Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NAME
Roll No.
(SESSION 2017-2022)
Acknowledgement………………….………………………………………. Ⅰ
Abstract……………………………………….……………………………. Ⅱ
INTRODUCTION…………………………………….…………………….1
METHODOLOGY…………………………………………….……………4
Study Design……………………….……………………………….…………….….…….4
Study Population………….……….…………………………………….…….……….…4
Ethical Consideration…………....………………………………………….….…….…4
Exclusion Criteria………….………………………………………….……...…….…….5
Procedure…………………………………………………………………….…...….…….5
Sample size………………………...……………………………………….……….……...5
Questionnaire Development……….….…………………………………………….…….6
RESULTS……….………………………………………………….………8
Socio-demographic characteristics of Participants……………………….……….…9
QUESTIONNAIRE…………………………………………………………………21
REFERENCES………………………………………………………….……….….25
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
I, [Name] D/O [Father’s Name] Final prof. (Doctor of Pharmacy) student of Akhtar Saeed
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore, hereby declare that the research work entitled
“Title Name” is done by me. I also clarify that nothing has been incorporated in this research
work without acknowledgement and that to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not
contain any material previously published or written by any other person or any material
previously submitted for a degree in any university where due reference is not made in the
text.
SEHRISH ZEHRA
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
It is hereby certified that work presented by [Name] in the project titled “Title of the
Project” is based on the research study conducted by the candidate under my supervision.
No portion of this work has been formerly been offered for a higher degree in this university
or any other institute of learning and to the best of the author’s knowledge, no material has
been used in this thesis which is not his work, except where due acknowledgement has been
made. She has fulfilled all the requirements and is qualified to submit this report in partial
fulfilment for the requirement of clinical pharmacy course (Final Professional, Pharm.D) in
Akhtar Saeed College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore.
Supervisors
It is hereby certified that work presented by SEHRISH ZEHRA D/O HAIDER RAZA the
project “Medical Education and E-learning During Covid-19 Pandemic: Awareness,
Attitudes and Barriers Among Pharmacy Students in Lahore: A Cross-Sectional Study
in Lahore” has been fully successfully presented/defended and is accepted in its present
form as satisfying the requirement for the clinical pharmacy course (Final professional,
Pharm.D) in Akhtar Saeed College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore.
Date _____________________
Student Supervisor Agreement
This research project is the intellectual property of the supervisor. All material of this
research project belongs to the supervisor. No part of this report could be used or submitted
for any type of publication anywhere other than the supervisor. If I’ll contribute till the date
manuscript published then I’ll be the Co-author otherwise my name must be excluded from
the submitted manuscript.
I agree, to the best of my ability, to act in accordance with the above agreement.
Witness: 1. _________________________
2. _________________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of ALLAH, the Most Beneficial and the Most Merciful.
Introduction:
Methodology:
Result:
Conclusion:
INTRODUCTION
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 17.5 million people died
from
Cardiovascular disease globally in 2012, with IHD accounting for 7.4 millions o
f these deaths
(Nur, 2018). IHD is a cardiovascular illness that affects the heart and blood
individuals with established disease remain at greater risk for cardiac event
recurrences.(Stafford, 2008).
Elderly individuals are more susceptible to many illnesses and have a larger
complex drug regimens, failing to effectively explain the benefits and adverse
(Marie T.Brown)
Patient’s beliefs about the reasons that produced the sickness are also important
in how they understand and live with their illness. Chronic stress and lifestyle
variables were the most often mentioned causes in a survey of attributions for
heart disease (HD). Some generally held assumptions about CHD have also
concern about their symptoms, fearing that overexertion could induce another
CHAPTER 2
Methodology
Ethical Consideration
This study was approved by the ethical committee of Akhtar Saeed College of
was also obtained from each and every participant. Research ethics were also
Study Design
A cross-sectional survey was carried out from February 2022 to June 2022. The
study's target population was Ischemic Heart Disease patients from multiple
hospitals in Lahore, for whom the impact of illness perception on medication
adherence for IHD was evaluated. All the hospitals provide clinical (in-patient
& out-patient), diagnostic and emergency services.
Study Population
The research included a total of 377 participants (n=377). All ischemic heart
evaluating results.
