RF Dynam

Version
August 2014
Program
RF-DYNAM
Dynamic Analysis
Program
Description
All rights, including those of translations, are reserved.
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electronically, or by any other means, including photocopying
– without written permission of DLUBAL SOFTWARE GMBH.
© Dlubal Software GmbH

Am Zellweg 2 D-93464 Tiefenbach
Tel.: +49 9673 9203-0

Fax: +49 9673 9203-51
E-mail: info@dlubal.com
Web: www.dlubal.com
Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

Contents
Contents Page Contents Page
1. Introduction 4 2.5 Drop-Down Menus 51

1.1 About RF-DYNAM 4 2.5.1 File 51
1.2 RF-DYNAM - Team 5 2.5.2 Settings 53
2. Working with RF-DYNAM 6 2.5.3 Help 53
2.1 Starting RF-DYNAM 6 3. Results 54
2.2 Module Windows 6 3.1 Results Graphic 54

2.3 Input Windows 7 3.2 Printout 55
2.3.1 Window 1.1 General Data 7 4. Theory 58

2.3.2 Window 1.2 Additional Nodal Masses 10 4.1 Equilibrium Equation 58
2.3.3 Window 1.3 Additional Line Masses 11 4.2 Kinetically Equivalent Masses 59
2.3.4 Window 1.4 Additional Member Masses 12 4.3 Participation Factors, Equivalent
Masses 62
2.3.5 Window 1.5 Additional Surface Masses 12
4.4 Example 63
2.3.6 Window 1.6 To Display 13
5. Examples 64
2.3.7 Window 1.7 Excitation Cases 15
5.1 Beam 64
2.3.8 Window 1.8 Dynamic Load Cases 23
5.2 Truss Girder 65
2.3.9 Window 1.9 Equivalent Loads 27
5.3 Concrete Chimney 65
2.4 Results Windows 38
5.4 Modal Analysis of Frame 67
2.4.1 Window 2.1 Eigenvalues, Natural
Frequencies, and Periods 38 A: Literature 70
2.4.2 Window 2.2 Eigenvectors by Node 39
2.4.3 Window 2.3 Eigenvectors by Member 40
2.4.4 Window 2.4 Eigenvectors by Surface 40
2.4.5 Window 2.5 Eigenvectors by FE Mesh
Point 41
2.4.6 Window 2.6 Masses by FE Mesh Point 42
2.4.7 Window 2.7 Equivalent Mass Factors 42
2.4.8 Window 3.1 Nodes - Support Forces 43
2.4.9 Window 3.2 Lines - Support Forces 44
2.4.10 Window 3.3 Nodes - Deformations 45
2.4.11 Window 3.4 Nodes - Velocities 46
2.4.12 Window 3.5 Nodes - Accelerations 46
2.4.13 Window 3.6 Members - Internal Forces 47
2.4.14 Window 3.10 Surfaces - Basic Internal
Forces 48
2.4.15 Window 3.13 Surfaces - Basic Stresses 48
2.4.16 Export of RF-DYNAM Results 49
2.4.17 Window 4.1 Generated Equivalent
Forces 50
2.4.18 Export of RF-DYNAM Results 50

3
1 Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1 About RF-DYNAM
Whether you are a beginner or already an expert user working with one of the previous
RF-DYNAM versions, everybody can quickly learn how to use the new program due to the
practice-oriented development made possible by our close cooperation with many custom-
ers and business partners. All the valuable hints from engineers telling us about their every-
day experiences helped us to develop and improve this add-on module.
RF-DYNAM is an add-on module that is integrated in the main program of RFEM. So, the
results of the natural frequency determination (RF-DYNAM Basic), the external excitation
(RF-DYNAM Addition I), and the generation of equivalent seismic loads (RF-DYNAM Addi-
tion II) including graphics can be printed into the printout report of RFEM. In this way, you
can summarize and present all your calculations well-arranged in a consistent form.
We hope you will enjoy working with RF-DYNAM.
Your team from DLUBAL SOFTWARE GMBH
4 Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

1 Introduction
1.2 RF-DYNAM - Team

The following people were involved in the development of RF-DYNAM:
Program coordination
Dipl.-Ing. Georg Dlubal
PhD, M.Sc., Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Gerlind Schubert
Programming
Dr.-Ing. Jaroslav Lain
Ing. Vaclav Sycora
Program design, dialog box figures, and icons

Dipl.-Ing. Georg Dlubal Ing. Jan Miléř
MgA. Robert Kolouch
Program supervision
Dipl.-Ing. Georg Dlubal M.Eng. Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Walter Rustler
Dipl.-Ing (FH) Stefan Frenzel
Manual, help system, and translation

Dipl.-Ing (FH) Matthias Entenmann Dipl.-Ü Gundel Pietzcker
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Robert Vogl
Technical support and quality management

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Stefan Frenzel M.Eng. Dipl.-Ing. (BA) Andreas Niemeier
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Faulstich M.Eng. Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Walter Rustler
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) René Flori M.Sc. Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Frank Sonntag
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Walter Fröhlich M.Sc. Sonja von Bloh

5
2 Working with RF-DYNAM
2. Working with RF-DYNAM

2.1 Starting RF-DYNAM
Start the add-on module RF-DYNAM with the pull-down menu by selecting
Add-on Modules → Dynamic.
You can also double-click the corresponding entry among the Add-on Modules in the Data
navigator.
Figure 2.1: Starting RF-DYNAM on the Add-on Modules menu or in the Data navigator
2.2 Module Windows

The module windows show the input for the definition of the eigenvalues as well as the
numerical output of the results.
When you have started RF-DYNAM, a new window opens where a navigator is displayed on
the left, managing all module windows that can be selected. Below the title bar, you find
three drop-down menus: File, Settings, and Help. Find more information about the func-
tions behind in chapter 3.5.
To select a module window, click the corresponding entry in the RF-DYNAM navigator. You
can also use the arrow buttons shown on the left to page through the windows. Alterna-
tively, you can use the keyboard keys [F2] and [F3]. Click the [Graphics] button to switch to
the graphical results display where the set natural frequency appears automatically. Find
more details and information about the results display and output in chapter 3.4. To save
the defined settings and quit the module, click [OK]. When you click [Cancel], you quit the
module but without saving the data. Use the Help menu or the function key [F1] to activate
the online help system.

2.3 Input Windows

All settings required for the determination of natural frequencies, the calculation results
from external excitation (RF-DYNAM Addition I) as well as the generation of equivalent
seismic loads (RF-DYNAM Addition II) must be entered into the input windows of the add-
on module. In addition, you can specify relevant parameters.
2.3.1 Window 1.1 General Data

After starting the add-on module RF-DYNAM, module window 1.1 General Data appears.
Figure 2.2: Module window 1.1 General Data
First, select a dynamic case, if already available, from the list below the File menu.
Determination of
In this window section, you can select the add-on modules that were purchased:
RF-DYNAM Basic (= 1. Eigenvectors), RF-DYNAM Addition I (= 2. Forced vibrations) and
RF-DYNAM Addition II (= 3. Equivalent loads). Add-on modules that were not purchased
are grayed out, and thus unavailable.
Forced vibrations
This option allows for the definition of excitation cases in the module windows 1.7 and 1.8,
but it is only accessible if a license for RF-DYNAM Addition I is fully available. However, if
only RF-DYNAM Basic is licensed, you can tick this check box to start RF-DYNAM Addition I
as a demo version.
Equivalent loads
This option allows for the definition of standard values (DIN 4149, EC 8, IBC 2000, etc.) to
determine the static equivalent loads in module window 1.9, but it is only accessible if a
license for RF-DYNAM Addition II is fully available. However, if only RF-DYNAM Basic is li-
censed, you can start this part of the window section only as a demo version.

