Composite Bridge

12/7/2022
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
COMPOSITE BRIDGES
COMPOSITE BRIDGES
• Bridges made of different materials in Deck slab and girder 
Composite Bridges
• In the composite Highway bridges, generally RCC slab is
provided over the
– Rolled Steel I-section girders,
– Plate girders
– Pre-cast Prestressed concrete girders,
• Most commonly used composite bridges employ steel girders
with cast-in situ RC slab
• In composite Bridges  composite action is Necessary
• For the composite action  Shear connectors are provided
• Composite bridges are recommended for span 10-20 m
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Shear Connectors on steel Girder
Weld
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Shear Connectors in Bridges consisting

Steel girders with Cast-in-Situ Slabs
Transverse and Longitudinal Sections of a Transverse Sect. of a girder
girder having single Shear Connector having Double Shear
Connectors
Transverse Sect. Longitudinal Sect.
Shear Connectors in Bridges consisting

Steel girders with Precast Slabs
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Importance of Shear connectors
End-slip occurs
Slab and girder connection without Shear Connector
No End-slip
Slab and girder connection with Shear Connector
Comparison of Non-composite & Composite Girders

Steel beam and concrete slab Steel beam and concrete slab
without Shear Connector with Shear Connector
• Separate Neutral Axis for slab and • Common Neutral axis for slab and
girder girder
• Due to separate NA, tension at • Due to common NA, slab remains in
bottom flange of concrete slab compression throughout the depth
• Load carrying capacity is found of slab consequently NO tension at
large compared to without shear bottom flange of concrete slab
connectors • No slip at steel-concrete interface
• Slip occurs at slab-girder interface • The deformation of both is the same
• The deformation of both is the but – δ2 < δ1
same – equal to δ1
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Composite Bridges Vs RCC Bridges

• Steel girder is stronger in
tension but weak in
compression due to
buckling.
Lateral Torsional Buckling in Steel

girder with out concrete slab
• Concrete is strong in compression and weak in Tension

• In Composite Sections consisting Concrete slab on Steel I-
girder, the concrete slab restricts the buckling of girder
• As a result, composite sections found Strong in Tension (due
to steel) as well as in compression
• Due to the composite action
– area of effective compression flange increases
– No buckling problem since steel girder flange is embedded
in concrete
• Consequently, strength of composite girder becomes greater
than the plain steel girder
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Composite Bridges Vs RCC Bridges Cont…….

• More ultimate load carrying capacity than RCC bridges due to
steel in tension and concrete plus steel in compression
• Due to more strength of composite girder, the composite
girder needs lesser depth of section
• Due to lesser depth
• Reduction in self weight of the bridges
• Reduction in embankment cost
• Reduction in cost of approaches slabs
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Advantages of Composite Bridges

over the non-composite bridges
• Speedy erection of bridge and better quality control,
• reduction in cost of formwork due to steel/precast girder
• Due to composite action, Reduction in steel cost (8-60%
due to reduction in quantity of steel required) (victor)
compared to Non-composite bridges.
• Reduced deflection, and
• Low vibrations in bridge
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Design of Shear Connectors

• Shear connectors are designed for following:
– Strength at Ultimate Limit State i.e. design for Ultimate
Loads
– Serviceability requirement
• Fatigue, and
• Deflection
• Moreover, the shear connectors must be capable of
resisting uplift of slab from steel section (generally occurs
near mid-span
Uplifting of Slab on Girder

• Headed stud shear connectors may be assumed to provide
sufficient resistance to uplift, unless the shear connection
is subjected to direct tension in which case they should be
supplemented by anchoring devices.
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Design Aspects of Shear Connectors

