Chapter 1 5 Research Report

Rice Husk Ash as Concrete Additive
RHACA:
Rice (Oryza sativa) Husk Ash as Concrete Additive
An Investigatory Project Submitted in Partial

Fulfillment of the Subject Requirement
in Research IV
Physical Science - Group Category
LIBBY G. SANTOS
JOSHUA ISAAC J. CASOCO
MIKHAELLA F. DE GUZMAN
KURT ALLEN R. DIZON
YZER VINCENT D. EGARAN
LANCE GABRIEL T. HASKELL
CHRISTIAN JAMES S. MAPULA
CHELMARK D. RACAL
DARYL B. RACOSAS
Researchers
LEA ANN L. PITOGO-ALEGRE, LPT,MAEd-Gen. Sci.

Research Adviser
REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGHSCHOOL III
S.Y. 2019-2020
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to express their utmost gratitude to the following
people who attributed to accomplish this study:
First of all, the researchers would like to give all praises to the all mighty God for
blessing them with sufficient knowledge, guidance, willpower, strength, motivation,
and wisdom to accomplish or finish this study.
Prior to this, the researchers would also like to express their gratitude to Prof.
LebyFastidio, a qualified statistician who helped the researchers analyze and
interpret/treat the data gathered from the results of the study.
The researchers would like to give thanks to Dr. Roderick Tadeo, who is the
school principal, for giving the researchers support and also letting the researcher
conduct such study.
Also, the researchers would like to give thanks to Ms. Lea Ann P. Alegre, the
research adviser, who also gave guidance and patience to the researchers that led them
to successfully accomplish this study.
Lastly, the researchers would like to give their sincere and utmost gratitude to
their beloved parents for providing support for the researchers in all aspect.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ………...…………………………………………………………...i
Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................ii
Table of Contents ………………...………………………………………...iii
List of Tables .………………………...……………………………….................v
List of Figures ………………………………...……………………………vi
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………vii
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction……………………………………………………………….8
Statement of the Problem……………...………………………………....13
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………..14
Hypothesis ……………………………………………………….…....15
Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………15
Scope and Delimitation ……………………………………………15
Definition of Terms …………………………………………………….17
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
Related Literature ……………………………………………………19
Foreign ……………………………………………………19
Local ……………………………………………………………22
Related Studies ……………………………………………………25
Foreign ……………………………………………………25
Local …………………………………………………………....29
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design ……………………………………………………36
iii
Materials and Equipments………………………………………………..37
Detailed Procedure …………………………………....37
A. Gathering of Materials …………………………..……37
B. Preparation of Experiment …………………….…….…...37
C. Burning of Rice Husks …………………………………38
D. Mixing of Cement ……………………………….....38
E. Drying of Cement …………………………………38
Methodology Flowchart ……………………………………………. 39
Data Analysis ……………………………………………………..40
Risk and Safety …………………………………………………….40
CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS…………………………. ..41
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………..53
Conclusion …………………………………………………………..53
Recommendation …………………………………………………..54
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………….55
APPENDICES ………………………………………………..........58
Appendix 1.Methodology Flowchart …………………………..……….58
Appendix 2. Raw Data of RHACA Concrete Testing

(27 Samples, 3 Samples per batch)…………………..……59
Appendix 3. Travel Letter………………………………………………68
Appendix 4. Letter of Appreciation in TCT Services Offered………….69
Appendix 5. Narrative Report…………………………………………..70
CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………………....73
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Mean Distribution in Terms of Machine Reading……………....37
Table 2. Mean Distribution in Terms of

Moisture Absorption (InitialWeight)…………………………....38

Moisture Absorption (Final Weight).……………………………39

Thermal Insulation (InitialTemperature………………………...40

Thermal Insulation (Final Temperature)……….………………..41

Structural Integrity (psi)……………………………….....….....42

Structural Integrity (MPa) ……………………………….…......43
Table 8. Pair t-test on Initial Test and

Final Testing of the Material…………………………………....45
Table 9. ANOVA on the different percent of

RHACA and MarketCement…………..………………………....46
Table 10. Machine Reading (Kn)……………….………………………....47
Table 11. Compressive Strength………………………………………..... 47
Table 12. Moisture (Final Weight)……………………………………..... 48
Table 13. Thermal Insulation (Final Temperature)……………………... 48
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework………………………………………………15
Figure 2. Research Design……………………………………………………...31
Figure 3. Methodology Flowchart………………………………………….......34