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Eigenvectors
RF-DYNAM Basic determines the lowest natural frequencies of the model. The theory of the
calculation method generally does not allow to exclude lower natural frequencies from the
analysis and to determine higher natural frequencies at the same time. In the input field
Number of the smallest natural vibrations (eigenvalues) to calculate in the Settings section
to the right, you can enter a number to specify how many eigenvalues the program must
calculate. It is possible to determine a maximum of 1,000 lowest natural frequencies for a
structural system.
Set self-weight as mass

Based on the structural data defined in RFEM, the add-on module RF-DYNAM can determine
the masses resulting from the members, surfaces and solids of the system. If this option in
the Settings section is ticked, you can define a factor by which the mass will be multiplied.
This factor does not depend on a self-weight load case which may be defined in RFEM. If
zero is entered, the mass from the model input in RFEM won't be considered for the dynam-
ic analysis.
Internal Division of Members

In order to get a better approximate solution, it may be necessary to define higher member
divisions resulting in an increased representation accuracy of the member, which is needed
especially for tapers or beams on foundations. If a value larger than 1 is specified, the pro-
gram performs a member division in its background. The numerical values must be integer.
Example: When a member division of 1 is set for a spatially defined cantilevered beam, the
program can calculate, at most, the six lowest natural frequencies. By a simple division of
the member with the input value 2, the program can already calculate the twelve lowest
natural frequencies. To get the same situation with an equivalent structure definition in
RFEM, you would have to divide the beam by a node.
Activate influence due to axial forces

If the geometric stiffness matrix is used for the calculation, the large deformation analysis is
applied. Due to the deflection of the system, the normal stresses create additional bending
moments which may add to an increase or a reduction of the system's stiffness. You can
control the influence by using this check box option in the Settings window section.
Open the list field to select a load case or load combination from which you want to take
the normal stresses. Tension stresses lead to an increase of the natural frequency.
Eigenvalue calculation method

The choice of the eigenvalue calculation method has a decisive influence on the computing
time needed for the dynamic analysis. RF-DYNAM offers different methods for the calcula-
tion of the eigenvalues of the structural system.
The sub space iteration method is appropriate for small and medium-size models for which
you want to analyze lots of eigenvalues. All eigenvalues will be calculated in one step,
which needs lots of computer memory.
The ICG - iteration method has been developed for large structures for which the memory
of the computer is no longer sufficient. All eigenvalues are calculated successively. There-
fore, this method is adequate for big models for which you want to evaluate few eigenval-
ues.
Mass Considered
In this window section, you define the global spatial directions in which you want to con-
sider the masses. In RF-DYNAM, the masses resulting from members, surfaces, and solids as
well as the entries defined in module windows 1.2 Additional Nodal Masses, 1.3 Additional
Line Masses, 1.4 Additional Member Masses, and 1.5 Additional Surface Masses are taken
into account as masses.

Standardization of Normal Modes

The normal modes can be standardized in different ways.
Comment
This is an input option for user-defined notes and remarks.
Before you start the calculation, you can use the [Details] button offering some setting op-
tions for the dynamic analysis in a separate dialog box.
Figure 2.3: Dialog box Details

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2.3.2 Window 1.2 Additional Nodal Masses

RF-DYNAM imports the model defined in RFEM. As a basis for the eigenvalue analysis, if a
factor larger than zero was entered under Set self-weight as mass in module window 1.1
General Data, RF-DYNAM takes the self-weights of the structural objects assessed as mass-
es. In addition or as an alternative, it is possible to define these masses in the module win-
dows 1.2 to 1.5.
Figure 2.4 Module window 1.2 Additional Nodal Masses
RFEM loads can be imported easily by clicking the button [Select load case from RFEM and
import its nodal loads as mass to table]. Please note that only those loads which are defined
in the direction of the Z-axis will be imported. A dialog box opens where you can select the
base load case. In addition, you can select a factor to manipulate the imported masses.
Figure 2.5: Dialog box for selecting a load case and factor for additional masses
If you want to define only individual nodal loads in RF-DYNAM, you can use the selection
function by clicking the button shown on the left to access the Multiple Selection. It is also
possible to define the loads manually.
List of Nodes with Mass

Numbers of nodes to which an additional mass is applied
Mass
Value of mass which is applied to the respective node(s)

Mass Moment
Mass moments acting on the node(s)
2.3.3 Window 1.3 Additional Line Masses

As the module windows 1.2 to 1.5 are similar in its appearance and operation, they are de-
scribed only shortly. The functions described in the previous chapter are nearly the same for
all additional mass windows.
In module window 1.3, you can enter additional line masses.
Figure 2.6: Module window 1.3 Additional Line Masses

11
2.3.4 Window 1.4 Additional Member Masses

In this window, you can enter additional member masses. When you import member loads
defined as concentrated or trapezoidal loads, they will be "smeared", that is distributed
along the member length. For example, if you have defined a concentrated load of 10 kN
acting on a member that is 5 m long, it is converted into a member mass of 200 kg/m.
Figure 2.7: Module window 1.4 Additional Member Masses
2.3.5 Window 1.5 Additional Surface Masses
Figure 2.8: Module window 1.5 Additional Surface Masses

In module window 1.5, you can enter additional surface masses. Where applicable, linear
distributions of surface loads are "smeared" to be constant surface masses (see description
for additional member masses above).
2.3.6 Window 1.6 To Display

Here, you can select additional results to be shown in the output. The structure of this mod-
ule window varies depending on the settings selected in module window 1.1 General Data.
If you perform nothing but an analysis of natural frequencies, the window appears without
the selection list for results from forced vibrations. Only the natural vibrations as well as the
masses by FE mesh points and the equivalent mass factors are available for selection.
Figure 2.9: Module window 1.6 To Display
Natural Vibrations by FE Mesh Point

If the check box is ticked, results window 2.5 is available. There, in contrast to the represen-
tation of eigenvectors displayed in module windows 2.2 to 2.4, the displacement of eigen-
vectors is shown in all FE mesh points.
Masses by FE Mesh Point

RF-DYNAM assigns the model's total mass to the FE mesh points. In the calculation, howev-
er, the active masses (influencing the dynamic behavior of the model) are considered. The
output of the nodal masses is shown in module window 2.6.
Equivalent Mass Factors

If this option is selected, the results window 2.7 shows the equivalent masses as well as the
equivalent mass factors in the directions X, Y and Z. Find more details in chapters 2.4 and 3.
If a forced vibration has been selected in module window 1.1 General Data, module window
1.6 includes a selection table on the right.

13
Figure 2.10: Window section To Display for control of output information after calculation
In the tree structure to the right, you can control the results output for the Support Forces,
Internal Forces, Nodal Velocities, Nodal Deformations, and Nodal Accelerations.
Using the option With Time Courses, you can decide if only the maximum and minimum
values are shown with the corresponding point of time, or if the results are displayed for
any point of time. You can take advantage of this option to reduce the amount of data to a
minimum.
With the selection function, which can be accessed with the [...] button, you can graphically
select the nodes and members whose results you want to show exclusively. Of course, it is
also possible to enter the member and node numbers directly into the respective table row.
Figure 2.11: Selecting nodes graphically
By clicking the button you return to the RFEM work window where you can select the
nodes or members (multiple selection with shift key ⇑). Then, you can click [OK] to transfer
the node or member numbers to the table.

2.3.7 Window 1.7 Excitation Cases

You can open this module window and the subsequent input window 1.8 only if the add-
on module RF-DYNAM Addition I is licensed.
Excitation Case
It is generally possible to define different excitation types for a model. They can be saved
separately as independent EC excitation cases.
Excitation type
After choosing one of the forced vibration options in module window 1.1 General Data, all
subsequent input windows are adjusted automatically.
When you have selected the Time history analysis, three excitation types are available in
module window 1.7.
• Accelerogram
• Harmonic loads
• Tabular loads
Response spectra can be defined in module window 1.7, too, but before you have to select
the Response spectrum method in module window 1.1 General Data.
Accelerogram
One or several support nodes can be excited by entering time-acceleration tables. In gen-
eral, this kind of excitation is used to describe seismic loads.
The time is entered in seconds. Please take care to always start the time indications at t = 0.
You must enter the time steps in ascending order. It is allowed, however, to enter unequal
time steps. Furthermore, it is recommended, because of numerical reasons, to always set
the final point of time a bit higher than the upper time limit of the TI integration:
T1 = 0 < T2 < ... < Tn-1 < TI < Tn
Figure 2.12: Module window 1.7 Excitation Cases

15
Below the Accelerogram, RF-DYNAM Addition I provides a button to access the [Library] of-
fering a very large number of existing and measured accelerograms. By now, there are more
than1018 accelerograms collected and stored in this library. In addition, user-defined accel-
erograms can be saved in the library.
Figure 2.13: Accelerogram Library
You can select the accelerograms in a tree structure on the left. It is possible to sort the
entries by the measuring Station or the Seismic event. Moreover, further filter options are
available. For example, it is possible to limit the accelerograms to a particular period of
time.
Figure 2.14: Filter function for accelerograms
To save your own accelerograms, enter them in module window 1.7, first. Then, open the
following dialog box by clicking the [Save] button.

Figure 2.15: Dialog box Save New Accelerogram
Here, you can define the names of the measuring station, the earthquake location, the
seismic event country and so on in the available empty table rows. The name under which
the accelerogram is stored appears in the dialog field Save As.
Figure 2.16: Stored User-defined accelerograms
The saved accelerograms appear in the tree structure of the library under the User-defined
category.
To import user-defined or available accelerograms to module window 1.7, click the [Add]
button which opens the following dialog box. By specifying an Angle or directly editing the
Transformation Matrix, you can also set the direction of the acceleration to be imported.
Figure 2.17: Dialog box Transformation

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Tabular loads
This excitation type is used for the input of time-dependent forces (single forces and mo-
ments) in the form of a table.
Figure 2.18: Module window 1.7 Excitation Cases of type Tabular loads
Like accelerograms, the entries can be stored in a library and imported whenever they are
needed. The [Save] button opens a dialog box. After entering a name, you can store the
data in the library.
Figure 2.19: Dialog box Save New Tabular Load
By clicking the [Add] button in the Tabular Loads library, you can import stored data as
excitation case to module window 1.7 (see figure below).

