RESEARCH 2B

ON
BT 115

COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION METHOD

Prepared By:
Husana, Thessaly Aubrey S.
A18-24948

Schedule:
MWF 1: 30 – 3: 30

Submitted To:
Ar. Christopher P. Mirasol

Manuel S Enverga University Foundation

S.Y. 2021 – 2022
Composite Construction
It provides a method of utilizing two materials together so as to utilize each fabric to its
best advantage. A few of the development issues related with the typical steel-concrete
composite pillars are inspected, counting the putting arrangement of deck concrete and the
observing of diversions to guaranteed appropriate piece of thickness. Unused approaches to
steel-concrete composite development incorporate a pillar and column framework and a box
support utilizing the void space as an discuss conditioning channel. Other types of composite
truss utilizing high-strength bridge strand as the lower chord, a wood steel-open web joist
which provides nailable chords, and light gage metal decking with a concrete slab.
Composite Construction refers to two load carrying structural members that are
integrally connected and deflect as a single unit.

History of Composite Construction

Within the early 1900s, a sort of composite development was utilized where a steel I-
shaped area was completely encased in concrete put integrals with the chunk. The utilize of
encased pillars is still allowed but such utilize is uncommon. The composite bar and chunk
construction presently used began to seem within the 1930s. Since around 1940, about all
utilization has been with a chunk joined to one rib of a pre-assembled pillar by implies of
mechanical connectors. This sort of composite development has been broad in bridge plan
since the early 1950s and in buildings since approximately 1960. Display plan strategies are
the result of broad inquire about the composite section behavior.

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/compositeconstruction-160121173825/95/composite-
construction-3-638.jpg?cb=1453397957
Figure 1. On the upper part. (Concrete Slab and Prefabricated beam).
Figure 2. On the Lower Part. (Comparison of deflected beams with and without composite action).
Why Composite Construction is Good?
Concrete is good in compression and steel is good in tension. By joining the two
materials together structurally these strengths can be exploited to result in a highly efficient
and lightweight design. The reduced self weight of composite elements has to knock-on
effect by reducing the forces in those elements supporting them, including the foundations.
Composite systems also offer benefits in terms of speed of construction. The floor depth
reductions that can be achieved using composite construction can also provide significant
benefits in terms of the costs of services and the building envelope.

Advantages of Composite Construction

The following main advantages that used for commercial and other multi-storey buildings are
from the Composite construction:

• The concrete acts together with the steel to create a stiffer, lighter, less expensive
structure.
• Speed and simplicity of construction – Faster to erect, nearly 25% faster than
traditional construction.
• Lighter construction than a traditional concrete building.
• Less material handling at site.
• Has better ductility and hence superior lateral load behavior; better earthquake
resistance.
• Ability to cover large column free area in buildings and longer span for bridges/flyovers.

ANATOMY OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

• FLOORS
• SHEAR CONNECTIONS
• COLUMNS
• BRACING SYSTEMS

FLOOR = SLAB + BEAMS

Common Types of Floor System

• Concrete slabs supported by open-web joists.

• One-way and two-way reinforced concrete slabs supported on steel beams.
• Concrete slab and steel beam composite floors.
• Composite profiled decking floors.
• Precast concrete floors on steel beams

The most common arrangement found in composite floor systems is a rolled or built-
up steel beam connected to a formed steel deck and concrete slab. Mostly Profiled Decking
Floors system is used in composite construction.

COMPOSITE DECK SLAB

o Decking with deformed ribs (or embossed decking), as shown, is commonly
used.
o The deformations on the ribs allow for a stronger bond between the concrete
and the decking.
o Concrete Slab Thickness must be ≥ 2” above steel deck.
Composite floor system consists of
Steel beams, metal decking and concrete.

They are combined in a very efficient

Way so that the best properties of
Each material can be used to optimize
Construction technique.
https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springe
r-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40091-018-0183-
3/MediaObjects/40091_2018_183_Fig1_HTML.gif

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/compositeconstruction-170723103259/95/composite-construction-or-composite-structureframe-11-
638.jpg?cb=1522494175

Size of sheeting = 1.8mx0.830m

Thickness – 1.1m (a min. of 0.7mm i.e., recommended)
Yield strength of sheet = 250 N/sq.mm

ADVANTAGES OF PROFILED DECKING FLOORS

o Do not need form work.
o Lightweight concrete is used resulting in reduced dead weight
o Decking distributes shrinkage strains, thus prevents serious cracking.
o Decking stabilizes the beam against lateral buckling, until the concrete
hardens.
 SHEAR CONNECTOR

It is the Mechanical
Connectors that are used to
develop the composite action
between steel beams and
concrete.
This connection is provided
mainly to resist longitudinal
shear, and is referred to as the
“shear connection”.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Imrose-B-Muhit/publication/275340980/figure/fig1/AS:294473805385728@1447219434059/Shear-connectors-
between-concrete-slabs-and-steel-beams-in-a-composite-beam.png

SHEAR STUDS

Shear studs are used to secure framed

buildings by creating a shear connection
between steel and concrete. These
fasteners secure beams and resist loading
between concrete and steel components in
a composite construction.

