What is a Differential Equation? A differential equation is an equation that contains one or more terms involving derivatives of one variable (the dependent variable, y) with respect to another variable (the independent variable, x). Examples: a. (2xy +x?) dx + 2y dy=0 2 3 3, 2, bp | 2] gy] 4.320 dx? dx? © (x= 1)y"+xy ty=0 x. = —=3 ota The solutions of differential equations are functions and not just numbers like the equations Differential Equations ‘Types of Differential Equations Orders of Differential Equations Degrees of Differential Equations Types of Solutions of Differential Equations Solutions to First-Order Differential Equations Applications to First-Order DE (Population Growth, Radioactive Decay, Continuous Compound Interest, Flow, Cooling and Heating, Newton's Second Law of Motion, Geometric problems, Orthogonal Trajectory) Example: The differential equation s = 2x has for x its solution y = fexax =x? +C, where Cis an arbitrary constant. What are the Types of rential Equations? 1. Ordinary Differential Equation — an equation containing only one independent variable, thus having only Ordinary derivatives in the equation Examples a, b and c at the left Of this Page are examples of ordinary differential equations394 1001 Sotved Problems in Engineering Mathematis (2 Baton) BY Tong & Reay 2, Partial Difterentiet Equation ~ an equation containing two or more independent variables, thus having partial dertvatives in the equation. ‘Example d in the previous page is an ‘example of partial dijterential equation. What is an Order of a Differential Equation? ‘The order of a DE is the order of the ordered derivative which appears in the equation. Examples: First Order. Sh aay 48x43 ik Second Order: yn ox' 110043 x e Third Order: Sree +Ox4+2 What is a Degree of a Differential Equation? The degree of a differential equation whose terms are polynomials in the derivatives is defined as the highest power of the highest order derivative 4. General solution ~ the solution has. at least one arbitrary constant. Example: x°-3y=C where. C = arbitrary constant . Particular solution ~ the solution 2 That has no arbitrary constant Example: 2xy +y7-2=0 What are the Solutions to First Order Differential Equations? 4. Variable separable type Standard form. Poot +G¢pidy = @ General solution: frees % {foavey. nt, 2. Homogeneous type Standard form: Hk YIM + Nocagy 2 O Seneral solution: RBobetiiuie y = ur or eran ‘the resuitine DE Becomes @ veriable separable type: Note: First-order differential equations are not always separable. Homogeneous differential equations, however, may be transformed into separable equations by the substitution of a variable. An expression is eaid to be homogeneous, if all terms have the same degree, The term "homogeneous" is also used to indicate that the right-hand member of & linear differential equation is 0—_—————___Day 16 = Differential Equations 395 Tost for homogeneity of degree n; Let: 106Y) = MOX¥) dx + Nowy) fo = Piixyy SY 3. Exact type standard form > Waxy Neal» 0 General solution F(xy)=¢ where: Focy)= [Mx york, Foay) = [Now yay +k, Test for exactness: Genera! solution: yt = foie ax4e where: if, = integrating factor =e!" Nole: Integrating factor is also known as Euler's multiplier. §. Bernoulli's equation type Standard form +y Plxy= y" Q(x)’ General solution: Ye (=n) ain fH, . : The Bernoulli Equation is named after the brothers Jakob (1654 - 1705) and Johann Bernoulli (1687 ~ 1748), What are the Applicatio Fi Yr Different':1 Equations? 