Figure 2.20: Tabular Loads library
Harmonic loads
Use this excitation type, for example for the definition of dynamic loads of machines acting
as exciters on a building by setting the amplitude, the angular frequency, and the phase
shift.
In this case, the force function f(t) and the moment function m(t) have the following formula:
f(t) = A f sin (ωf t + φf) or
m(t) = A m sin (ωm t + φm)
Figure 2.21: Module window 1.7 Excitation Cases of type Harmonic loads

19
As already described for accelerograms and tabular loads, you can [Save] and [Import]
harmonic loads by means of the library.
Figure 2.22: Harmonic Loads library
Response spectrum method

Any number of support nodes can be excited seismically according to the modal-analytical
response spectrum method by entering period-acceleration tables.
The input window 1.7 for the acceleration response spectra is only active when the option
Response spectrum method for Forced vibrations has been selected in module window 1.1.
Figure 2.23: Module window 1.7 Excitation Cases with Response Spectrum

Again, the [Save] and [Library] buttons offer the options already described for the other ex-
citation types above.
In the library used for response spectra, you can select complete elastic spectra from various
standards such as DIN 4149, EC 8 and UBC 97. Please note that these spectra represent a
particular selection generated by means of chosen standard parameters. Of course, you can
edit and extend them at anytime.
The button [Select Accelerogram in Library and Generate to Response Spectrum] opens the
library of accelerograms where you have the possibility to automatically generate response
spectra on the basis of your existing accelerograms. In addition to the already available ac-
celerograms, you can also choose your user-defined accelerograms, here.
Figure 2.24: Accelerogram Library
When you have selected the relevant accelerogram, and it is shown in the graphic window
to the right, you can set further parameters for the generation of the spectrum. Click the
[Select] button to open the dialog box as seen in the following figure.

21
Figure 2.25: Dialog box Generate Response Spectrum from Accelerogram
Viscous Damping
With the defined values of the viscous damping it is possible to display the graphical Course
of the response spectrum with colors in the preview window. If you modify the viscous
damping, the preview graphic will be adjusted automatically.
Horizontal Coordinate Axis

The graphical Course of the response spectra can be represented in the preview window ei-
ther by Frequency or by Period.
Display System
The graphical response spectrum Course can be displayed in the preview window either
Arithmetically or Logarithmically.
Parameters for Generating - Period

For the generation it is important to define a sufficient period incrementation as well as a
maximum number of periods. The preview graphic is interactive.
Export Response Spectrum with % of Viscous Damping

Here, you decide which spectrum of the preview you want to import to module window 1.7.
When you have made your choice, you can start the export by clicking the [Add] button.

2.3.8 Window 1.8 Dynamic Load Cases

Depending on the excitation type defined in module window 1.7 (accelerogram, response
spectrum, harmonic or tabular loads), an input window opens for defining the factors of
the accelerogram, the response spectrum, or the loading.
Figure 2.26: Module window 1.8 Dynamic Load Cases with Accelerogram factors
Figure 2.27: Module window 1.8 Dynamic Load Cases with Loads Assignment

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Figure 2.28: Module window 1.8 Dynamic Load Cases with Response Spectrum factors
Dynamic Load Case

It is possible to apply, for example, different factors to one or several excitation cases which
can be saved in a separate dynamic case (DC). Depending on whether an accelerogram, a
response spectrum or excitation forces have been defined in module window 1.7, module
window 1.8 opens with the corresponding input settings for the definition of the respective
factors.
Response Spectrum
There are two options available for the Superposition rule:
• Square root of the sum of squares (SRSS rule): Here, the square root of the sum of
the squared modal components is formed.
• Complete quadratic combination (CRC rule): When analyzing spatial models with
mixed torsion/translation mode shapes, this rule is to be applied if adjacent mode
shapes whose periods are different by less than 10 % are available.
Consideration of
Initial Deformations
Here, you can define initial displacements or rotations having a significant impact on the
transient. In this case, however, it is only allowed to assign those degrees of freedom which
are free, that means at those nodes and directions where no support prevents the structural
system from shifting. Input contradicting this rule will be ignored. As RF-DYNAM applies the
method of the projection to the subspace of the natural vibrations (eigenvectors), the initial
conditions cannot be defined at will. The required vector of the initial conditions must be a
linear combination of natural vibrations (eigenvectors, see chapter 4).

Figure 2.29 Module window 1.8 Dynamic Load Cases - tab Initial Deformations
Initial Velocities
Here, you can enter the velocities of the initial displacements or rotations. Similar to the set-
tings for the initial deformations, the degrees of freedom must be free because the velocity
represents the first derivation of the deformation.
Figure 2.30 Module window 1.8 Dynamic Load Cases - tab Initial Velocities
Please note for both options that they cannot be defined in case of a periodic excitation
using a response spectrum.

25
Damping Coefficient for

Mass matrix α
In this input field, you can specify the coefficient α of the mass proportional damping. The
unit of measurement for α is [1/s].
Stiffness matrix β
Here, the coefficient β of the stiffness proportional damping is determined. The unit of
measurement for β is [s].
The damping matrix hast the formula: α M + β K
The damping including the damping ratio Di for the ith angular frequency ωi is:
di = Di + ½ [α / ωi + β ωi ]
Data for Integration

Time evaluation
With the input fields for Time step and Max. time, you can define the accuracy and duration
of the integration. Please make sure that the maximum time does not exceed the time inter-
val defined in the previous module window.
Time step
The appropriate choice of the time step depends on the natural frequency of the structural
system, respectively the frequency of the exciting forces. To get a sufficient accuracy, it is
recommended to divide the decisive period T = 1/f in about 10 steps, that is to select the
time step ∆t in such a way that
∆t  T/10 = 1/(10f) = 2 π / (10 ω)
Automatic determination
Figure 2.31: Dialog section Data for Integration
Determining the maximum time as well as the time step automatically is only possible for
accelerograms. In this case, the shortest time entry will be imported from module window
1.7 as Time step. The end of time entered in module window 1.7 will be set as Max. time.

2.3.9 Window 1.9 Equivalent Loads

You can open this module window only if Addition II of RF-DYNAM is licensed.
Equivalent load
Figure 2.32: Selecting the standard
Your selection in the list Generate Equivalent Loads According to Standard determines the
appearance of the table below. In module window 1.10, you can define the input parame-
ters according to DIN 4149:1981-04, DIN 4149:2005-04, Eurocode 8 (ENV): 1998-1-1,
Eurocode 8: EN 1998-1:2010, IBC 2000 and many others.
Normal mode selection in module window 1.10
Figure 2.33: Allocation of design spectrum for Eurocode setting in module window 1.10
To Generate and Eigenvector No.

Both table columns are used to define which of the natural frequencies determined in
RF-DYNAM Basic you want to use for the determination of the equivalent loads.
Generate in Load Case

This column shows the RFEM load case to which the generated equivalent loads will be
imported. Here, the earthquake's direction of action always corresponds to the direction of
the natural vibration. The number of the first load case in RFEM can be set in the window
section Export Settings above.
Figure 2.34: Module window section Export Settings
Auto
Ticking the check box results in the automatic determination of the factors SdH and SdV of
the design spectrum. However, a free input of these values is also possible in order to ena-
ble a determination of the equivalent loads with initial values not mentioned in the stand-
ard DIN 4149.
Ordinate of Design Spectrum

As a function, this value results from the natural period T.

27
Comment
Each generated load case can be described by a comment, here.
Standard parameters DIN 4149:1981-04
Figure 2.35: Module window 1.9 Equivalent Loads according to DIN 4149-1:1981-04
Earthquake Zone
Due to the structure of the earth crust consisting of continental plates, different seismic
zones occur at various locations on the earth's surface. The characteristic value for an earth-
quake zone is the normal value a0 that corresponds to the acceleration to be expected.
Normal Value a0
The acceleration value is applied automatically by the program depending on the earth-
quake zone, provided that a seismic zone between 1 and 4 has been defined.
Ground Coefficient κ
In extreme cases, this factor is 1.0 (solid rock) or 1.4 (loose rock).
Seismic Use Group

The seismic use group refers to the building's protection status and its social importance.
There are three categories classified about which the standard informs in detail. For Central
Europe it is normally sufficient to consider the groups 1 to 4. Furthermore, the standard in-
forms about the structural conditions with regard to the earthquake zone. It is also possible
to enter a different seismic use group for other standards and seismic zones: Then, you
have to specify valid acceleration values by yourself.
Reduction Factor α
As a function of the seismic use group and the earthquake zone, it is allowed to multiply
the normal values of the acceleration a0 by a reduction factor α. Fore more details, see
DIN 4149, chapter 7.2.3.
Calculation Value cal a

This value is composed of the normal value a0, the reduction factor α, and the ground coef-
ficient κ. After entering these parameters, cal a is calculated automatically but can also be
edited subsequently.

