2310 Effective Length of Dispersion for Rare Axcl of Driving Vehicle of Class-A Whecls Loads Since, C/C spacing between wheels (=1.1) < sum of half of the effective lengths (0.5x1.21+0.5x1.21 = 1.21 m),, effective lengths for both the front axels also will overlap 9/25/2022 33Effective Length of Dispersion of a | Trailer Axels of Class-A Loading Considering 45° dispersion of loads (through wearing coat and slab thickness), Effective length of heaviest wheel of class A vehicle (measured along span of bridge) ++ 2*(D + t,) = 0.20+ 2%(0.45+0.08) = 1.26 m 68 KN 68kN a som — 1260 —— 1260 Effective Length of Dispersion for Rare Axel of Driving Vehicle of Class-A Wheels Loads Since, C/C spacing between wheels (=3.0) > sum of half of the effective lengths (0.5x1.26+0.5x1.26 = 1.26 m), effective lengths for both the axels will not ‘overlap and each load of 68 kN will be dispersed over a length of 1.26 m. Determination of Maximum Moment EB in Deck Due to Class-A Loading + Maximum Moment in bridge deck (normally occurs near mid-span} + Steps to determine Maximum Moment at M span, are + The critical position of Vehicle for producing Maximum moment at Mid-span + Longitudinal dispersion of wheel loads, and the possibility of overlapping wheel effective lengths, if any. + Transverse dispersion of wheel loads, and the possibility of overlapping wheel effective width, if any. + Determination of UDL on deck due to a wheel or group of wheels [in case of overlapping the effective dimension(s)] + Consider 1 m wide strip and calculate UDL (kN/m) on this strip + Calculate moment at mid-span 9/25/2022 34Longitudinal Position of Class-A Loading = Bw for Max. Moment at Mid-span + Since span of bridge is 10 m and the length of vehicle (distance between front axel of driving vehicle and rare axel of last trailr) is 18.8 m,, the following possibilities need to be examined for determination of maximum moment in bridge: + Case A: Only Driving Vehicle on Bridge + Case B: Rare axels of deriving vehicle and few wheels of Trailers + Case C: Two no. of Trailers Determination of Longitudinal Position of EB Class-A Driving Vehicle for Max. Moment at Mid span Case A: Only Driving Vehicie on Bridge ‘Total Load of wheels on a side of Deriving Vehicle = (272 + 114 x2)/2 = 141 kN For maximum moment at mid-span, the mid span should divide the load in same proportion as it divides the span i.e. 1:1 Hence, the load on each side of mid-span must be 141/2 = 70.5 kN. + Since, the front axels dispersion lengths overlap, i.e. (27/2)x2 = 27 KN load is to applied over a length of 2.31 m and intensity of UDL will be 27/2.31 = 11.69 kNim ‘+ Thus, the part of the rare axel load to be considered an loft side of mid-span fotal Load required on left half — load of front axel = 70.5- 27 = 43.5 KN + As the rare axel lengths also overlap and dispersed over a length of 2.51 m, intensity of UDL under rare axel = (114/2+114/2)/2,51 = 45.42 kNim *+ Hence, length of the distributed load of rare axel on left of mid-span = 43.5/45.42 = 0.9577 m, and length of load on right side of mid span = 2.51 - 0.9577 = 1.5632 m 27 KN 43.6 KN 70.5 *N Total Load of Rare axel = 114 kN. {IC distance between the Loads 9/25/2022 35Determination of Effective Width ro Loading Driving Vehicle Front Axels TH 5702073} Cie anes beeen he onde | aa" Ties 138-436 | + Effective width of dispersion (moasured along width of bridge) for a wheel load, by = Kx(1-WL}+ by, + Aspect ratio of slab = (B/)}= (0.25+4,25+0.25)/10.0 = 0.475 + For (BIL) = 0.475, the coefficient K (from Table IRC 112) = 1.66 + Distance of CG of Front axel Load from nearest support = (5 + 0.2973 - 4.35) = 0.9473 m + by =Kx(1 wiL)# b, = 1.66+0.9473x(1-0.9473/10) + (0.2042+0.075)= 1.774 mf + Since the CIC distance of wheels on Front axel is 1.8 m, the effective widths of Front wheels will NOT overlap each other and these wheels will be treated individually aera the width Effective Width of Front Axels of Driving