REQUIREMENTS OF SHEAR STUDS

• Shear stud diameter ≤ ¾” or ≤ 2.5 tf (prevent tear out). (tf – thickness of flange or
steel deck)
• Shear studs must extend 1½” above top of deck
• They must transfer direct shear at their base.
• They must create a tensile link into the concrete.
• They must be economic to manufacture and fix.
SPACING OF STUDS
Ribs parallel :-
Longitudinal – 6 x stud diameter
Transverse – 4 x stud diameter
Ribs perpendicular: - 4 x stud diameter (long. And trans.)
Maximum spacing 4 x slab thickness or 600mm.

BEAMS

https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0143974X08001065-gr1.jpg

CONVENTIONAL AND INNOVATIVE COMPOSITE BEAMS

COLUMNS
Benefits of Composite Construction
The benefits of composite construction include speed of construction, performance and
value. Steel framing for a structure can be erected quickly and the pre-fabricated steel floor
decks can be put in place immediately. When cured, the concrete provides additional
stiffness to the structure.
Furthermore, the concrete encasement protects the steel from buckling, corrosion and fire.
Service integration within the channels on the composite decks is another advantage to
composite construction.
Building quality standards can be adhered to easily by the use of pre-fabricated decks.
Excessive deflections can be controlled by cambering the beams of by shoring the metal
decks to limit deflection when concrete is poured.

The Principle of Composite Action

It underpins the use of composite materials in construction. It relates to the interaction of two
or more separate elements acting together and contributing together rather than separately.
By physically connecting them, the strength of the beams and the resistance to bending,
shear and torsion are significantly increased.

EXAMPLE OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/597b/9c77/b22e/38c7/8f00/05c6/medium_jpg/Millennium_Tower_San_Francisco_July
_2008.jpg?1501273203

MILLENNIUM TOWER (VIENNA – AUSTRIA)

55 storeys
Total Height: 202m
Total ground floor: 38000 m2
Time of erection: 8 months
EXAMPLES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
A composite is a material which is made by combining two or more substances that
have different physical properties.

1. Mud Bricks
Mud bricks came to be when people realized that straw was resistant to
stretching and that dried mud copes well with compression.
The ancient Egyptians used a composite of clay mixed with straw. Developing countries use
mud bricks to build their huts. Perhaps the introduction of the mud-brick is what inspired
much more advanced composites.

2. Wood
Wood have been around for thousands of years; it is actually a composite
material. Wood is made of long fibers of cellulose that are held together by a weaker
substance called lignin.

3. Fiberglass
It is simply plastic that is combined with glass fibers. Fiberglass is particularly
useful in windows since the fiberglass and glass windowpane shares an almost
identical coefficient of expansion, meaning that hot and cold temperatures let your
entire window expand and contract as one piece,

4. Translucent Concrete
Concrete is a primitive example of composite material because of the
combination of small rocks and cement that it holds. When optic fibers, similar
to those found in fiberglass, are added to concrete, you get translucent
concrete. The look and feel of the concrete can vary depending on the ratio of
cement to optic fibers.

5. Absorbent Concrete
Absorbent concrete works by allowing water (and other viscous liquids) to
seep through large pebbles and into another layer of rubble. This type of
concrete can prove to be useful in dealing with flooding once implemented on
a large scale.

6. Kevlar
While Kevlar is not a composite in itself, it is often used as a part of composite
materials. This is because of Kevlar’s extremely high tensile strength,
meaning that it can resist stretching quite well. Kevlar’s compressive strength
 is about 1/10 of its tensile strength, and that’s why it is combined into
composites.

7. Carbon Fiber
It is often combined with plastics into what is called carbon fiber reinforced
polymer.
REFERENCES:
Manufacturing Websites by Formcode- (2018) https://smicomposites.com/10-surprising-
examples-of-composite-materials/
Abdul Rahman, Structural Engineer(Jul 23, 2017)
https://www.slideshare.net/AbdulRahman900/composite-construction-78162572
Alguinado,Mimi. (Jan18,2018)_Composite Construction Method for Engineering and
Architecture https://www.slideshare.net/MimiAlguidano/composite-construction-method-for-
engineering-and-architecture
Hashim D. Hassan(Jan21,2016)_Composite construction
https://www.slideshare.net/HashimDHassan/composite-construction