Standard parameters DIN 4149:2005-04
Figure 2.36: Window 1.9 Equivalent Loads acc. to DIN 4149:2005-04, option Design spectrum for linear calculation
Figure 2.37: Window 1.9 Equivalent Loads acc. to DIN 4149:2005-04, option Elastic Response Spectrum
When generating the equivalent loads according to DIN 4149:2005-04 you can choose be-
tween the Design spectrum for linear calculation or the Elastic Response Spectrum.
The individual parameters of DIN 4149:2005-04 are described on the following pages.

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Geological subsoil classes
R Regions with rock soil
Transition zones between regions of subsoil class R and subsoil class S as well
T
as regions of relatively shallow sedimentary basins
S Regions of deep basin structures with massive sediment fillings
Soil classes
Non-weathered (mountain fresh) hard rock with high rigidity

A
Predominant shear wave velocity: > 800 m/s
Slightly weathered hard rock, or hard rock with low rigidity, or coarse (granu-
lar) or mixed-grained loose rock with high friction characteristics in high
B
density or in solid consistency (for example loose rock that is glacially loaded)
Predominant shear wave velocity: 350 m/s to 800 m/s
Heavily to fully weathered hard rock, or coarse (granular) or mixed-grained

loose rock in medium density or at least in stiff consistency, or fine grained
C
(cohesive) loose rock in at least stiff consistency
Predominant shear wave velocity: 150 m/s to 350 m/s
For the initial values A, B or C as well as R, T or S we have the following input values for the
design spectrum:
Values of parameters to describe the horizontal spectrum
Subsoil conditions S TB [s] TC [s] TD [s]

A-R 1.00 0.05 0.20 2.0
B-R 1.25 0.05 0.25 2.0
C-R 1.50 0.05 0.30 2.0
B-T 1.00 0.01 0.30 2.0
C-T 1.25 0.01 0.40 2.0
C-S 0.75 0.01 0.50 2.0
Values of parameters to describe the vertical spectrum
Subsoil conditions S TB [s] TC [s] TD [s]

A-R 1.00 0.05 0.20 2.0
B-R 1.25 0.05 0.20 2.0
C-R 1.50 0.05 0.20 2.0
B-T 1.00 0.01 0.20 2.0
C-T 1.25 0.01 0.20 2.0
C-S 0.75 0.01 0.20 2.0
S Soil parameter
TB, TC, TD Control periods of response spectrum
β0 Amplification factor of spectral acceleration with reference value β0 = 2.5
for 5 % of viscous damping

Behavior Factor q
The behavior factor q (available for the design spectrum) varies between 1.50 and 5.00 and
is determined by the type of the structural system, the ductility of the building, the build-
ing's regularity in its layout, and the failure type of various stiffening systems. The corre-
sponding equation is:
q = qo * kR * kw ≥ 1.5
Damping Correction Factor η

This factor (available for the elastic response spectrum) with the reference value η = 1 for
5 % of viscous damping is determined as follows:
10
η= ≥ 0.55
(5 + ξ)
Design Value of Ground Accelerations ag

This value depends on the earthquake zone and can be taken from the table below in con-
nection with picture 2 - earthquake zones of the Federal Republic of Germany described in
the standard DIN 4149:2005-04.
Design value of ground

Earthquake zone Intensity range
acceleration ag [m/s2]
0 6.0 ≤ I < 6.5 -
1 6.5 ≤ I < 7.0 0.4
2 7.0 ≤ I < 7.5 0.6
3 7.5 ≤ I 0.8
Importance Factor γI
According to their significance for the protection of the general public, high-rise buildings
are assigned to one of the four importance categories:
Importance category Building Importance factor γΙ
I Building of minor importance for public 0.8

safety, for example agricultural buildings
Common buildings that do not belong

II to the other categories, for example 1.0
residential buildings
Buildings whose earthquake resistance is

important with regard to the conse-
III quences related to collapse, for example 1.2
large apartment complex, administrative
buildings, schools, assembly rooms,
cultural institutions, stores etc.
Buildings whose sound condition is im-

portant for the public safety in case of
IV earthquakes, for example hospitals, im- 1.4
portant institutions of emergency man-
agement, security forces, fire stations,
etc.

31
Standard parameters ENV 1998-1-1
Figure 2.38: Window 1.9 Equivalent Loads according to ENV 1998-1-1, option Design spectrum for linear calculation
Figure 2.39: Window 1.9 Equivalent Loads according to ENV 1998-1-1, option Elastic Response Spectrum
When generating the equivalent loads according to ENV 1998-1-1 you can choose between
the Design spectrum for linear calculation or the Elastic Response Spectrum.
The individual parameters of the Eurocode are described on the following pages.

Ground types
Bedrock with vs of at least 800 m/s

A
Stiff soils with vs of at least 400 m/s in a depth of 10 m
Medium dense gravel and sand or cohesive soils

B
vs of at least 200 m/s in a depth of 10 m
C Soils with vs below 200 m/s in the first 20 m
For the initial values A, B or C we have the following input values for the design spectrum:
Soil S β0 kd1 kd2 k1 k2 TB [s] TC [s] TD [s]
A 1.0 2.5 2/3 5/3 1.0 2.0 0.10 0.40 3.0
B 1.0 2.5 2/3 5/3 1.0 2.0 0.15 0.60 3.0
C 0.9 2.5 2/3 5/3 1.0 2.0 0.20 0.80 3.0
S Ground parameter
β0 Factor of spectral acceleration for 5 % of viscous damping
kd1, kd2 Exponents affecting the shape of the design spectrum for a period larger than TC
or TD
k1, k2 Exponents affecting the shape of the spectrum for a period larger than TC or TD
TB, TC Limits of the region with constant spectral acceleration
TD Value determining the beginning of the region with constant displacement in the
spectrum
Behavior Factor q
The behavior factor q (available for the design spectrum) varies between 1.50 and 5.00 and
is determined by the type of the structural system, the ductility of the building, the build-
ing's regularity in its layout, and the failure type of various stiffening systems. The corre-
sponding equation is:
q = qo * kD * kR * kW
Damping Correction Factor η

This factor (available for the elastic response spectrum) with the reference value η = 1 for
5 % of viscous damping is determined as follows:
7
η= ≥ 0 .7
(2 + ξ)
Ratio Between Design Value and Gravity Acceleration (ag / g)

This value is available when the design spectrum is set. The factor α represents the relation
between the design value of the soil acceleration ag for the reference return period and the
gravity acceleration g.

33
Standard parameters IBC 2000
Figure 2.40: Window 1.9 Equivalent Loads according to IBC 2000
Category
The categories correspond to the seismic use group of the standard IBC 2000:

Occupancy Importance Factor (Seismic factor) IE
Site Class

35
SMS = Fa * SS
SM1 = FV * S1
SDS = 2/3 * SMS
SD1 = 2/3 * SM1
where:
Fa Site coefficient defined in Table 1615.1.2(1)

FV Site coefficient defined in Table 1615.1.2(2)
SS The mapped spectral accelerations for short periods as determined in
Section 1615.1
S1 The mapped spectral accelerations for a 1 second period as determined
in Section 1615.1
SMS The maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration for short peri-
od as determined in Section 1615.1.2
SM1 The maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration for
1 second period as determined in Section 1615.1.2
SDS The design spectral response acceleration at short periods as determined
in Section 1615.1.3
SD1 The design spectral response acceleration at 1 second period as
determined in Section 1615.1.3
Seismic design category

Response modification coefficient Ra

37
2.4 Results Windows

2.4.1 Window 2.1 Eigenvalues, Natural Frequencies,
and Periods
After the calculation, RF-DYNAM shows the first results window 2.1 Eigenvalues, Natural
Frequencies, and Periods.
Figure 2.41: Module window 2.1 Eigenvalues, Natural Frequencies, and Periods
The results are displayed row by row in several table columns. They are sorted by natural
frequencies.
Eigenvalue
The eigenvalue λi [1/sec²] is calculated from the equation of motion without damping. Find
more information about the theoretical background in chapter 4.
Angular Frequency
The following relation exists between the angular frequency ωi [1/sec] and the eigenvalue:
λi = ωi2
Natural Frequency
The natural frequency fi [Hz] is a measure for the frequency of the natural vibration per sec-
ond. The natural frequency and the natural period are in direct reciprocal proportion to
each other. The natural frequency and the angular frequency have the following relation:
ωi = 2πfi.
Natural Period
The natural period Ti [s] describes the time difference which the structure needs to pass
through a vibration. The following relation applies: fi = 1/Ti.