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ABSTRACT
Study: Rice (Oryza sativa) Husk Ash as Concrete Additive
By:Libby G. Santos, Joshua Isaac J. Casoco, Mikhaella F. de Guzman, Kurt Allen R. Di-
zon, Yzer Vincent D. Egaran, Lance Gabriel T. Haskell, Christian James S. Mapula, Chel-
mark D. Racal, Daryl B. Racosas
Adviser: Lea Ann L. Pitogo-Alegre
Regional Science High School III
School Divisions of Olongapo City, Region III, Philippines
Rice processing industry creates an enormous measure of rice husk during processing of
paddy which originates from the rural fields making the Philippines Top 10 on the world’s
highest rice production country contributing to 90% of the world’s consumed rice. Most
rice husks are considered as waste due to the majority of rice field farmers burning these
rice husks as it emits Carbon Dioxide and generates heat for fuel thus making it serve little
purpose for others and polluting our environment. A special content that rice husk has is its
silica content that produces when burned, but this serves no purpose to the economy in
which it is now known to be so essential to physical problems. This developed an idea of
igniting rice husk as rice husk ash (RHA). Due to the Philippines natural environment and
extreme temperatures, the silica content has the ability to reduce concrete porosity which
causes cement to delay the time of its degrading due to exposure to natural occurrences
such as rain, earthquake and sunshine as compared to commercially available cement. By
igniting the rice husk and turning it into ash that is also a great super-pozzolan, the pro-
duced silica content can be added as an additive for cement. Its properties can increase
commercially available cement’s ability for moisture absorption, structural integrity and
thermal insulation by a significant difference. Through a conducted test of 9 batches of ce-
ment consisting of 3 trials each using 5%, 10% and 15% of RHA concentrations with
RHA, statistical results showed that the 10% concentration has the best qualities in over-all
aspects.
Keywords: Rice Husk, Thermal Insulation, Structural Integrity, Moisture Absorption
vii
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Rice milling industry generates large amount of rice husk during milling of
paddy which comes from the agricultural fields. During the milling process of paddy
about 78% of weight representing rice, broken rice and bran and 22% of weight
representing husk. Generally, this husk is used as fuel in the rice mills to produce
steam in the parboiling process. A rice plant is one of the plants that soaks silica from
the soil and into its structure during its growth.(Smith, 2015).
In reference to Koteswara (2012), an amount of 25% of the weight of husk is
converted into ash during incineration process, known as rice husk ash (RHA) and the
remaining major of 75% are organic volatile matter. More than 80-85% of silica
contains in rice husk ash (Siddique, 2008). The silica presents in two forms, one is
amorphous silica which is reactive as pozzolanto replace part of Portland cement.
This form of silica present in RHA depends on the temperature and duration of
burning (Chindaprasirtt., 2012). Only properly burnt and ground rice husk ash is
favorable for use as a pozzolanic material (Rukzon, 2014).
RHA is a carbon neutral green product. Lots of ways are being thought of for
disposing them by making commercial use of this RHA. RHA is a good super-
pozzolan. This super-pozzolan can be used in a big way to make special concrete
mixes. There isa growing demand for fine amorphous silica in the production of
special cement and concrete mixes, high performance concrete, high strength, low
permeability concrete. (Hossain, 2011)
Combustion of the rice husk produces rice husk ash, which consists of mainly
silica. High purity silica can be produced by controlled combustion after acid
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treatment. In this study, leaching of rice husk with hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid
were carried out prior to combustion to obtain purer silica. It was found that pre-
treatment of the rice husk with sulfuric acid had accelerated the hydrolysis and
decomposition of organic components as revealed by thermo-gravimetry (TG) and
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. In a systematic study, the combustion
of un-leached, hydrochloric acid-leached and sulfuric acid-leached rice husks were
performed in a muffle furnace at 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900oC for 2 h. (Bakar, 2013)
In accordance to Rodgers (2018),nowadays, production cost of industrial
grade construction materials has been increasing lately. Another factor is the
structural integrity and the strength of the materials. Some of these factors are affected
by the availability of the materials, either if it’s indigenous or locally available in the
market or imported from foreign countries. In which is an increasing factor of good
cement scarcity and price increase.