1. Population growth problems. dP a where: dP “Gr te of change of the population P = number of inhabitants at any time t k = constant of proportionality 2. Radioactive decay problems oo where: $C = rate of change ofthe substance Q = amount of the substance present at any time t k = constant of proportionality 3. Continuous compound interest problems: lig Lia dt where: ¢ = rate of change of the account P = money present in the account at any time t = nominal rate of interest per yearby Tiong & Roja: Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics (2% Edition) by Tio! 8 3961001 lems ‘ant 4. Flow problems @ = rate of gain - rate of loss dt re bane concentration of the mixture at any time t 8 = rate of change of the Concentration of the mixture . Cooling and heating problems F eut-4) _ Br Cooling process coef at aD 13 Heating process where: 1 rate of change of the tody temp T = temperature of the body at any time t b= ‘Surrounding temperature Newton's second law of Motion Fumi o dt where: F = force m = mass of the body at» Mate of change of Velocity Geometrical Problems {Orthogonal trajectory) A curve which intersects aij Curves of 4 given family at the Same angles is ee to as a tra; ry: if the intersection ig at right angle, the curve 1S called orthogonal trajectory (2)--(@), (2) = slope of the orthogonal ox), trajectory (2) = slope of the given family of 0 where: dx curves lay dx J, Proceed to the next Page for your 16th test. Detach. and use the answer sheet Provided at the last part of this book. Use Pencil number 2 in Shading your answer GOOD LucK | Tribia: Did you know that... the fame and influence of Pythagoras Spans for Centuries! Pythagoras @ven appears in Shakespear's Merchant of Venice, when feference is made to the Society's belief in the transmigration of souls, Quote; “The most painful thing about mathematics is how far away YOu are from bei t Use it after you have leamed me ake ~ James NewmanDifferential Equations Types of Differential Equations Orders of Differential Equations Degrees of Differential Equations ‘Types of Solutions of Differential Ey uations Solutions to First-Order Differential Equations Application to First Order DE (Population Growth, Radioactive Decay, Continuous Compound Interest, Flow, Cooling and Heating, Newton’s Second Law of Motion, Geometric Problems, Orthogonal Trajectory) 61: Determine the order and degree of c. the differential equation dx= (2+ 1) ay" D. ydx+ (2x-3y) dy =0 dt dy xit+se(2) ~xy=0. 6843 ECE Board April 1996 y The equation y? = cx ie the general ‘solution of: Fourth order, first degree: Third order, first degree First order, fourth degree A ye First order, third degree So mr) 2 Ie (¢02: Which of the following equations is an exact DE? A 00 +1) dx-xy dy=0 8. Sa a 0 ) dy =0 o < w Ix wpe <1 1 Boys C. Qeydx+(2+ 2y D. Wy dy-ydx=0 : 685: EE Board March 1998 eee Of the following equations is 2 Soive the differential equation: x (y ~ 1) dx separable DE? SOS ACU ny Saute x (x + xy) dy = (2x + xy?) dx determine y when x = 2. (x+y) dx - 2y dy =0398_1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics (2"° Edition) By Tiong & Rojay A. 1.80 B. 1.48 C. 1.55 D. 1.63 686: EE Board October 1997 if dy = x’dx ; what is the equation of y in terms of x if the curve passes through (4,4)? A. -3y+3=0 B. x-3y+2= C. x8+3y?+2=0 D. 2y+x°+2=0 687: ECE Board November 1998 Find the equation of the curve at every point of which the tangent line has a slope of 2x. A xs-y?+ Bo y=-x4e CG y=y?+e D. x=y?+C 688: ECE Board April 1995, ‘Solve (cos x cosy — cot x) dx- sin x sin y dy=0 A. sinx cos B. sinx cos C. sinx cos D. sinx cos 09: EE Board October 1997 ‘Solve the differential equation dy —xdx = 0, if the curve passes through (1,0)? 