2.4.2 Window 2.2 Eigenvectors by Node

Each natural frequency has an eigenfunction u(x). This function describes the eigenvibration
mode of the structure.
The results are standardized to 1. Depending on the setting for the Standardization of Nor-
mal Modes in module window 1.1 General Data, the program considers either the value of
the largest displacement ui or rotation φi, or the value of the largest product resulting from
the mass and the squared displacement mi * ui2.
The module windows 2.2 to 2.7 offer the Sort by option: Nodes, Eigenvectors, Members,
Surfaces, FE mesh points, Grid points, FE mesh nodes and Equivalent mass factors. The dis-
placements and rotations of the model nodes are displayed row by row and sorted by node
numbers, member numbers, surface numbers, eigenvalue numbers, FE mesh nodes or grid
points.
In results window 2.2, the natural vibrations are shown by nodes.
Figure 2.42: Module window 2.2 Eigenvectors by Node

39
2.4.3 Window 2.3 Eigenvectors by Member

In results window 2.3, the natural vibrations are shown by members.
Figure 2.43: Module window 2.3 Eigenvectors by Member
2.4.4 Window 2.4 Eigenvectors by Surface

In results window 2.4, the natural vibrations are shown by surfaces.
Figure 2.44: Module window 2.4 Eigenvectors by Surface

2.4.5 Window 2.5 Eigenvectors by FE Mesh Point

In results window 2.5, the natural vibrations are shown by mesh points. This window ap-
pears only if the option for the calculation of the Natural Vibrations by FE Mesh Point has
been activated in module window 1.6.
Figure 2.45: Module window 2.5 Eigenvectors by FE Mesh Point

41
2.4.6 Window 2.6 Masses by FE Mesh Point

This results window appears only if the option for the calculation of the Masses by FE Mesh
Point has been activated in module window 1.6.
The masses can be shown and sorted either by FE mesh point numbers or by structural ob-
jects. In addition, they refer to the global system of coordinates. This coordinate system is
the one known from the structure definition in RFEM. The nodal masses are those masses
which are relevant for the dynamic calculation. For example, for a node that is supported in
Y- and Z-direction only the mass mX acting dynamically in X-direction is displayed. At the
end of the list you find the sums of the respective masses.
Figure 2.46: Module window 2.6 Masses by FE Mesh Point
2.4.7 Window 2.7 Equivalent Mass Factors

This results window appears only if the option for the calculation of the Equivalent Mass
Factors has been activated in module window 1.6. Modal masses, participation factors,
equivalent masses and equivalent mass factors are listed in a table where they are sorted by
natural frequencies.
With the Sort by options you can display the equivalent mass factors either individually or
as sums. Due to the sum display, you can easily find out, for example according to EC 8, if
the sum of the equivalent masses (effective modal masses) is at least 90 % of the total mass
of the structural system.

Figure 2.47: Module window 2.7 Equivalent Mass Factors
2.4.8 Window 3.1 Nodes - Support Forces

Module windows 3.1 to 3.13 show the results for the calculations of RF-DYNAM Addition I.
If you don't have defined any output of support forces via the time course of the integra-
tion in module window 1.6 for data reduction reasons, the window shows only the maxi-
mum and minimum support force and the corresponding point of time.
Figure 2.48: Module window 3.1 Nodes - Support Forces

43
Each individual support result can be represented graphically with the time history available
below the results table. You can use the settings to the right of the graphic to select the
display options. You can also click the relevant entry in the table above.
However, the graphical representation of the time intervals is only visible if the time course
for the respective internal force has been activated in module window 1.6.
Dynamic Case: In this list, you can select the calculated dy-
namic cases (DCs).
Node: In this list, you can select the nodes. You can also use
the button [Select Node].
Support Forces: For 3D models you can select the support
forces P-X, P-Y, P-Z, M-X, M-Y and M-Z.
Figure 2.49: Selection of support forces
Use the [View] button to switch on and off the graphical representation of the time history.
All graphical time courses can be printed directly into the printout report as well as to the
clipboard by clicking the [Print] button.
The [Export] function is described in detail in chapter 2.4.16 'Export of RF-DYNAM Results'.
2.4.9 Window 3.2 Lines - Support Forces

The amount of displayed results differs depending on the settings defined in module win-
dow 1.6. If you don't have defined any output of support forces via the time course of the
integration in module window 1.6 for data reduction reasons, the window shows only the
maximum and minimum support force and the corresponding point of time.
Figure 2.50: Module window 3.2 Lines - Support Forces
The options for program handling and graphical representation are identical with the ones
described above for module window 3.1 Nodes - Support Forces.

2.4.10 Window 3.3 Nodes - Deformations

The amount of displayed results depends on the settings defined in module window 1.6.
If you don't have defined any output of nodal deformations via the time course of the inte-
gration in module window 1.6 for data reduction reasons, the window shows only the max-
imum and minimum nodal deformation and the corresponding point of time.
in module window 3.1 Nodes - Support Forces described above.
Figure 2.51: Module window 3.3 Nodes - Deformations

45
2.4.11 Window 3.4 Nodes - Velocities

dow 1.6. If you don't have defined any output of nodal velocities via the time course of the
maximum and minimum nodal velocity and the corresponding point of time.
Figure 2.52: Module window 3.4 Nodes - Velocities
2.4.12 Window 3.5 Nodes - Accelerations

dow 1.6. If you don't have defined any output of nodal accelerations via the time course of
the integration in module window 1.6 for data reduction reasons, the window shows only
the maximum and minimum nodal acceleration and the corresponding point of time.

Figure 2.53: Module window 3.5 Nodes - Accelerations
2.4.13 Window 3.6 Members - Internal Forces

dow 1.6. If you don't have defined any output of internal forces via the time course of the
maximum and minimum internal force and the corresponding point of time.
Figure 2.54: Module window 3.6 Members - Internal Forces

47
2.4.14 Window 3.10 Surfaces - Basic Internal Forces

If you don't have defined any output of internal forces via the time course of the integration
in module window 1.6 for data reduction reasons, the window shows only the maximum
and minimum internal force and the corresponding point of time.
Figure 2.55: Module window 3.10 Surfaces - Basic Internal Forces
2.4.15 Window 3.13 Surfaces - Basic Stresses

If you don't have defined any output of stresses via the time course of the integration in
module window 1.6 for data reduction reasons, the window shows only the maximum and
minimum stress and the corresponding point of time.
Figure 2.56: Module window 3.13 Surfaces - Basic Stresses

2.4.16 Export of RF-DYNAM Results

With the [Export] button available in the results windows 3.1 Nodes - Support Forces to
3.13 Surfaces - Basic Stresses you can access the following dialog box.
Figure 2.57: Dialog box Export DYNAM Results to RFEM
In the Export field, set the relevant DC dynamic case. There are three different Export Type
options to export the results:
From time
All existing results of the selected time step are summarized in an RFEM load case.
Filter Most Unfavorable Results from All Time Steps
A result combination containing the most unfavorable results is created from all time steps.
Filter most unfavorable results from selected time steps
This function includes the possibilities of both export types mentioned above.
Figure 2.58: Dialog box Selection of Time Steps
RF-DYNAM generates load cases form the points of time selected in the dialog box Selection
of Time Steps. These load cases can be combined appropriately by ticking the check box for
Filter most unfavorable results from selected time steps.
In the dialog sections Export to RFEM-DE from No. and Export to RFEM-DE No., the number-
ing and the description of the combination or load case to be generated are specified.

49
2.4.17 Window 4.1 Generated Equivalent Forces

This module window shows the results for the calculation of RF-DYNAM Addition II. The re-
sults table shows the point loads in the corresponding direction.
Figure 2.59: Module window 4.1 Generated Equivalent Forces
Again, you can use the Sort by options to sort the equivalent loads by the FE mesh point
number, the object type or the mode shape/load case number.
2.4.18 Export of RF-DYNAM Results

With the [Export] button available in the results window 4.1 Generated Equivalent Forces
you can access the following dialog box.
Figure 2.60: Dialog box RF-DYNAM, Export of EL1
It is possible to superimpose the modal effects directly in a result combination by the quad-
ratic superposition type (according to the SRSS rule). You can define the corresponding set-
tings in the dialog section RC-Settings.

2.5 Drop-Down Menus

The three pull-down menus of the add-on module RF-DYNAM provide all functions needed
to manage the RF-DYNAM cases and results. To open a menu, click the menu name, or
press the [Alt] key and then the keyboard key of the letter that is underlined in the menu
names.
[Alt+F] 2.5.1 File

To manage the RF-DYNAM cases, use the File menu.
Figure 2.61: Drop-down menu File
New Case [Alt+F+N]

To create a new RF-DYNAM case, click New Case.
Figure 2.62: Dialog box New RF-DYNAM Case
Assign a No. to the new load case and enter a Description. Click the [] button to open a
list with all descriptions which have already been used so that you can choose one of them.
To create the new case, click [OK].