Another problem that is not only known in the country, but internationally as
well, is global warming, production of common construction materials were one of
the causes of global warming, since it produces chemical byproducts that affects the
Earth’s atmosphere (Ramancharla, 2011)
Commonly used construction materials are often susceptible to heat and water
damage, since it does not provide resilience or resistance to natural disasters. One of
the commonly known natural disasters here in the country is heavy rainfall and strong
storms almost all year round. (BigSliceIndustries, 2018)
There are 3 important factors to consider when buying/constructing cement:
the structural integrity, thermal insulation, moisture absorption. In accordance to
Technical Knowledge (2018), structural integrity is a designing field managing how
structures bolster loads. It was also stated that this incorporates supporting its own
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weight. Its point is to forestall disfigurement, breaking and cataclysmic
disappointment of a structure due to exceeding weight/force. Integrity isn't only an
instance of good plan, it should be kept up for the life of a structure. This requires
investigation and upkeep at occasional interims. Architects guarantee structures are
sheltered, solid and play out their planned capacity.
Thermal insulation contributes definitely to the lower utilization of warming
fuel and along these lines to the safeguarding of our condition, while shielding other
structure components from the climate. The benefits of thermal insulation include the
reduction of heating cost, creates a condition for thermal comfort, avoidance
condensation to take place on building elements, environmental protection and more.
(Metaxiotis, 2016)
The third factor that is a necessity for a great concrete is the moisture
absorption capability. In accordance to Spangler, (2019), a client of his experienced
heavy rainfall for a few months and the clientdidan in situ relative humidity (RH) test
as part of the process, and the results read at 99% RH. That’s more than enough to
cause a flooring system to fail horrendously. It is why it’s important to keep track of
the 2 other factors for concrete.
In the production of concrete, the statistical data of Co2 emitted per kilogram
of concrete manufactured is 0.107 co2/kg, as compared to steel that is 1.46 co2/kg and
plastic which is 3.31 c02/kg. In terms of this quantity only, it is noticeable which has
a higher result. The problem here is on the year 2010 to 2015, the amount of cement
demands keep increasing. Yearly, global concrete production is approximately 11,000
million m3(Cubic meters). The positive factor of this, is that concrete assimilates CO2
from the environment during relieving. Under ideal conditions, cement can ingest up
to 17 percent of the CO2 radiated during creation; however a progressively reasonable
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figure for in-administration concrete is betweenin the range of 5 and 7 percent.
(Reilly, 2019)
According to Bakar (2013), another disaster that in the country of the
Philippines experiences is El Niño (a part of a standard climate pattern that happens
when ocean surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean ascend to better than
average levels for an all-encompassing timeframe), it is caused by being near the
equator and too much heat, where it results in drought and high temperatures all
throughout the day. This could do harm in concrete where in too much heat
absorption creates cracks and dents on the concrete.
This is where the researcher’s investigatory project comes in. By providing a
cheap and environment friendly approach in producing a high quality-grade product
that will be locally available in almost around the country. The researchers’ main
ingredient will be the Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Rice husk ash is a byproduct of burning
the husk of newly harvested rice grain. It is the protective covering of the rice itself to
avoid withering. (Wurfellur, 2015)
In accordance to Balami (2011), RHA is commonly reused as a fertilizer since
it has no purpose after it has been burnt, but RHA has another purpose that could
provide a viable solution to the increasing production cost of construction materials. It
has certain properties that would provide great additive for strengthening the concrete.
RHA used was obtained by burning rice husk obtained from a local mill in Kano. The
husk obtained was sun dried, screened and burned at a temperature of 400 o C in an
incinerator.