• Horizontal shear force developed at the junction of slab and
steel/precast girder is resisted by mechanical shear
connectors
• Shear connectors are designed to resist the horizontal
shear force between points of maximum moment and
point of zero moment.
• Bond at the interface of slab and girder, if any, is ignored.
• Factor of Safety for concrete and steel
• Factor of safety for structural steel at ultimate = 1.25
• Factor of safety for shear connector = 1.25
• Factor of safety for concrete = 1.5
Analysis Stages
1. Construction Stage (Check for Steel Section only)
 Permanent loads applied before the slab has hardened, are
carried by the steel sections alone.
2. Service stage (Short-term composite section)
 Transient loads (such as live loads) are assumed to be
carried by short-term composite action.
 The short-term modular ratio should be used in analysis
2. Long-term composite section
 Permanent loads applied after the slab has been hardened
are carried by the long-term composite section.
 The long-term modular ratio should be used in analysis
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Shear Connectors are Designed for:
• Limit State of Serviceability
• Check for stresses in concrete and steel
• Check for Deflection at service stage
• Concrete crack width not exceeds prescribed limit
• Slip at the interface between steel & concrete not
exceeds permissible limits
• No excessive Vibration are developed in bridge
specifically in overhang portion
• Check for Fatigue Strength
• Stresses in the materials not exceeds the
permissible stress limit for fatigue
• Limit State of Collapse
• Check for Moment of Resistance (Strength) at ultimate
GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF
COMPOSED SECTION
FOR ELASTIC ANALYSIS
(for Limit State of Serviceability & Fatigue)
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Effective Width for Inner beam

X B1 B2
beff
Outer Inner
Girder Girder
L0 B1  B2
Effective width for Inner Slab, beff  
4 2
L
• For equal spacing of the girders B1 = B2 = B, beff  0  B
4
Where,
L0 = Distance between points of zero moments (L0 = span for
simply supported girder)
B = Center to center distance of transverse spans of inner slabs
Effective Depth for outer Edge beam

L0
Effective width for Inner slab, beff  X
8
L0 B B
Where,  and X  1
8 2 2
X B1 B2
beff
Outer Inner
Girder Girder
Effective Width for Composite Beams
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Types of Construction of Composite Bridges

There are two types of construction
• Un-propped Construction:
• Steel beam has to carry the construction loads including
shuttering, wet concrete,
• Under Limit State of Collapse, the Total load including
Transient Loads are resisted by the Composite Action
• Propped Construction:
• Both the DL and LL are Resisted by the Composite Action
• The props are kept in place until the in-situ concrete gains
a characteristic strength equal to approximately twice the
stress to which concrete may be subjected shortly after
removal of props
ELASTIC Analysis of Composite Section

for Limit State of Serviceability
(Concrete Uncracked)
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Design for serviceability

According to Code (Cl. 604 - IRC 22-2015)
• Elastic analysis is to be used for finding design moment and
stresses under various load combinations with appropriate
load factors (for serviceability) as given in IRC 112
• Concrete is assumed as un-cracked and un-reinforced in
Compression
• The Stress and strain at the Serviceability Limit state
depends on the Method of Construction
Note: The stresses in Limit State Design Method NOT Depends
on construction method
Analysis of Composite Section for Serviceability Limit

Determination of sectional properties for Limit State of Serviceability
For calculating stress and deflection at SERVICE stage, modular
ratio (m) is used to convert concrete into equivalent steel is
calculated as
Es
m  7.5 For short  term effect of loading
Ecm
Es
m 15 For permanent or Long  term Loads
kc Ecm
Where,
kc = creep factor to include long term effect (=0.5 as per code)
Es = Modulus of Elasticity of steel = 2.0x105 Mpa
Ecm = Modulus of Elasticity of cast-in-situ Concrete at 28 days
(= 5000fck)
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Analysis at service stage when

the concrete age < 28 days
The modular ratio at stage (after i days, i <28 days) may be
calculated as
m  Es Eci
Eci = Modulus of Elasticity of cast-in-situ concrete at i days (i< 28)
• Long term values include the effect of creep, shrinkage for which no
separate calculations may be needed
• The equivalent area of concrete at any stage is determined by dividing
the effective width of concrete slab by the relevant modular ratio ‘m’.
Analysis of Composite Section