51
Rename Case [Alt+F+R]

You can rename the current RF-DYNAM case by changing the Description and, if necessary,
assigning another No. In the latter case, note that it is not possible to assign a number that
has already been allocated.
Figure 2.63: Dialog box Rename RF-DYNAM Case
Copy Case [Alt+F+C]

This function allows you to copy an already created RF-DYNAM case.
Figure 2.64: Dialog box Copy RF-DYNAM Case
Select the RF-DYNAM case to be copied with the [] button from the list Copy from Case.
The Description can be selected with the [] button as well. You can also enter a new de-
scription. If you change the No. of the new case suggested by the program, make sure that
this number has not yet been allocated.
Delete Case [Alt+F+D]

First, all available RF-DYNAM cases are shown in a list.
Figure 2.65: Dialog box Delete Cases
Select the case to be deleted with a click. Then, delete it with [OK].

Export Tables [Alt+F+E]

Use this function to export individual or all tables of RF-DYNAM to MS Excel or Open-
Office.org Calc.
Figure 2.66: Dialog box Export of Tables
[Alt+S] 2.5.2 Settings

To manage the units used in RF-DYNAM, open the Settings menu.
Units and decimal places

The dialog box for adjusting the units and decimal places opens. The add-on module
RF-DYNAM is preset.
Figure 2.67: Dialog box Units and Decimal Places
[Alt+H] 2.5.3 Help

The Help function offers two options: Manual and Dlubal Online.

53
3 Results
3. Results
3.1 Results Graphic
After the calculation you can switch to the graphical results display by using the [Graphics]
button. There, the current RF-DYNAM case is automatically preset.
Figure 3.1: Graphical results display in RFEM work window
If the button [Show Results] is enabled, you see the graphics of the models first natural fre-
quency and also the results panel.
Figure 3.2: Results panel of RF-DYNAM (tabs Color Spectrum, Factors, Filter)

3 Results
The panel consists of three tabs. In the first tab (Color Spectrum), you see the scale of the
normal modes' total deformation normalized to 1.
In the panel sections Mode shape and Deformation of the second panel tab (Factors), you
can set the mode shape to be displayed and the increase factor for the graphical display.
In the final tab (Filter), you can activate and deactivate the display of individual objects for
the representation.
To return to the dynamic add-on module, use the [RF-DYNAM] button in the first panel tab.
Use the [Print Graphic] button in the RFEM toolbar either to print the results graphic directly
or to integrate it into the printout report.
3.2 Printout
To print the numerical results, return to RFEM and click the toolbar button [Printout Report].
Figure 3.3: Dialog box New Printout Report
You can select a Printout Report Template before you create the printout report with [OK].
Figure 3.4: RF-DYNAM data and results in the printout report

55
3 Results
Please note that the printout report represents a unity of all data from RFEM, RF-DYNAM
and other add-on modules. Therefore, avoid producing an unnecessary amount of data by
defining an appropriate selection of contents.
All options to edit and prepare report data in the printout report are available as described
in detail in chapter 10.1 of the RFEM manual. Moreover, there are some more selection tabs
available for the printout report which you can access and edit with the button [Select Top-
ics for Printout Report] in the report toolbar. Maybe you have to activate RF-DYNAM first,
which you can find under Program / Modules on the left in the dialog box Printout Report
Selection.
Figure 3.5: Dialog box Printout Report Selection, tab Global Selection
In the Global Selection tab, you can see the dialog section Display where you define the
main chapters to be displayed. If you don't want to Display all cases, you can select particu-
lar cases from the list Existing cases for the list Cases to display. To transfer cases from one
list to the other, use the buttons [Add Selected Case(s) →], [Add All Cases], [← Remove Se-
lected Case from List] and [Remove All Cases] shown on the left.
In each tab, you can accept the selection with [OK] as well as [Cancel] it. The dialog box will
be closed.

3 Results
Figure 3.6: Dialog box Printout Report Selection, tab Input Data
In the dialog tab Input Data, you can apply a No. Selection when selecting the input data:
Click the [] button, select the blank line and enter the relevant numbers of the objects.
Figure 3.7: Dialog box Printout Report Selection, tab Results
In the Results tab, you can determine All or individually selected parts for the selection.

57
4 Theory
4. Theory
Shortly, this chapter describes some theoretical background so you can better understand
the add-on module RF-DYNAM. This chapter is not a substitute for corresponding reference
books but wants to remind of some contexts and push further research.
First, the basic equation of the eigenvalue analysis is shortly presented. Then, the calcula-
tion of the kinetically equivalent masses, the participation factors and equivalent masses are
described in separate sections.
4.1 Equilibrium Equation

A structure reacts to forces affecting its structural stability by deforming. We assume that
the structural system is at rest with regard to its state before as well as after the load appli-
cation.
In general, we can observe a proportional relation between the load and the deformation
of the system. This relation of both entities is basically nonlinear but can be assumed as lin-
ear in most application cases. The stiffness k of the system appears as the proportionality
factor between the load and the deformation so that the relation is the following for the
static case:
Kij · xi = fj
where
Kij Stiffness matrix
xi Deformation
fi Load
In the case of a system with a degree of freedom, then i = j = 1.
Calculation of natural frequencies

When a structure has been excited to oscillate, and it has been left to its own resources for
some time, we can observe that the system always oscillates between two energy states.
Thus, the following applies:
Ekinetic = Epotential
This can be expressed with the following equation:
Equation 4.1:
M ij x i + K ij ⋅ x i = 0
In this equation, the damping remains unconsidered as this dissipation effect is not relevant
for the determination of the natural frequency and the mode shape.
Equation (4.1) is solved by inserting the following approach for xi:
Equation 4.2:
x i = C i e λt = ui (x) c cos(ωt − α)
Approach (2) set in equation (4.1), considering the expression c cos(ωt - α) to be nonzero in
general, results in:
Equation 4.3:
[M (− ω ) + K ]u (x) = 0
ij
2
ij i

4 Theory
As the equation of the mode shape ui(x) is not equal to zero, the natural frequencies are
determined from the following equation.
Equation 4.4:
( )
det K ij − ω2 M ij = 0
We have already met the angular frequency ω in equation (4.3). It is connected with the
structure's natural frequency by means of the relation f = 2πω.
After inserting a natural frequency into equation (4.3), the corresponding mode shape ui(x)
is the result.
4.2 Kinetically Equivalent Masses

Structures with several degrees of freedom having either a concentrated or an even mass
distribution can be transformed into a single-mass oscillator with an equivalent kinetic mass
by energy considerations. Typical applications are structures with vibration dampers or slim,
tower-like structures. RF-DYNAM calculates this kinetically equivalent mass for each individ-
ual natural frequency.
Now, we have a closer look at the theory by describing the example of a tubular mast.
The motion of the mast is described by the following relation:
y(x, t) = y(x) ⋅ sin(ωt) = Y ⋅ η(x) ⋅ sin(ωt)
where y(x,t) Deflection of a location x of mast depending on time

ω Angular frequency of structure
η(x) Mode shape normalized to 1 in location of greatest displacement
Y Deflection in location of quested kinetically equivalent masses. Here,
RF-DYNAM always applies the deflection in the location of the maximum
displacement. It is always normalized to 1 in the representation of the
mode shapes.
This leads to the kinetic energy of the structure:
Equation 4.5:
ω2 Y 2 L 2  2
Ekin = ∫ µ(x)η (x)dx  cos ωt
2 o 
where µ(x) Continuous area density, unit [kg/m].
Equation (4.5) expresses the kinetic energy of the structure's self-weight and the additional
member masses. The energy of the individual additional nodal masses mi must be added to
this:
Equation 4.6:
1 n
Ekin = ∑ mi ω2 Y 2 η2 (x i ) cos 2 ωt
2 i=1
The total must be created over all n additional masses.