RHA would be a good substitute to common construction material, since rice
production or rice agriculture is a big part of livelihood in the Philippines. Rice is also
one of the staple foods or consumables in the country. Since RHA is a byproduct of
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Rice Production, this would provide more livelihood for the locale, as well as increase
the production of RHA for Concrete Production. RHA is also known to be water
absorbent, wherein it absorbs a high amount water without damaging its structural
integrity. If RHA is mixed with the commonly used concrete mixture, it would
provide a better water or moisture absorbent admixture that would result in a better
and cheaper concrete. (Kartapurri, 2015)
To lessen the cost of traditional building construction, that many Filipinos are
facing, the researchers thought of providing an alternative for traditional building
materials which is cheap, environment friendly and most of all indigenous. This will
provide a great upscale for both construction companies as well as the agricultural
sector of the country, it would heighten one of the primary sources of livelihood for
the citizens. The concrete that is supposed to be created will be made out of Rice
Husk Ash combined with traditional cement, sand and gravel. (Purgaller, 2010)
The immediate user for this project will be the general construction, it would
provide as a great catalyst for a cheaper, affordable and environment friendly
construction material. Another beneficiary would be the farmers and the agricultural
sector, since the RHA is a byproduct of farming rice. With this innovation it will be
able to advance the progress of building construction and improve the livelihood of
agricultural sector. (Assendrini, 2011)
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Statement of the Problem
This study sought to design, construct and test RHACA (Rice Husk Ash
Concrete Additive) an admixture to concrete, to minimize the carbon footprints and
utilize the byproducts of Rice Production here in the Philippines.
1. How may the varying concentrations of the RHACA be described in terms
of its:
1.1 Machine Reading;
1.2 Moisture Absorption;
1.3 Thermal Insulation; and
1.4 Structural Integrity.
2. Is there a significant difference between initial and final reading or testing
of the materials in terms of:
3. Is there a significant difference among the different percentage of the
materials in terms ofits:
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Significance of the Study
Environment. By utilizing these byproducts from rice mills or farms seen as
wastes, to create a new product that would reduce the amount of carbon footprint
would simultaneously reduce instances of waste in different wayscaused by the
disposal of rice husk after extracting it from grain. Chemicals released from large
mills as a product of waste treatment to eliminate the effect of carbon footprints in the
atmosphere would also decrease as a result of this. Thus, given enough time,
comprehensive use of this idea would result to a significant decrease in the amount of
pollution both air and land.
Industry. The materials used to create the concrete additive can easily buy in
the local market at a low and cost-effective price. Besides, the concrete can be quickly
made taking less than an hour to create the mixture to just under a day to completely
dry. Thus, letting efficient mass production of the concrete to cover a wide area of
space. This will not only minimize carbon footprints from earth but can also serve as a
durable substitute for conventional building material.
Community. This study will lessen the amount of carbon footprints in our
community that can be beneficial for the citizens. With this study can also put a good
use the excess Rice Husks that were thrown away by industrial rice farmers.
Local Farmers. The production of this concrete will also give way for the
local farmers to sell rice husks to manufacturers or construction companies to create
actual mixtures for concrete, for sturdier and would be most suitable for the purpose if
reducing carbon footprints in our place.
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Hypothesis:
Ho: There is no significant difference between using RHACA cement mixture
compared to commercially available cement mix.
Ha: There is a significant difference between using the RHACA cement mixture
compared to commercially available cement mix.
Conceptual Framework
Input Process Output
Rice Husk Ash Gathering of Materials

Sand Burning of Rice Husk Rice Husk Ash as
Gravel Mixing of Cement with Concrete Additive
Cement Rice Husk Ash
Water (5%, 10%. 15%)
Slump Testing
Figure 1.
The study followed the IPO (Input, Process and Output). The input contains
the positive control cement and the rice husk ash and then mixed with different trials
in which5%, 10%, 15% of ash is used on specific trials. The output was tested with
the slump test for concrete.
Scopes and Delimitations
This study aimed to determine the RHACA (Rice Husk Ash Concrete
Additive) an additive to the Concrete Mix that improves the Structural integrity,
Thermal insulation, and Moisture Absorption of a concrete building. To determine
that if RHACA has a difference between others commercially available cement mix,
on which can be applied to those in the construction industry, thus ensuring the safety
15
of construction workers and establishments that make use of cement-concrete
structures, providing cheaper and accessible materials as an additive to cement.
This research was conducted at Regional Science High School- III from
August 22, 2019 to December 30, 2019.