at Service stage
Transformation of Section for Analysis at Service stage
• In order to analyze the bridge for stresses and deflection at SERVICE
stage, materials are assumed linear elastic.
• In linear elastic analysis, section should consist ‘Single material’.
• Therefore, either steel is to converted into equivalent concrete or
concrete is to converted into equivalent steel.
• For convenience, concrete is converted into equivalent steel.
• Further, concrete may be converted into equivalent steel in three
ways, by changing i) thickness only, ii) width only, and iii) by changing
thickness as well as width. It is convenient to adopt ii) strategy.
beff beff, eq
ts ts
yt
Original section Equivalent
Steel section yb
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Analysis of Composite Section at

Service stage Cont…...
Reduced (equivalent) width of slab = beff / m (transformed to steel)
Equivalent area of slab, Ace = (beff / m)  tc
Total Area of cross-section
= Area of steel + Area of equivalent Slab
= As + Ace = As + (beff, eq. tc)
= As + (beff / m)  tc
beff beff, eq.=(beff /m)
tc tc
yt
yb
Original section Transformed section


Determination of Neutral Axis Position of Composite Section
(i) When Composite NA in Girder i.e. ycom > tc (beff /m)
Let the CG of composite section is at
tc
distance ycom from the top fibre of the actual ycom yt
concrete section (since depth of actual
section and equivalent sections are same) d
A  t 2  As  tc  d 2
yb
ycom  ce c
Ace  As Transformed section
As = area of steel girder
Ace = equivalent area of concrete slab) slab = (beff / m)  tc
tc = Thickness of Concrete Slab
d = Overall depth of steel girder
Check that calculated ycom  tc, If yes, Okay, otherwise recalculate
ycom assuming NA in Concrete slab
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Determination of Neutral axis position of Composite Section
(ii) When Composite NA is within slab i.e. ycom < tc
In this case concrete above the Composite NA
(beff /m)
only will be assumed effective (as concrete below
ycom
the NA will be cracked and neglected). If distance tc yt
of composite section NA from top fiber is ycom, then
Ase   ycom 2  As  t s  d 2
ycom  d yb
Ase  As
Where, A se  Equv. area of concrete slab  (b eff /m)  t s
A s  Area of Steel girder Transformed section
ycom 
(beff /m)  tc   ycom 2  As  tc  d 2
(beff /m)  tc   As
 A quadratic equation in ycom
Check that calculated ycom< ts, If yes, Okay.

Stresses in Section When NA in steel girder
Stress at Top fiber of Steel Girder (beff /m)
M  yt  t c 
f st  ycom tc
yt
I comp
Stress at Bottom fiber of Steel Girder d
yb
M yb
f sb 
I comp
Stress at Top fiber of Concrete Slab
1  M yt 
f ct 
m  I comp 
Stress at Bottom fiber of Concrete Slab
1  M  yt  tc  
f cb 
m  I comp 
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Stresses in Section When NA in Concrete girder
M tc  yt 
Stress at Top fiber of Steel Girder
(beff /m)
f st  ycom
tc yt
I comp
Stress at Bottom fiber of Steel Girder
M yb d yb
f sb 
I comp
Stress at Top fiber of Concrete Slab
M yt
f ct  m 
I comp
Stress at Bottom fiber of Concrete Slab M  yt  t c 
f cb  m 
I comp
Limit for Deflection and Camber

• Calculated Deflection of Composite girder under Live
Loads and Impact should not exceed (span/800)
• Moreover, in any load combination, deflection due to
DL, Superimposed DL, LL and Impact should not
exceed (Span/600)
• Deflection at tip of the cantilever due DL, LL and
impact should not exceed (cantilever span/300)
• Deflection at tip of the cantilever due LL and impact
only should not exceed (cantilever span/400)
• If sufficient no. of bracings/diaphragms of sufficient
strength are provided, Moment of Inertia of
equivalent section may be used to calculate
deflection and stresses.
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DESIGN OF SHEAR
CONNECTORS
TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTORS

• Shear connectors are provided to transfer Longitudinal Shear
Force between the concrete slab and structural steel (girder).
• Natural bond between concrete and steel, if any, is ignored
• Shear Connectors may be provided in the form of Stud, Angle,
channel or I-shaped.
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Materials for Shear Connectors

• Shear Connectors are made using
(i) Mild Steel , and Irrespective to Grade
(ii) High-strength Steel of steel in girder
• Flexible (mild steel) Shear connectors are preferred due to

their better performance (in fatigue)
• Channel, Tee and Angle type shear connectors are made of
Mild steel ONLY to impart flexibility
• However, Stud type shear connectors may be made of Mild
steel OR of High-strength Steel
Design aspects of Shear Connectors

• Shear connector’s Strength and Spacing are checked for all the
Limit States Separately (i.e. LS of Collapse and serviceability)
• All the shear connectors should be capable of resisting
uplift of slab from steel section, if any.
• Channel and stud type shear connectors provide adequate
safety against uplift
• Channel and Headed stud shear connectors may be assumed
to provide sufficient resistance to uplift, unless the shear
connection is subjected to direct tension (such as
concentrated load on girder, say in roof slab in industrial
structures) in which case they should be supplemented by
anchoring devices.
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Design aspects of Shear Connectors Cont…

• Magnitude of horizontal shear force decreases towards mid-
span, therefore, shape/dimensions(diameter)/spacing of shear
connectors may be varied in steps.
• Shear connectors may be kept uniform (shape, size and
spacing) over a segment (say segment length = l), where the
design Longitudinal shear force per unit length NOT
EXCEEDS the design shear Resistance by more than 10%
provided following condition is satisfied
Total Design Longitudinal Shear Force in segment ' l '
 Total Design Shear Resistance in segment length ' l '.

• Shear connectors are Designed for Limit states of
Collapse
• And Checked for Limit states of Serviceability
(Fatigue)
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Determination of
Ultimate Shear
Strength of Shear
Connectors
Ultimate Design Shear Strength of

Stud Type Shear Connectors
Qu 

0.8 f u d 2 4   0.29 d 2
f ck cy  Ecm
(in N )
v v
  0.2hs d  1 for 3 
hs
4
d
1.0 for hs d  4
γ v  partial safety factor for stud connector  1.25
d  diameter of shunk of the stud in mm
f u  Ultimate tensile strength of stud material  500 N/mm 2
h s  nominal height of stud
f ck cy   Characteristic cylinderical strength of concrete  0.8f ck
E cm  Secant Modulus of concrete (from Table III.1of annex. III of IRC 22
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Properties of Concrete (IRC 112:2010 Table No. 6.5)

M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 M45 M50 M55 M60 M65 M70 M75 M80 M85 M90
(fck)cu
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
(Mpa)
(fck)cy
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72
(Mpa)
fctm
1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0
(Mpa)
Ecm
27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 38 39 40 40 41
(Gpa)
(fck)cu = Characteristic Compressive (Cube) Strength of concrete
(fck)cy = Characteristic Compressive (Cylindrical) Strength of concrete
= 0.8 28 days cube crushing strength of concrete
fctm = Mean Tensile Strength of concrete
Ecm = Secant Modulus of Elasticity of concrete (for Quartzite/Granite aggregates)
Ecm for Lime stone aggregate = 0.8  Ecm for Quartzite/Granite aggregates
Ecm for Sand stone aggregate = 0.9  Ecm for Quartzite/Granite aggregates
Ecm for Basalt aggregate = 1.2  Ecm for Quartzite/Granite aggregates
Determination of Shear connector Shear Strength for given Materials Properties
For d  25 mm, h s  100, fy  385 MPa, fu  495 MPa, M30 Conc.