Inclusion criteria
Patients older than or younger than 65 years were enrolled in the study. People
more than 18 years of age were included. Patients with Ischemic heart disease
(acute or chronic).
Exclusion criteria
People less than 18 years of age were excluded .Cancer patients in remission
were not eligible for the research Also patients who were terminally ill, had
mental health problems affecting cognitive functions and who failed to give the
informed consent and women who were pregnant were excluded from the
study . Patients with other cardiac diseases including valvular heart disease were
Procedure
private and public, who have IHD patients. Before the initiation of the survey,
the participants were given a full explanation regarding the purpose of this
research, and their consent to participate in the study was obtained. The
questions, which were written in both English and Urdu, were created using a
Google form and then printed out in hard copy for distribution to the study
questionnaires were collected at the moment. In some cases, patients were not
Sample Size
A total of 385 people (n=385) took part in the study. The majority of the people
came from various cities' urban and rural areas. This data has been collected
Raosoft Calculator® was used to calculate the sample size with a 95%
sample size of 385 participants for the study that was estimated to be
dropout in mind, in order to get an optimal response ratio, a total of 410 sample
size was the final number of responses required for data collection. Different
online or on web.
Questionnaire Development
questions which required not more than 4 to 5 minutes to complete. This brief
questionnaire was split into 4 sections/categories. The first section was designed
to give a brief introduction to the participant and included the title of the survey,
description of the research and the purpose of the study. The second section
The fourth and final section was designed to check the medication adherence (4
participate in the study. After giving an introduction regarding the topic and
purpose of research and taking consent from the respondent, the questionnaire
level, conducted the questionnaire by handing out the forms to the educated
patient who can grasp the questions and collecting them later or by having
elderly who could not read or write fill it out during a face-to-face interview
The filled questionnaires were collected at the moment or later at a suitable time
participate in the study because they were uninterested. Patients were able to
read the aim of the research study, the research title, its purpose, its objective
and their permission to participate in the study once the questionnaire was
provided to them. For ease of comprehension, the study questions were stated in
In order to make sure that the developed questionnaire was authentic and
first 15 participants who responded were not included in the research when
evaluating the data collected. Once the data from these 15 participants was
collected a primary statistical analysis was run on it. Cronbach's alpha was
applied in order to measure the internal consistency and to measure the scale of
Data analysis was accompanied using Statistical tools. Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (IBM SPSS, version 28.0), has been used for analysis of the
Results
A total of 385 patients were approached. After evaluating the results of the
filled questionnaires, it was found that most of the participants were females
(50.1%), were below 65 years of age (37.66%), living in urban areas (61.7%)
and were married (68.0%). even though majority had a higher education
(57.7%) depicted a higher level of threatening illness perception level (Table 1).
Table 2. illustrates the level of adherence among the patients with different
adherence of both male and females with more females showing non-adherence
to therapy than males (p = 0.046). Also, patients who were unmarried were
value
patients who had low level of medication adherence, also had a high level of
means in the context of our lives. A person might have her/his own thoughts
about how an illness is caused, how long it will last, how it will impact, and
This study explains the two main factors that are illness perception and
status and also employment status. These parameters tell us about the level of
contributing factor towards illness perception of IHD. Same case was with age,
economic status and employment status. However, marital and the educational
status were the two main factors leading towards the level of illness perception.
and have been associated with important outcomes. There is a steady example
illness and the range of symptoms that the patient believes are associated with
the condition. They also contain beliefs about the cause of the illness and how
about the consequences of the condition for the patient and his/her family, as
The second main parameter discussed here is the medication adherence which
gives information about number of patients who were adherent and non-
Age, residence and economic factors are not major factors related towards
medication adherence.
In other studies,only 49.6% of people with ischemic heart disease adhere to the
Others studies reported slightly higher rates of adherence (66%). And still there
were studies that had low rates, varying between 31-58% in adherence to
In other study only 30% IHD patients exhibited adequate HL, out of which
(Suhail, Saeed et al. 2021). In our study, 59.2% patients were having
medication.
In another study, the adherence rate study was found to be 72%.This study has
also shows that the total amount of knowledge about the disease or medicines
2009).