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Definition of Terms
ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance)- is used to determine whether there are any
statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent
(unrelated) groups.
Carbon footprint- It is the amount of greenhouse gases—primarily carbon dioxide—
released into the atmosphere by a particular human activity. With the use of RHACA,
it can prevent the amount of carbon footprint spreading throughout the atmosphere
Cement Additive-It is a substance added in small quantities to the Cement to provide
durable compatibility.
Concrete-It is an composite material, which is made from a mixture of cement,
aggregate (sand or gravel), water and sometimes admixtures in required proportions.
Is used as a basis for the overall performance of the Rice Husk Ash.
Machine reading, is the results given depending on certain tests, subjects, and their
functionality.
Machine Reading- These are the results given depending on certain tests, subjects,
and functionality.
Moisture absorption- Itis the capacity of a solid to absorb moisture from its
environment. It is used to determine the capabilities of the Rice Ash when made to
absorb Moisture.
Pozzolanic-These are a broad class of siliceous and aluminous materials which, in
themselves, possess little or no cementitious value but which will, in finely divided
form and in the presence of water, will be chemically activated. It is used to hydrate
the cement to add other cementitious materials.
17
Rice Husk Ash-It is a pozzolanic reactive material can be used to improve surface
area of transition zone between the microscopic structure of cement paste and
aggregate in the high-performance concrete.
Rice husk-These are the hard-protecting coverings of grains of rice. It is used as the
soul- Material of the study.
Silicon- A significant raw material for various enterprises including ceramics. It has a
wide scope of utilizations as a raw material in various fields of the ceramics
production industry. Is used as another compound basis for the Rice Husk Ash
Slump Test- It is used to determine the workability or consistency of concrete mix
prepared at the laboratory during the progress of the work.
Structural Integrity- It is a process by which we determine how reliable an existing
structure is able to carry current and future loads and fulfil the task for a given time
period. Used to determine the Cements Overall durability.
Thermal Insulation- It is used to prevent the flow of heat. Is used to determine the
capabilities of the Cement when exposed to high temperature.
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Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
This chapter includes different literatures and study of different authors both
locals and foreign that were significant to the research. The researchers read various
literatures and studies from both fields of local and foreign to analyze the contrast and
comparison of those that are published with the current study.
Review of Related Literature
Foreign
Rice Husks
Rice hulls are also referred to as rice husks and are the coating on a
seed or grain of rice. Its formation involves hard materials namely silica and
lignin in order to protect the seed during the growing season. Rice hulls are
dried and accumulated upon acquisition, as they produced during rice milling.
Uncompressed rice husk weighs around 100 kg/m3. It contains around 15%
carbon, 18% ash, and 67% volatile matter. Furthermore, rice hull is composed
of 35% cellulose, 25% hemicellulose, 20% lignin, and 3% crude protein.
Presence of high amounts of silica also makes rice hulls a promising raw
material for industrial applications (Ma’ruf&Aryanti, 2017).
Rice hulls are applied in vermin-composting, where they can be converted to
fertilizers. Para-boiled rice hull can also be utilized as a substrate or medium
for hydro-culture. In addition, silicon-based compounds such as silicon nitride,
silica, and zeolite can be synthesized with rice hull due to its high silica
content. Generally, rice hull is employed in the production of xylitol, furfural,
acetic acid, and ethanol (Kumar &Sangwan, 2013).
19
Silicon
According to Singh (2018), extraction plants for cluster handling of
silicon are indigenously accessible in India. It is assessed that one ton of paddy
processed, produces 200 kg. of husk, 200 kg husk gives 50 kg Ash and the
debris contains 60 to 80% silicon. This would imply that around 40 kg of
silicon could be extricated per ton of paddy. There are different appraisals that
recommend that for each 1000 Kg. of paddy processed, around 250 kg (28%)
of husk is delivered and when this husk is singed in the boilers, around 70 kg
(25%) of rice husk debris is produced that contains around 60 Kg silicon (85-
90%).