3x? +2y-3=0 2y+x?-1=0 x? -2y-1=0 2x? +2y-2=0 com> 901 ME Board April 1996 ‘What is the solution of the first order differential equation y(k+1) = y(k) + 5. oA 5 A ylk)=4-7 B. y(k)=20+5k C.. y(k)=C~k, where C is constant D. The solution is non-existent for rea} values of y 691: EE Board April 1995 Solve (ys x? +7") 20x ~xdy <0 A fkty+y=C yxt+y?+y=C Cc. yx+y+y=C D. Jx?-y+y=C 92: ECE Board November 1994 Find the differential equation whose general solution is y = Cx + Cze” A. (x-1)y'=y' +y=0 B. (x+1)y'-xy' + C. (x-t)y tet D. (+ t)y'txy +y=0 693: EE Board October 1995 Find the general solution of y' = y secx y= C (sec x + tan x) (sec x — tan x) sec x tan x o ie C (sec* x tan x) 694: EE Board April 1996 Solve xy’ (2y~ 1) =y (1-x) 8 A. In (xy) =2(x-y) +e B, in (xy) y C. In(xy) = 2y-x+C D. In(xy)=x+2y+C 095: EE Board April 1996 Solve (x + y) dy = (x= y) dx. A xt4yFsc B. x24 2xy +? C. x= 2xy~ ere 7 ec c D, Ct2y+y=C wueger Solve the linear equation: t= ox 097: CE Board May 1997 Find the differential equations of the family of ines passing through the origin pH 096: CE Board May 1996 What is the differential equation of the family of parabolas having their vertices at the origin and their foci on the x-axis. A. 2xdx-ydy =0 B. xdy+ydx=0 ©. 2ydx—xdy =0 ad Y yoo an 99: CE Board November 1995 Determine the differential equation of the family of lines passing through (h, k). A. (y-k)dx-(x-h)dy £0 (y-n)+(y-K)=2 8. ~@. (x-h)dx -(y-k)dy =0 DL (x+h)dx-(y-k)dy =0 ‘Joo: Determine the differential equation of the family of circles with center on the Yards, Day 16 -Di ations 399 A. (Paxy' ty! 20 B. y'=xyy'=0 Co xy = (y'P mys 0 D. PHY txy=0 ‘701: RK Board April 1997 Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount at any instant. In 100 years, 100 mg of radium decomposes to 96 mg, How many mg will be left after 100 years? A. 88.60 B. 95.32 Cc. 92.16 D. 90.72 ‘702: The population of a country doubles in 50 years. How many years will it be five times as much? Assume that the rate of increase is proportional to the number of inhabitants A. 100 years B. 116 years C. 120 years D. 98 years 703 Radium decomposes at a :ate proportional to the amount present. If haf of the original amount disappears after 1000 years, what is the percentage lost in 100 years? A, 6.70% B. 4.50% C. 5.36% D. 4.30% 704: Board November 1998 Find the equation of the family of orthogonal trajectories of the system of parabolas y? = 2x+C. y=Ce* y=Co™ y+ Ce" y=Ce™ com>400 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics (2" Edition) by Tiong & Rojas "751 According to Newton's law of cooling, the rate at which a substance cools in air is directly proportional to the difference between the temperature of the substance and that of air, If the temperature of the air is 30° and the substance cools from 100° to 70° in 15 minutes, how long will it take to coo! 100° to 50°? A 33.59 min. B. 43.50 min C. 36.39 min D. 45.30 min ‘Joe: An object falls from rest in a medium offering a resistance. The velocity of the object before the object reaches the ‘ground is given by the differential equation dVidt + V/10 = 32, fY/sec. What is the yolocy ofthe abject one seaand aftr t A 40.54 B. 38.65 Cc. 30.45 D. 34.12 7e7 Ina tank are 100 liters of brine containing 50 kg. total of dissolved salt. Pure water is allowed to run into the tank at the rate of 3 liters a minute. Brine runs out of the tank at the rate of 2 liters a minute. The instantaneous concentration in the tank is kept uniform by stirring. How much salt isin the tank at the end of one