For M 30 Concrete, f ck cy   24 MPa , Ecm  31GPa
  0.2hs d  1 for 3 
hs
4
d
1.0 for hs d  4
hs 100 h
  4 ; for s  4   1.0
d 25 d
Qu 

0.8 f u d 2 4


0.29 d 2 f ck cy  Ecm
(in N )
v v
Qu 
0.8  495    252 4

 
0.29 1 252 24  31103
1.25 1.25
Qu 155508 N  125070 N  Qu 125 kN 52
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Ultimate Strength of commonly

used Stud Type Shear Connectors
Ultimate Static Strength in
Connector
Types of Shear Connectors kN per connector for
Material
concrete strength fck (Mpa)
Stud Type Connectors fy = 385 Mpa,
f = 495 Mpa 25 30 40 50
Nominal Overall Height u
Elongation = 18%
Diameter (mm) (mm)
112 125 149 156
25 100
87 97 115 120
22 100
72 80 95 100
20 100
68 76 91 100
20 75
46 51 61 64
16 75
26 29 34 36
12 65
Note: For stud connectors of overall height greater than 100 mm the design static
strength should be taken as the values given table for 100 mm high connectors
Ultimate Strength of Channel Type

Shear Connectors
Assuming that web of the channel is vertical and
shear is applied nominally perpendicular to the
web, design resistance of channel Shear
connector is calculated as
Qu 
20 b h 
34
f ck cy  
13
Direction of
v Hor. Shear
b  Length of channel in mm bf
h  Height of channel in mm h
 v  partial safety factor for stud connector  1.25

f ck cy   Charact. cylinderical strength of concrete  0.8 f ck
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The formula given in code is applicable if: Length of

• Width of channel, b (measured  to channel (b)
long. axis of bridge) NOT exceeds 300 Direction of
mm Hor. Shear
• The height ‘h’ of the channel not

exceeds 20 times the web thickness or h
150 mm which ever less
• The underside of the top flange of the channel should not be
less than 30 mm clear above the bottom reinforcement.
• The leg length of the weld connecting the channel to the
plate should not exceed half of the plate thickness.
Qu 
20 b h 
34
f ck cy  
13
v
Strength of ISMC 125 and M30 Grade Concrete

For ISMC 125 : h = 125; bf = 65 mm
For Channel, b = 150 mm
For M30 Concrete: fck(cy) = 24 MPa
20 b h  f 
Direction of
34 13
Hor. Shear
ck cy
Qu 
v bf
20 150  125 24

34 13 h

1.25
 258799 N  259 kN per
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Ultimate Strength of some Channel

Type Shear Connectors
Ultimate Static Strength in
Connector kN per connector for
Types of Shear Connectors concrete strength fck (Mpa)
Material
25 30 40 50
Channel 150 mm Long (min.) IS:2062
ISMC 125 (h = 125; bf = 65 mm) 244 259 285 307
ISMC 100 (h = 100; bf = 50 mm) 206 219 241 260
ISMC 75 (h = 75; bf = 40 mm) 166 176 194 209
• For channels of lengths different from those quoted above, the
capacities are proportional to lengths for lengths greater than
150 mm
• For rolled steel angle and Tee shear connectors, the values
given for channel connectors are applicable provided height is at
least equal to that of channel
DESIGN OF SHEAR
CONNECTORS
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Methods of Design of Shear Connections

• Composite Beams are designed using following three
approaches:
1. Design Based Full shear connection
• Strength of composite section is governed either by
concrete or steel but not by shear connectors
2. Design Based Limit State of Collapse
• Strength of composite section is governed by Ultimate
Shear Resistance of shear connectors
3. Design Based on Limit State of Serviceability (Fatigue)
• Strength of composite section is governed by Fatigue
Resistance of shear connectors
Design of Shear Connectors For