In support with this, Rocha (2018) stated that ash produced from the
burning of rice husk for cogeneration can be reused to get silicon. Being of
natural source, this silicon is non-harmful and can be utilized in the elastic re-
implementation (Tire Industry), Plastic re-requirement, agribusiness
(purportedly in creature nourishment likewise), nourishment, medicinal
services and beautifiers, impetuses, in mash and paper handling and as a
purifying operator in tooth glues and as an anticaking specialist in the Food
business.
Cement
As stated by Young (2012) in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and
Technology, "Cement is the binder used to make concrete mortars, stuccos and
grouts for all types of building and construction. Although cement is a generic
term and can be applied to many inorganic and organic materials, by far the
most widely used and most versatile cement is Portland cement. It also
summarizes the chemistry and microstructure of hydrated cement paste which
20
is the binder in concrete and masonry construction. This article is primarily
concerned with Portland cement, but a brief description of other inorganic
cements is also given”.
Cement Production
According to News Security Beat (2018), China—the world's quickest
developing economy with the biggest populace—drives the world in concrete
creation, the basic fixing that has manufactured China's mammoth urban areas,
rambling streets, and other foundation. China pours 60 percent of the world's
concrete; the nation's creation in 2011-2013 outperformed U.S. generation for
the whole twentieth century. While it made ready for Chinese development, it
came at a perilous cost: 1.6 million Chinese residents kick the bucket every
year from respiratory sicknesses connected to little particulate issue outflows,
of which 27 percent originate from concrete generation. Coal energizes vitality
concentrated concrete plants, making these plants the top modern source (up to
18 percent) of the country's CO2 discharges. It takes 200 kg of coal to make 1
metric ton of concrete—and in 2010, China delivered about 1,868 million
metric huge amounts of concrete, speaking to an incredible 10 percent of the
country's absolute coal utilization.
Industrial Works
Not exclusively does a decent workplace guarantee the prosperity of
representatives, it is additionally a legitimate necessity, decreases expenses
and improves efficiency, quality and worker responsibility. Insufficiencies in
the workplace can have genuine ramifications for the person. In the work
environment these lacks offer ascent to expanded expenses because of
nonattendance because of sickness, restoration, staff turnover and creation
21
stoppages, harm to hardware, low quality and underutilized potential. (Swerea,
2015)
Local
Rice Production
Rice production in the Philippines is a significant part of the nation's
nourishment supply and economy. The Philippines is the ninth biggest rice
maker on the planet, representing 2.8% of worldwide rice production. The
Philippines was additionally the world's biggest rice merchant in 2010.
(Ricepedia, 2012)
Rice Husks
Rice husk and rice husk ash are indigenous sources of considerable
levels of high quality silicon that can be put into use in different ways. It was
also discussed that compared to other sources of silicon namely sand,
bentonite, and diatomaceous, rice husk contains minimal amount of
contaminants that affect the performance of applications requiring high purity.
Therefore, rice husk is an importance source of silicon. Rice husk also has
exclusive nan-oporoussilicon layers that evolved due to the natural evolution
of the plant. Thus, the production of silica from rice husk is a simple process
that gives several advantages. (Fernandes & Camacho, 2017)
As discussed by Vitanzos (2016) Transfer of rice husk is one of the
significant difficulties looked by mill operators all over India. India delivers
around 25 million tons of rice husk each year. This rice husk debris when
consumed in the evaporator as fuel, creates debris known as rice husk debris
(RHA). RHA is an extraordinary ecological risk yet on a positive note, RHA
contains 60% to 80% silicon which has application in different ventures.
22
Silicon
High purity is required in a few utilizations of silicon. Silicon is a
fundamental crude material broadly utilized in the semiconductors,
earthenware production, polymers, and materials enterprises. This silicon is
generally delivered from quartz intertwined at high temperatures, which bears
to acquire ultrapure polycrystalline silicon and silicon hydride.
Notwithstanding natural and financial points of interest, low-vitality, more
straightforward techniques to acquire pure silicon make open doors for the
improvement of new modern uses of RHA (Park & Avila, 2011).
According to Hwang and Chandra (2012) the chemical composition of
rice husk is like that of numerous regular natural fibers and it contains of
cellulose 40-50 percent, lignin 25-30 percent, ash 15-20 percent and moisture
8-15 percent. In the wake of consuming, most evaporable segments are
gradually lost and the silicates are left. No other plant with the exception of
paddy husk can hold such an enormous extent of silicon in it.