ur? A. 15.45kg. B. 19.53kg, C. 12.62kg, D. 20.62 kg. 708. A tank initially holds 100 gallons of ‘salt solution in which 50 Ibs of salt has been dissolved. A pipe fills the tank with brine at the rate of 3 gpm, Containing 2 Ibs Of dissolved salt per gallon. Assuming that the mixture is kept uniform by Stirring, a drain pipe draws out of the tank the mixture at 2. gpm. Find the amount of salt in the tank at the end of 30 minutes. A 171,24 tos 8B. 124.11'Ibs C. 143.25 Ibs D. 105.12 Ibs 7091 ME Board April 1998 if the nominal interest rate is 3%, how much is P5,000 worth in 10 years in a continuously compounded account? A. P5,750 B. P6,750 Cc. P7,500 D. P6,350 710: ME Board October 1997 A nominal interest of 3% compounded continuously is given on the account. What is the accumulated amount of P10,000 after 10 years? A. P13,620.10 B. P13,500.10 C. P13,650.20 D. P13,498.60‘i Topica Differential Equations Typos of Differential Equations Orders of Differential Equations Degrees of Differential Equations Types of Solutions of Differential Equations Solutions to First-Order Differential Equations Application to First Order DE (Population Growth, Radioactive Decay, Continuous Compound Interest, Flow, Cooling and Heating, Newton's Second Law of Motion, Geometric Problems, Orthogonal Trajectory) RATING _] 25-30 Topnotcher LJ 18-24 Passer (_} 15-17 Conditional Z| 0-14 Failed A A A Cc .B A If FAILED, repeat the test. Do402 1001 Problems in Fourth order, sinoe the highest derivative in the equation is 4" derivative. First degree, since the exponent or power of the 4” derivative is 1. ‘ADE whose equation is M( x,y dx + N(xy May = O fseoxmet fl 57 = 5 Note: From the choices, choice (c)is-an exact DE. 2xydx + (2 +x?)dy = 0 ADE is a variable separable if the coefficient of dx shall’be functions of x only and the coefficient of dy shall be functions of y only. Note: From the choices, choice (c) is a variable separable DE 2y dx = (xt + 1) dy 2ydx__ (x? +1dy yor +t) (x? +1) GG y? = ox 2 cet x Differentiate: oe x(2yy ye y= Quy’ yet dy 2xy 2x thos (2"4 Baittion) by Tiong & Bojan ca xly - 1) dx + (x+ 1) dy=0 x, SY 29 x4t y-4 4 Nay + Of. = (1-5 )er 5 2 Integrate: (be fox- fee x-In(x+ 1) 4 Inly-1)=C atx=1,y=2 ~in(4 +4) +in(2-1)=C C=0%7 atx=2; y= 2 (2 +1) + In (y— 1) = 0.307 Inty- Thus the solution is, im ,2 ey By=x°42 x -3y+2=0 it 0e wile slope a 2x Sinee tangent, the slope of the unknown curve is equal to the slope of the lineae yext+e (co0 x 00s y ~ cot xi — sin x ln y dy = 0 M = cos x cos y—-cotx AeeexOY~ OA”) - coaxsiny N=-sinxsiny acsinxsn ) 2 -cosxsiny Note: 94. % then tha given DE an exact DE. flerexcosy - cotxyax +k, = ¢ sinxcosy-Insinx+k,=C Eq 4 fesinxsin yay + ke = C ~sinx(-cosy)+k, =C sinxcosy +k, =C > E.2 By comparing equations 1 and 1, ks = 0 and ka = Insin x ‘Thus, the -sotution is, sinxcosy -Insinx = C ___-Sinxcosy = Insinx + C Note: C = inc ‘yinxcosy = In(csinx) Wh Oy = wt atartiy=o 3 o= sc y(«+ 1) =(20+ +5 y(k+t)=y(k) +5 Since, the equation is he same resurang to the given DE, then the assumed equation is the solution to the DE (y- f=) &-xy=0 By inspection, this equation is 2 homogeneous DE. since the coefficient of the dx and dy are of the same degree (Gegree 1).1001 Botved Mathamatios (2" Edition) by Tiong & Roja, Let: y = vic, dy = vdx + xdv ‘Substitute’ vx dx - id + viddx - x(vdx + xdv) = 0 ve dx - Vt4 VP xdx - vidx - x?dv = 0 —Vi¢vidx - xdv =0 Fook Lat: v=tan 0; av 26/000 pipes J&+ Jooce ao =0 Inx +in(secd + tan@) =C In[x(sece + tane)]=C x(sec@ + tan) =C where: e° = C Refer to the triangle, substitute values of ec 0 & tan 6 to the solution: Hey? v iS e 1 xfiev? tveC x, f+(2) +Lec x x - fe tyty=C y= Cx+ Ce" Eq ¥=C1+Cre* > Eq.2 ¥ = Cee" > Eq.3 Substitute (3) in (2): y2Cr+y Cr=y'-¥ > Eq.4 Substitute (3) in (1): yeCxty” > Eq. 5 Substitute (4) in (5): Di yay VK FY HK“ EY (x= Ay ty 0 wee Ye ax ysecx dy | = |sec xdx irrh Iny = In (seo + tan x) +¢ in —1—_=c secx+tanx ——!