Full Shear Connection
• Shear Connectors are Designed for TRANSFERRING the FULL
Longitudinal Shear force produced at interface
• Sufficient number of Shear connectors are provided and NO SHEAR
CONNECTOR FAILURE occurs
• Shear connection is not critical part of the composite beam, however,
failure may occurs either in steel girder (in tension) or in concrete slab
(in compression)
• Due to No shear connector failure, Strength of composite bridge is
governed either by steel girder or by concrete slab NOT by Shear
Connector.
• This is the preferable (safe) way of designing the shear connectors
• For shear connector, to adequately transfer the maximum possible horizontal shear
force, the Shear connectors are designed to transfer the horizontal force equal to
compressive strength of concrete Slab or tensile strength of steel whichever lower.
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Design of Shear connectors for

Full Shear Connection Cont…..
• For the Full shear Transfer Mechanism, the shear Connectors are
designed for maximum possible longitudinal (horizontal) shear force
(H) at the interface of concrete girder and steel girder.
• Design longitudinal shear force for shear connector is taken as
Strength of composite section in tension or in compression
whichever Lower, i.e.
H  Minimum of H1 & H 2
Where,
H1 = Longitudinal (Hor.) TENSILE Force carrying capacity of
Steel in bending (of composite section)
H2 = Longitudinal (Hor.) Compressive Force carrying capacity of
concrete in bending (of composite section)
Design of shear connectors for

Full Shear Connection Cont…..
Determination of Strength of Steel section in Tension Zone (H1)
Maximum Tensile Force carrying capacity of steel girder lying below the
Neutral Axis calculated as
1
H1  Asl f y 10 3 (in kN )
m
concrete and steel Where, m = Partial Safety factor for steel
Asl = Area of tensile Steel (i.e. tension zone only)
– i.e. if NA Lies in steel girder, only the portion of steel
girder below the NA is to be considered
– However, if NA lies in concrete Full steel section will be
in tension and whole section is to be considered
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over
the
Design of Shear connectors for shear
span
Full Shear Connection Cont….. (from
zero
Determination Concrete Strength in Compression zone (H2) mome
• Maximum Longitudinal compressive force carrying capacity of nt
locati
Concrete Slab is calculated as on to
H 2  0.36 f ck Aec 103 (in kN )

Maxi
mum
mome
Where, Aec = Effective Area of concrete (in comp. Zone) (mm2) nt
locati
= beff . xu (for neutral axis within slab) on)
= beff . ds (for neutral axis in steel section (due
to
ds = overall depth of concrete slab bendi
xu = Depth of Neutral Axis ng)
Design of shear Connectors for Full

Shear Transfer Criterion Cont…..
• Since, ultimate flexural strength of composite section is
governed either by steel or concrete whichever minimum.
• Hence, Horizontal Shear Force, ‘H’ (Minimum of H1 & H2) is
to be transferred by shear connectors over a length equal
to ‘shear span Lc’
• Shear span Lc is defined as the distance between zero
moment location to maximum moment location
• For Simply supported beam, moment at support zero and
Max. moment at mid-span, hence,
shear span Lc = 0.5L0 (eff. span)
• Longitudinal shear force transferred per unit length will be,
VL = H/Lc
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Design of shear Connectors for Full

Shear Transfer Criterion Cont…..
If there are ‘m’ shear connectors in a row (along the width of flange in
transverse direction) and the shear strength of ith shear connector is Qui
then the shear strength produced by shear connectors in a row Qu will
m
Q
be,
Qu  ui
i 1
If shear strength of all the shear connectors in a row is equal it is Qu,
then strength of shear connectors in a row will be m x Qu = mQu
VL
Required No. of rows of shear connectors (per unit length), nL1  m
m m m
Q
i 1
ui
Spacing of shear 1meter