Wheels of EH Der riving Vehicle of Class A Loading |: check for effective width Extending beyond bridge, ifany } Moreover ihe Class-A vehicles placedat minimum clearance of 0.15 m from the kerb, the distance of CG of extreme eccentric wheel from extreme fibre of bridge (in transverse direction) = kerb width + clearance + wheel width2 = 0.25+0.15+ 0.2012 = 0.5 m Width of dispersion of each (near/far) wheel = 1.774 m ‘Since the available space for dispersion (= 0.5 m) is less than the half of the. ‘width of whee! after dispersion (= 1.774/2 = 0.887), effective width of wheel nearer to kerb will extend beyond the bridge Net width of dispersion of front wheel (nearer to Kerb) = 0.51.774/2=1.387 m Since the CIC spacing of wheels (=1.8 m) > (1.774/2+ 1.77412), Front wheel's effective widths will NOT overiap and will be considered as SEPARATE loads Since, there are two axel807 955 au aren Front sido of diving vohiclo and =250, 10077 both of them have been found cin ek overlapping iongtucnaly, oSba90095~iamoonc0css— 4 hence, total oad (27/2+27/2 = — Secieae 174 —— 1774 27 kN) wil be acting on the v0 overlapped over a length 2.31 m Va—>"387 : 9/25/2022 36+ Hence, the 27 kN load nearer to kerb will be dispersed over a width of 1.387 m, while the load far from the kerb will disperse over a with of 1.774 m. + Since, dispersed width for load nearer to kerb (1.387 m) is less than that for far load (1.774 m), the intensity of pressure under the load nearer to kerb will be higher than that for far load. + Hence, the one meter wide strip to be considered for design of slab will pass Under the load near to kerb. Pressure under the front axel wheels nearer to kerb = (27) [1.387% 2.31] = 8.43 kNim? Effective Width of Rare Axels of Wheels of EB Deriving Vehicle of Class A Loading Pere tance between he toads | Niava2r 22 436 ml aaa 217209577 = 0.2973 m + Distance of CG of Rare axels (acting as a single load due overtapping in longitudinal direction) from nearest (right) support x = (6-0.2873) = 4,703 m + Width of whee! after Dispersion Through the Wearing Coat b,, = (b+2t,,) = 0.50+2x0,08 = 0.66 m + by = Kx(tx/L)# by = 1.6604.703x(1-4.703/10) + 0.66 = 4.796 m + Since the CIC distance of wheels on Front axel is 1.8 m, the effective widths ‘of Rare wheels will OVERLAP each other, 9/25/2022 37Effective Width of Rare Axels of Driving EB |Wheels of Deriving Vehicle of Class A Loading + Available distance from center of wheel to edge of bridge: = width of kerb + clearance+ width of wheel/2) 0.25 +0.15+0.5/2 = 0.65 m < half of effective length(4.796/2 m), Hence, dispersed width of wheel will extend beyond the bridge (in transverse direction) Net width of dispersion of rare axel loads = 0.65 + 1.2 + 4.796/2 = 4.248 m Since, thor are two axols 250, ARN on rare side of driving sibs Vehicle and both of thom Son SW5GS 000005050 are overlapping 6 longitudinally, hence, load 60 4794 (114/2+11472 = 114 KN) wil 4431 act over a length of 2.51 m ‘and width 4.248 m . 409. Pressure under the Rare axel wheels (acting as a single whee!) = (1144114) / [4.248% 2.51] = 21.38 kN? 1200 __14KN Determination of Bending Moment due to EH Deriving Vehicle of Class A Loading | Once, the intensity of pressure under the fronf’and rare axels = Known, maximum moment may be determined as ea kin 21.38 Nn 2s geri! 1pszs ‘29473m! —ClOdslance between he Loads | Hevea 12ie= 43 mt 1a = 50m ep 612.99877 =02973 m |. Reaction at let support, Ry [38%2,51»(5,0 - 0,2973) + 8.43%2,31x (10,0 -0,9473)]/10,0 = 42.87 kN }- Reaction at Right support = 8.43x2.31 + 21.38%2.51-42.87 =30.27 KN | Moment at Mid-span = 30.27%8.0 ~ 21.38%1.5523x( 1.552312) 6.6 kNm_ per m width Previously treating the wheel loads as concentrated load, Moment was determined as 535.7 kNm which was for total width ie. (0.25+4.25+0.25 = 4.75 m) Hence moment per unit width = §35.7/4.75 = 112.78 kNm which is approx. 10% lower than that determined considering the dispersion of load. 9/25/2022 38