59
4 Theory
Then, the entire kinetic energy of the structure becomes:
Equation 4.7:
1 L  1 N
Ekin = ω2 Y 2 ⋅ 2 2 2 2 2
∫ µ(x)η (x)dx  cos ωt + ∑ mi ⋅ ω η (x) cos ωt
2 o  2 i =1
The kinetic energy of the equivalent structure of a single-mass oscillator is described by:
Equation 4.8:
1
Ekin = M ω2 Y 2 cos 2 ωt
2
After equalizing the equations (4.7) and (4.8), the result for the kinetically equivalent mass
is the following:
Equation 4.9:
L n
M = ∫ µ(x) η2 (x) dx + ∑ mi η2 (x i )
0 i =1
To calculate the kinetically equivalent masses in another location, equation (4.9) must be
multiplied by Y2/η2(x).
Example
We want to calculate the kinetically equivalent mass for a restrained tubular mast. In the
examples KINEQ1 to KINEQ3 described in the following, we assume that the member is un-
divided. In the example KINEQ4, a division is applied.
Mast data:
Cross-section: PIPE 508 x 11 with cross-sectional area A = 0.0172 m2
Height: l = 20 m
Specific weight RF-DYNAM: γ = 7.85 . 104 N/m3
Continuous area density: µ = γ / g . A = 135 kg/m
2
El = konst.
l = 20 m
1
Figure 4.1: Restrained tubular mast

4 Theory
KINEQ1:
The mast's self-weight of M = l µ = 20 m  135 kg/m = 2700 kg is continuously distributed

over the mast.
KINEQ2:
The mast's total mass of M = l µ = 20 m  135 kg/m = 2700 kg is uniformly distributed to
both end nodes 1 and 2.
KINEQ3:
The self-weight of the mast is applied as external load continuously to the mast.
As we act on the assumption of a diagonal mass matrix available in all systems, the sum of
the kinetically equivalent masses is at any rate equal to the acting mass, that is 1350 kg in
node 2.
KINEQ4:
The tubular mast is divided by 5. This results in a more accurate calculation of the kinetically
equivalent mass. For the calculation of the kinetically equivalent mass according to equa-
tion (4.7) the following applies to the mode shape:
1  sinh λ − sin λ 
η(ξ) = sin λξ − sinh λξ + (cos λξ − cosh λξ) cosh λ − cos λ 
2,72423
where λ = 1.875, which results in the integral of
L
2
∫ µ(x) η (x)dx = 0,25
o
and thus in the value of the kinetically equivalent mass of
L
M = µ ⋅ L ∫ η2 (x)dx = 135 kg
m ⋅ 20m ⋅ 0,25 = 675 kg
o
The calculation of the kinetically equivalent masses in RF-DYNAM leads to the numerical
value of M = 675.1 kg.
Figure 4.2: Mass distribution for member in examples KINEQ1 to KINEQ4

61
4 Theory
4.3 Participation Factors, Equivalent Masses

When the determination of equivalent mass factors has been selected in module window
1.6 To Display before the calculation, module window 2.7 Equivalent Mass Factors displays
the values for the following items: modal mass, participation factor, equivalent mass, and
equivalent mass factor.
The most important information about the structure is the distribution of the fictitious
forces Hi that gets its typical characteristics as a function of the mode shape Vi.
The fictitious forces comply with the following relation:
Equation 4.10:
(Vi T M)2
Hi = ⋅ S a ⋅ (Ti)
(Vi T MVi)
where Vi Mode shape
M Mass matrix
Sa(Ti) Acceleration spectrum of angular frequency ωi
With the expressions
Mi = ViT M Vi modal mass
Li = ViT M participation factor
we get the following from equation (4.10)
Equation 4.11:
L i2
Hi = ⋅ S a ⋅ (Ti) = mei ⋅ S a ⋅ (Ti)
Mi
where mei = Li2 / Mi Equivalent mass of mode shape Vi
As apparent from the equations (4.10) and (4.11), the equivalent mass does not depend on
the normalized mode shape Vi. RF-DYNAM normalizes the mode shape Vi in the location of
the greatest displacement to 1 according to:
Equation 4.12:
n
∑ Vij 2 = 1
j −1
where i, j All degrees of freedom of displacement for mode shape Vi
On this basis, RF-DYNAM calculates the modal mass matrix, the participation factors, and
the equivalent masses with the equivalent mass factors as a relation of the equivalent mass
to the total mass.
The following example represents an application case from the practice. Please find more
information in [11], page 678.

4 Theory
4.4 Example
A planar three-story frame consists of massless columns and horizontal beams. The second
moments of area are I2,columns = 25,000 cm4 for all columns and I2,beams = 150,000 cm4 for all
beams.
The area of the columns is applied with Acolumns = 100 cm2. It is Abeams = 10,000 cm2 for the
beams.
The mass of the horizontal beams is applied in equal parts to both end nodes with each
12,500 kg.
12500 kg 12500 kg
6m
12500 kg 12500 kg
6m
12500 kg 12500 kg
6m
12 m
Figure 4.3: Calculation of equivalent masses on a three-story frame
Comparison of results between RF-DYNAM and technical literature:
Equivalent Mass [kg]

Mode Shape
No. RF-DYNAM Literature [11]
1 66592.9 2.66369*25000 = 66592.25
2 6989.7 0.2769*25000 = 6990.00
3 1417.4 0.05669*25000 = 1417.25

63
5 Examples
5. Examples
The following chapter contains some examples illustrating the functionality of the add-on
module RF-DYNAM.
Another calculation example demonstrates the calculation of the fundamental frequency of

a tower having a tapered cross-section.
The examples are taken from technical reference books. In the following, the focus is on
comparing the results given in the literature with the results determined by RF-DYNAM.
5.1 Beam
This example is taken from [12], page 20.
A dynamic analysis is performed for a continuous beam as shown in the figure below. The
total length of the beam is 10 m. The continuous beam consists of 20 single beams which
are connected with each other by bending-resistant connections.
The cross-section is rectangular and has the dimensions of d = 0.4 m and b = 0.2 m. This
results in a second moment of area of Iy = 1.067E-3 m4 and an area of A = 8.0E-2 m2 for
this cross-section. The modulus of elasticity is E = 3.0E+7 kN/m2.
As the specific weight is γ = 25 kN/m3, each individual beam has a weight of

Gi = γ A l / g = 25000 . 0.08 . 0.5 / 10 kg = 100 kg.
20 x 0,5 m
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
10,00 m
Figure 5.1: Sketch of example no. 1: beam
In the results list of RF-DYNAM, we can see an active mass of 100 kg in Z-direction for the
nodes 2 to 20. The nodes 1 and 21 are supported in Z-direction so that their masses are not
regarded as dynamic masses acting in Z-direction. The mass active in X-direction is equal to
zero on node 1 due to the support definition (retention in X-direction).
As the structure is not restrained in X-direction on node 21, the active mass has a finite val-
ue that is smaller than 100 kg.
What is remarkable is the accuracy of natural frequencies found by RF-DYNAM in compari-

son to the reference literature. The following table contrasts the results.
Six Lowest Natural Frequencies f [Hz]
No. of Natural Frequency RF-DYNAM Reference Book

1 6.284 6.283
2 25.137 25.133
3 56.556 56.547
4 86.580 86.580
5 100.535 100.519
6 157.056 157.032

5 Examples
5.2 Truss Girder

This example is taken from [12], page 29.
We want to determine the eigenvalues of the framework system shown below. The material
has a modulus of elasticity of E = 2.06E+8 kN/m2, a Poisson's ratio of ν = 0.29 and a spe-
cific weight of 7.88 t/m3.
A round cross-section with a diameter of 4 cm is used.
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7
2,00 m
13 20 14 23 15 21 16 24 17 22 18 25 19
8 7 9 8 10 9 11 10 12 11 13 12 14
X
12,00 m
Z
Figure 5.2: Sketch of example no. 2: truss girder
RF-DYNAM calculates the following natural frequencies in comparison to the results men-
tioned in the reference book.
Five Lowest Natural Frequencies f [Hz]

No. of Natural Frequency RF-DYNAM Reference Book
1 13.30 13.15
2 22.77 22.57
3 36.20 35.82
4 50.23 49.81
5 51.72 51.37
5.3 Concrete Chimney

This example is taken from [11], page 213, clarifying the influence of the option Number of
divisions of members for Special types of members (cable, elastic foundation, taper, nonlin-
earity) which can be found in the fourth tab of the dialog box Calculation Parameters.
Depending on the selected division, the result determined by RF-DYNAM approximates the
solution indicated in the literature.
A concrete chimney has the shape of a taper beam with a ratio of about 3:1. Therefore, it
can be assumed to be a tapered member. The modulus of elasticity is E = 2E+7 kN/m2, the
specific weight is γ = 25 kN/m3.
The following values apply to the bottom of the chimney:
The area AA is 14.78 m2, which results in a continuous area density of

µ = γ A / g = 25000 . 14.78 / 10 kg/m = 36.95E+3 kg/m.
The second moment of area is IA = 122.9 m4.