Q
i 1
ui Q
i 1
ui Q
i 1
ui
connectors along span sL1     . Lc

nL1 VL H Lc  H

For the Horizontal Shear Force
at Limit State of Collapse (Ultimate Loads)
The horizontal shear force developed at the interface of slab per meter span
over the girder of width bf at Ultimate loads may be calculated as
 
VL , Q  q  b f 1 m  V ec  b f  V ec kN m span 
V A y V A y
I bf I
• If there are ‘m’ no. of shear connectors in a row at the top
flange of the girder along the width, then shear strength due to
all the shear connectors in a row may be calculated as
m
Shear strength due to shear connectors in a row  Q
i 1
ui
VL ,Q
Required No. of rows of shear connectors (per unit length), nL 2  m
Q
m
Spacing of shear 1 meter i 1 ui Q i 1

ui
connectors along span s L 2  

nL 2 VL ,Q
29
12/7/2022

at Limit State of Collapse (Ultimate Loads) Cont…..
• Above expression may be used to calculate spacing of shear
connectors rows for the horizontal shear force per m span
produced due to DL and LL separately as
m m
 Qui Q ui
sL 2 for DL  i 1
sL 2 for LL  i 1
VL , DL VL , LL
where,
V A y
VL , DL  Longitudinal shear due to DL ( per m span)   V ec 
 I  DL
V A y
VL , LL  Longitudinal shear due to LL ( per m span)   V ec 
 I  LL

at Limit State of Collapse (Ultimate Loads) Cont..
For the safe design, Longitudinal shear force produced due to
transverse loads ‘Q’ , VL,Q at the interface of slab per meter span over
the girder of width bf should not exceed the shear strength of shear
connectors, or
 1  m
   Qui  VL , Q
 L 2  i 1
s m
Q ui
For Dead Load ( DL), sL 2, DL  i 1
in m  ;
VL , DL
m
Q ui
For Live Load ( LL), sL 2, LL  i 1
in m 
VL , LL
30
12/7/2022
DESIGN OF SHEAR
CONNECTORS IN FATIGUE
Determination of
Strength of Shear
Connectors in Fatigue
31
12/7/2022
Fatigue Strength of Shear Connectors

• Let for 5106 cycles, the recommended (NORMAL) range of shear stress
variation is fn,
• Then for ‘Nsc’ cycles, the permissible shear Stress Range (variation) (f) may
be determined as
   
 f  s  N sc   fn  s  5 106
s 1 s
  f      f   5 106 
   5 10   
6
   
    N      N
 fn   SC   fn   SC 
Omitting  (as in IRC 22 code)
1 1
  f   5 106  s  5 106 
s
         
   N  f fn  
 fn   SC   N SC 
Where, f = Fatigue Shear Stress (RANGE) corresponding to Nsc Cycles of Loading
fn = Normal Fatigue Shear Stress RANGE corresponding to 5106 cycles
of Loading
s = a parameter, for shear stress, s = 5
Thus, if the Fatigue strength of shear connector (fn) at N = 5106

cycles is given, fatigue shear strength of shear connectors at Nsc
cycles may be determined as
15
 5 106 
 f  fn  
 SC 
N
Where,
fn = Normal shear fatigue stress range given in Table 5 (IRC 22
2015) for various details for 5106 cycles
= 67 Mpa for stud connectors (Table 5 of IRC 22 2015, Detail
Category-67). (see Table at Next Slide)
= 59 Mpa for Channel connectors (Table 5 of IRC 22 2015,
Detail Category-59) (see Table at Next Slide)
32
12/7/2022
Nominal Fatigue Strength of Stud Shear Connector

fn = 67 MPA • Studs welded at top flange of girder (as
Shear Connectors)
• Shear stress range for stud type shear
connectors (loaded in Shear) may be
taken as
fn = 59 MPA • 67 Mpa assuming failure in the weld,
• 59 Mpa if failure occurs in the Base
Material of Shear Connectors on (i.e.
failure in base material)
Since, in the design of shear connectors, failure is considered in
Shear connector, Not in base material (assumed sufficiently stiff),
therefore,
fn = 67 MPA
Nominal Fatigue Strength of Channel Shear Connector