Cement
Based on CEMEX: Holdings Philippines (2018), it stated that cement
is a binding agent that, when mixed and sand, stone or other aggregates and
water, produces either ready-mix concrete or mortar. They provide their
costumer with high-quality branded cement products and services in both
bagged and bulk formats. They rely on their professional knowledge and
experience to develop customized products that fulfill their customers’
specific requirements and foster efficient and sustainable construction.
23
Cement Production
According to Philcement Commissions (2020), Phinma Corp's,
concrete backup Philcement has increase its arrival to generation with
the dispatching of a 2.0Mt/yr coordinated concrete plant with appended
terminal offices in the port of Bataan. The Philippine Star has detailed
that the organization, whose six coordinated plants had a greater part
piece of the pie in the nation before the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997,
has contributed US$100m on its reemergence to generation,
remembering for the Bataan office, since it reported the arrival of its
Union concrete brand to the market in 2018.
It's the year's end so it's a great opportunity to take a gander at
patterns in the area news in the course of the most recent a year. It's
additionally the finish of 10 years, so for a more extensive point of
view look at the element in the December 2019 issue of Global Cement
Magazine. The guide of moving creation limit and the table of falling
CO2 emanations per ton are marvelous and moving in their own
particular manner. They additionally point towards the victories and
risks confronting the business in the following decade, (Global Cement
Industrial Works, 2019).
According to Republic of the Philippines(2014), Manufacturing
industries have higher business, pay and yield multipliers comparative
with the farming and administrations divisions. Assembling
additionally advances more grounded between industry and between
sectoral linkages, firm profitability, mechanical improvement and
development. In that capacity, the development of the assembling
24
business improves the overhauling and broadening in the rural part,
just as drives interest for higher worth included administrations.
Contemplating all these, the Philippines is quickening the assembling
division’s intensity towards the accomplishment of economical and
comprehensive advancement in the nation.
Review of Related Studies
Foreign
Rice Production
According to Gerughar (2014) in hisstudy entitled “Feasibility Study
of Rice Growth in Plant Factories”, worldwide food production should build
over half before 2050 to fulfill the food demands of an expanding human
populace. To explain this food crisis, an expansion in rice production will be
fundamental as rice is particularly crucial for the sustenance of a great part of
the populace in numerous nations. One answer for the future nourishment
deficiency worldwide is develop crops in places where plants to do normally
develop. The innovation for "plant manufacturing plants", another office to
develop plants under a controlled situation that would empower high return
and top notch generation all year, is advancing. One solution to the future food
shortage worldwide would be to cultivate crops in places where plants to do
typically grow. In addition, since creating biopharmaceuticals in plants
through hereditary designing advances has numerous monetary and subjective
advantages, the preliminary to deliver valuable materials in transgenic plants
is analyzed in the plant industrial facility.
25
Rice Husks
According to Hossain and Mathur (2018) in their study entitled “Effect
of Silicon on Growth and Biodiesel Production in Fresh Water Diatoms”, the
number of waste or byproducts coming from different industrial and
agricultural sector has been rampantly increasing. Due to this, it has gained
attention in the scientific, ecological, social, and economic sphere for the past
years. Rice husk (RH) is produced through rice milling and rice husk ash
(RHA) is produced by combustion in a separate process. The population of
RH and RHA are abundant in rice growing countries such as China, India,
Brazil, US, and Southeast Asia which makes RH and RHA truly accessible.
As stated by Gupta (2011) rice is the second most consumed food
globally. The rice production in 2017 was 758 million metric tons. It was also
stated that the number will gradually increase due to the demand of the
world’s population. RHA is a byproduct of rice and RHA contains over 85-
95% of silicon which caused it to be used extensively in different
manufacturing fields especially the industrial field. Over the past 20 years
RHA has always been used for manufacturing if different silicates, zeolites,
catalyst, nano-composite, cement, light weight construction materials,
insulators, and adsorbents.