__=C, where: &° = C ~secx +tanx y = C (sec x + tan x) er w'(2v-1)=y(1-%) dy has mY 1) = y(1-x) 2(2y -1)dy = y(1-x)dx W-Nyy 1X ye 20 y x 2 fey FSH FEE + fox=c 2y -Iny -Inx+x=C 2y+x+C=Inx+iny In(xy) = aye x6 Note: C Is an arbirary constant which can be placed in either side of the equal si9”-pe ECVE VOT if=x ‘Substitute: alee aor pee ve yix)= fr? oodx +c pee dy + OK + Oday = xc — vid eave - 1 eav(t+v)=0 4 2+ 2vidv _ Sse nxt Zin(+2v-t)=e Muffiply 2 on both sides: Qin x+ in (v7 + 2v- 1) =k, where: k= 2c inf (7 + 2v-1)]= NN NTE, wnerec=e or (0,0) Note: C is an arbirary constant which can ana be placed in elther side of the equal sign © ie 1 4a=¥ w@ S(t yax Ditferentiatrig: x(2ydy) ~ yd _ Note: This equation is e unear DE: ae o YGS) = farryitydx+C > Gen. Ea, 2xydy — 7? dx = 0 ‘2xdy — ydx = 01001 Solved Problems in m=; where m_ slope (constant) Tee (= ny (9-0 =0 (x-hy (x—h)dy - (y—k)dx = 0 (y ~kydx - (x-h)dy = 0 | 2x+2(y-k)y'=0 x+ yy —ky'=0 x ke ty yy an y-9 +(yP=0 xy"- (P= ¥ = 0, O- mnazkt+Cc > Gen Eq when t = 0; Q = 100mg in 100 = k(0) + C C = 4.60517 when t= 100; Q= 96 mg in. 96 = k(100) + 4.60517 k == 0.0004082 when t = 200; Q= InQ= 0: 5004082(200) + 4 60517 Q=92.16 mg Let: P = number of population P ekKP at dP fee fe inP=kt+C > Gen. Eq when t= 0; P= Po In Po = k(0) + C =InPo when t = 50 years; P = 2Po In 2Po = k(50) + In Po k = 0.0138629 when t= ?Q= 5Po In 5Po = 0.013862) * e t= 116 years Q.= amount ¢ radium presentfm InQz=kt+C > Gen. Eq. . 90 2K at 1=0;Q=Q In Qo = k(0) + C = In Qo when 000 years; Q= 0.5 Qo In. 0.5Qo = k(1000) + In Qo k = - 0.000693 when t= 100 years; Q=? in Q = -0.000693(100) + in Qo Qe = 00883, Q=Qesm? Q=0.933 Qo Q, - 0.9330, Sons's x100% Q when t= 1 % lost = % lost = 6.7% y? =2x+C Differentiating: dy a? (2) ai ax), y Note: The slope of the orthogonal Iny=-x+c In(T—30°) =kt+C > Gen- Eq. when t = 0; T = 100° In(100° - 30°) = k(0) +c C = 4.24849 when t =15 min; T = 70° In. (70°- 30°) = k(15) + 4.24849 k =- 0.0373 when t = ?; T= 50° In (50° - 30°) = - 0.0373(t) + 4.24849 t= 33.59 min. ay Naw at 10 10% v= 320 mit fa = 10 In (320-V) =t+C > Gan. Eq. when t = 0; V = 0 (at rest) = 10 in (320-0) =0+C C = - 57,6832 when t= 1 sec; V=? = 10 In (320 ~V) = 1 - 57.6832 \n (320 - V) = 5.66832 ° 320-V = eF V = 30.45 fYsec498 1001 Sctved Probiems = oe Let Q = amount of satt in the mate 400 + (3 2§ = 100 + t= woke of modore at ary tmet 2 = concentration of sat 100+t B= rate of gan - ate of oss f_a_} 0-2 5571) fa Ac 100+t -2 (100+ +o inQ=-n(100 +t +C > Gen Eq when t= 0, Q= 50 kg. In 50 = - in (100+ 1° +C C= 1312236 when t = 60 min, Q=7 In Q=- In (100 + 607 + 1312236 inQ=2972 Q= 19.53 kg Let Q = amount of sait in the mixture Note: This s 2 linear DE anes faumin+c > Formula for the genera! soliton of 2 ines DE (100+ 47 = fei00+t7at+c (100+t) | 3 Q(100 + t= 6 c Q(100 +t = 2100+ +0 when t= 0: Q = 50 50(400}? = 2(100)7 +c C=-15x 10° when t = 30 min; Q= 2 Q(100 + 30)? = 2(100 + 30)°- 1.5.x 10° Q= 171.24 bs. ap roe iP fE=003 fa In P=0.03t+C when t = 0; P = 5,000 In 5000 = 0.03(0) + C C=851719nen t= 10 Ye In P = 0.03(10) + 8.517149 P =6,749.30 OP _ SF = 0.03 fat in P = 0.03t+C wien t= 0; P= 10,000 in 10000 = 0.03(0) + G C =9.21034 when t = 10 years; p=? In P = 0.03(10) + 9.21034 P = 13,498.60 16 - Differential tions 408