• For channel type Shear Connectors
having thickness  12 mm
• For Transverse Fillet Welds with the
end of weld  10 mm from the Edge
of the Plate.
fn = 59 MPA
fn = 59 MPA
33
12/7/2022
DESIGN OF SHEAR
CONNECTORS FOR
FATIGUE
Strength of Shear Connectors For Fatigue, Qu (kN)

The nominal fatigue strengths of some standard shear connectors
have been indicated in Table 8 of IRC 22: 2015 as
Types of Shear Connector N = No. Cycles
Connectors Material
1105 5105 2106 1107 1108
Headed Struts f25 fy = 385 Mpa, 71 52 39 28 18

fu = 495 Mpa
55 40 30 22 14
Headed Struts f22 Elongation =
18% 46 33 25 18 11
Headed Struts f20
Headed Struts f16 29 21 16 11 7
Channel 150 mm Long IS:2062 109 79 60 43 27
34
12/7/2022
Design of Shear Connectors for

Limit State of Serviceability: Fatigue
• Longitudinal Shear force variation RANGE due to Live load
application, VLr at the interface of girder and Slab for the
Fatigue (load reversal) criterion is calculated as If
strength of one
 V A y
 per unit width 
shear connector in
VLr    R ec  fatigue, then No. of
 I  LL shear connectors
required will be
Where,
VR = Range of vertical Shear Force (i.e. variation due to LL)
= Difference between Maximum and Minimum Vertical
Shear force in the ‘Shear force envelop’ for Live Load
Design of Shear Connectors for Limit

State of Serviceability: Fatigue Cont…
If there are ‘m’ shear connectors in a row (transverse direction) on the
girder flange, then for a segment, Ls, say 1 m, the shear force variation
VLr, the No. of rows of shear connectors required per unit length (along
the span) will be
No. of rows required within segment considered ,
V
nr  m Lr
 Qri
i 1
Where, Qr = Strength of one shear Connector in Fatigue
m
Spacing of shear connectors along span
1 meter 
Qri
Sr   i 1 (in m)
nr VLr
35
12/7/2022
Spacing of shear Connectors based on

Strength & Full Shear Transfer Criterion
• Spacing of the shear connectors , ‘s’ for the ‘Full Shear Connection’
Limit State of Collapse, ‘s’ will be taken as Maximum of
• sL1 (based on strength criterion of shear connector)
• sL2 (based on full shear transfer criterion) and
• sr (based on Fatigue)
i.e. s  Minimum of ( s , s and S )
L1 L2 r
• Moreover, the spacing between shear connectors, ‘s’ should not

be more than four times the slab thickness.
i.e. s  4  Slab thickness (d ) s
DETAILING OF SHEAR
CONNECTORS
36
12/7/2022
Detailing of RIGID Shear Connectors

(b) Channel Type Rigid Shear Connector
– Weld Size ≮ 6 mm
– Weld is to be done for full width at heal as well as at toe of
channel/angle
Longitudinal view of Girder Flange

Detailing of Angle / Channel Type Shear Connectors
Transverse view of Girder Flange with

Angle / Chanel Type Shear Connector
37
12/7/2022
Detailing of Tee Type T-Type Shear Connectors
Longitudinal view of
Girder Flange with T-
Type Shear Connector
Top view of Girder Ls = Lane of Shear

Flange with T-Type
Shear Connector
38

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12/7/2022

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Shear Connectors on steel Girder

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Shear Connectors in Bridges consisting

Transverse Sect. Longitudinal Sect.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Shear Connectors in Bridges consisting

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Importance of Shear connectors

Slab and girder connection without Shear Connector

Comparison of Non-composite & Composite Girders