65
5 Examples
The following values apply to the head of the chimney:
The area AE is 4.79 m2, which results in a continuous area density of

µ = γ A / g = 25000 . 4.79 / 10 kg/m = 11.973E+3 kg/m.
The second moment of area is IE = 22.2 m4.
Structure Model
130,00 m
Figure 5.3: Sketch of example no. 3: concrete chimney
The reference book specifies the fundamental frequency of the chimney with the value
f = 0.367 Hz.
Fundamental Frequency f [Hz] of Concrete Chimney
Number of Divisions Calculated Fundamental Frequency
2 0.3291
6 0.3600
10 0.3673
20 0.3657
50 0.3641

5 Examples
5.4 Modal Analysis of Frame
Figure 5.4: Sketch of example no. 6.5: Modal analysis of a frame
The example is taken from [13], page 99 et sqq. and 117 et sqq.
Members 14, 15: EIR = 32,000 KNm2
Members 10, 11, 12, 13: 2 EIR = 64,000 KNm2
Members 1, 4, 7 and 3, 6, 9: EIS = 30,000 KNm2
Members 2, 5, 8: 2 EIS = 60,000 KNm2
m1 = 8 t
m2 = m3 = 30 t
In this example, we determine the first three mode shapes.

67
5 Examples
Determination of the first three natural periods:
Figure 5.5: Module window 1.1 General Data without considering the self-weight
Conversion of masses m1, m2 and m3 into additional nodal masses:
Figure 5.6: Module window 1.2 Additional Nodal Masses

5
Figure 5.7: Module window 2.1 Eigenvalues, Natural Frequencies, and Periods
The following table compares the results from RF-DYNAM with the results given in the
literature.
Natural Period Ti [sec]

Mode Shape
No. RF-DYNAM Literature [13]
1 0.755154 0.755128
2 0.181736 0.181723
3 0.105528 0.105522

69
A: Literature
A: Literature
[1] Klingmüller, O. Lawo, M., Thierauf, G. (1983)
Stabtragwerke, Matrizenmethoden der Statik und Dynamik, Teil 2: Dynamik
Fr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig
[2] Klotter, K. (1981)

Technische Schwingungslehre, Bd. 1, Teil A: Lineare Schwingungen, Teil B:
Nichtlineare Schwingungen, Bd. 2: Schwinger von mehreren Freiheitsgraden,
Springer, Berlin
[3] Kolousek, V. (1962)

Dynamik der Baukonstruktionen
VEB-Verlag f. Bauwesen, Berlin
[4] Krämer, E. (1984)

Maschinendynamik
Springer, Berlin
[5] Lehmann, T. (1979)

Elemente der Mechanik IV: Schwingungen, Variationsprinzipe
Fr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig
[6] Lipinski, J. (1972)

Fundamente und Tragkonstruktionen für Maschinen
Bauverlag, Wiesbaden
[7] Lorenz, H. (1960)

Grundbau-Dynamik
Springer, Berlin
[8] Müller, F. P. (1978)

Baudynamik, Betonkalender 1978
Ernst & Sohn, Berlin
[9] Natke, H. G. (1989)

Baudynamik
B. G. Teubner, Stuttgart
[10] Nowacki, W. (1974)

Baudynamik
Springer, Berlin
[11] Petersen, Ch. (1996)

Dynamik der Baukonstruktion
Vieweg Verlag, Wiesbaden
[12] Flesch, R. (1993)

Baudynamik, praxisgerecht
Bauverlag GmbH, Wiesbaden und Berlin
[13] Meskouris, K. (1999)

Baudynamik, Modelle Methoden Praxisbeispiele
Ernst & Sohn, Berlin
DIN 1311 Schwingungslehre

Bl. 1 Kinematische Begriffe, Febr. 1974
Bl. 2 Einfache Schwinger, Dez. 1974
Bl. 3 Schwingungssysteme mit endlich vielen Freiheitsgraden, Dez. 1974
Bl. 4 Schwingende Kontinua, Wellen, Febr. 1974

A: Literature
DIN 4024 Maschinenfundamente

Bl. 1 Elastische Stützkonstruktionen für Maschinen mit Entwurf rotierender
Massen, Mai 1983
DIN 4024 Stützkonstruktionen für rotierende Maschinen

(vorzugsweise Tisch-Fundamente für Dampfturbinen), Jan. 1955
DIN 4025 Fundamente für Amboßhämmer (Schabotte-Hämmer).

Hinweise für die Bemessung und Ausführung, Okt. 1958
DIN 4112 Fliegende Bauten. Richtlinie für Bemessung und Ausführung, Febr. 1983
DIN 4131 Antennentragwerke aus Stahl. Berechnung und Ausführung, März 1969
DIN 4132 Kranbahnen, Stahltragwerke. Grundsätze für Berechnung, bauliche

Durchführung und Ausführung, Febr. 1981
Beiblatt Erläuterungen, Febr. 1981
DIN 4133 Schornsteine aus Stahl. Statische Berechnung und Ausführung, Aug. 1973
DIN 4149 Bauten in deutschen Erdbebengebieten

Teil 1: Lastannahmen, Bemessung und Ausführung üblicher Hochbauten,
April 1981, Beiblatt 1
Teil 1: Zuordnung von Verwaltungsgebieten zu den Erdbebenzonen,
April 1981
DIN 4150 Erschütterung im Bauwesen

Teil 1: Grundsätze, Vorermittlung und Messung von Schwingungsgrößen
Vornorm, Sept. 1975
Teil 2: Einwirkungen auf Menschen in Gebäuden, März 1986
Teil 3: Einwirkungen auf bauliche Anlagen, Mai 1986
DIN 4178 Glockentürme. Berechnung und Ausführung, Aug. 1978
VDI 205 Beurteilungsmaßstäbe für mechanische Schwingungen von Maschinen,

Okt. 1964
VDI 2057 Beurteilung der Einwirkung mechanischer Schwingungen auf den Menschen,
Mai 1987
Bl. 1 Grundlagen, Gliederung, Begriffe
Bl. 2 Bewertung
Bl. 3 Beurteilung
Bl. 4.1 Messung und Bewertung von Arbeitsplätzen in Gebäuden
Bl. 4.2 Messung und Bewertung von Arbeitsplätzen auf Landfahrzeugen

Bl. 4.3 Messung und Beurteilung für Wasserfahrzeuge
VDI 2062 Schwingungsisolierung

Bl. 1 Begriffe und Methoden, Jan. 1976
Bl. 2 Isolierelemente, Jan. 1976
VDI 3831 Schutzmaßnahmen gegen die Einwirkung mechanischer Schwingungen auf

den Menschen, allgemeine Schutzmaßnahmen, Beispiele, Nov. 1985
KTA 2201 (Kerntechnische Anlagen): Auslegung von Kernkraftwerken gegen seismische

Einwirkungen
Teil 1 Grundsätze, Jan. 1975
Teil 2 Baugrund, Nov. 1982
Teil 4 Auslegung der maschinenelektrotechnischen Anlagenteile, Nov. 1983
Teil 5 Seismische Instrumentierung, Jan. 1977

71

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Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

Contents Page Contents Page

1. Introduction 4 2.5 Drop-Down Menus 51

2.1 Starting RF-DYNAM 6 3. Results 54

2.2 Module Windows 6 3.1 Results Graphic 54

2.3.1 Window 1.1 General Data 7 4. Theory 58

Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

We hope you will enjoy working with RF-DYNAM.

Your team from DLUBAL SOFTWARE GMBH

4 Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

1.2 RF-DYNAM - Team

PhD, M.Sc., Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Gerlind Schubert

Ing. Vaclav Sycora

Program design, dialog box figures, and icons

MgA. Robert Kolouch

Dipl.-Ing (FH) Stefan Frenzel

Manual, help system, and translation

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Robert Vogl

Technical support and quality management

Dipl.-Ing. Frank Faulstich M.Eng. Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Walter Rustler

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) René Flori M.Sc. Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Frank Sonntag

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Walter Fröhlich M.Sc. Sonja von Bloh

Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

2. Working with RF-DYNAM

2.2 Module Windows

6 Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

2.3 Input Windows

2.3.1 Window 1.1 General Data

Figure 2.2: Module window 1.1 General Data

Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

Set self-weight as mass

Internal Division of Members

Activate influence due to axial forces

Eigenvalue calculation method

8 Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

Standardization of Normal Modes

Figure 2.3: Dialog box Details

Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

2.3.2 Window 1.2 Additional Nodal Masses

Figure 2.4 Module window 1.2 Additional Nodal Masses

List of Nodes with Mass

10 Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

2.3.3 Window 1.3 Additional Line Masses

In module window 1.3, you can enter additional line masses.

Figure 2.6: Module window 1.3 Additional Line Masses

Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

2.3.4 Window 1.4 Additional Member Masses

Figure 2.7: Module window 1.4 Additional Member Masses

2.3.5 Window 1.5 Additional Surface Masses

Figure 2.8: Module window 1.5 Additional Surface Masses

12 Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

2.3.6 Window 1.6 To Display

Figure 2.9: Module window 1.6 To Display

Natural Vibrations by FE Mesh Point

Masses by FE Mesh Point

Equivalent Mass Factors

Program RF-DYNAM © 2014 Dlubal Software GmbH

Figure 2.11: Selecting nodes graphically