Silicon
Silicon is a significant raw material for various enterprises including
ceramics. It has a wide scope of utilizations as a raw material in various fields
of the ceramics production industry. Quartz is a crystalline type of silicon,
which is for the most part utilized in industry. As of late, the utilization of
indistinct silicon is step by step expanding because of certain properties
26
particular from those of crystalline silicon, i.e., the more prominent reactivity
of nebulous silicon. Melded silicon, the fundamental wellspring of shapeless
silicon in industry, is costly on the grounds that it is a modern item. RH/RHA
can tackle this trouble, anyway because of its gigantic dynamic silicon content
and inexhaustible accessibility. In this manner, a few specialists are exploring
conservative, eco-accommodating, simple methods for separating high-
immaculateness silicon from RH/RHA. Comprehensively two kinds of blend
strategies were accounted for extraction of silicon, i.e., the synthetic strategy
and burning technique. The present audit article considers just these extraction
techniques. (Hanson, Potential of Rice Husk Ash in Concrete Production,
2018)
Cement
As acknowledged by Sagheb (2010)in her study entitled "Cement
Mortar and Concrete made with Sewage Sludge Ash", This study investigated
the feasibility of reusing waste water sludge ash in construction materials to
replace partial materials. Wastewater sludge sampled from thermal power
plant was burned into sludge ash at 800 Degree Celsius in the laboratory.
Cement is being substituted for sludge ash, and 10% of sludge ash is more
appropriate. Sludge ash is reused to take the place of construction materials
and satisfies the requests of standard specification except for higher water
absorption.
Cement Production
In reference to the study“Reduced Carbon Emission estimates from
Fossil Fuel Combustion and Cement Production in China” (2015), almost 75%
of the development in worldwide carbon emanations from the consuming of
27
petroleum products and concrete creation somewhere in the range of 2010 and
2012 happened in China. However, gauges of Chinese outflows stay subject to
enormous vulnerability; inventories of China's all out non-renewable energy
source carbon discharges in 2008 vary by 0.3 gigatones of carbon, or 15
percent. The essential wellsprings of this vulnerability are clashing evaluations
of vitality utilization and discharge factors, the last being dubious on account
of not many real estimations illustrative of the blend of Chinese powers. Here
we reexamine China's carbon emanations utilizing refreshed and fit vitality
utilization and clinker generation information and two new and thorough
arrangements of estimated discharge factors for Chinese coal. We locate that
all out vitality utilization in China was 10 percent higher in 2000–2012 than
the worth announced by China's national insights, that outflow factors for
Chinese coal are by and large 40 percent lower than the default esteems
suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and that
emanations from China's concrete creation are 45 percent not exactly late
gauges.
Industrial Works
Based on study entitled “Industrial Characteristics and Employment of
Older Manufacturing Workers in the Early-Twentieth-Century United States”
by Lee (2015), This examination investigates how industry-explicit
innovative, authoritative, and administrative highlights influenced the work of
old male manufacturing workers in the mid twentieth-century United States.
Mechanical qualities well identified with work of old modern specialists
incorporate high work efficiency, less capital and material-serious creation,
short workdays low power of work, high work adaptability, and formalized
28
business relationship. Results show that matured industrial workers were
vigorously packed in “negative” ventures, proposing that the contemporary
contention of “modern garbage dump” was appropriate for a large portion of
the assembling laborers in the mid twentieth century United States.
Local
Rice Production
Based on the study entitled “Alternate: wetting and drying in
Philippine Rice Production: feasibility study for a Clean Development
Mechanism” (2013), Water-saving technologies such as alternate wetting and
drying (AWD) provide a way to change practices to improve the livelihoods of
many rice farmers and AWD is regarded as one of the more important rice
cultivation methods that can dramatically save freshwater irrigation in this
century. AWD not conserves water but also mitigates greenhouse gas
emissions. The global climate influence of gases, particularly methane, and
resulting reduction in methane emissions by adjusted water management
practice through AWD may provide the means for rice to adapt to water
scarcity and at the same time mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
Rice Husks
Rice husks are the coatings of seeds, or grains, of rice. To ensure the
seed during the developing season, the frame is shaped from hard materials,
including opaline silica and lignin. The structure is for the most part
unpalatable to people. At the point when the rice husk is appropriately brunt it
has high Si02 content and can be utilized as SCM in blend with bond to make
solid items. RHA can be utilized as a practical substitute for silica smolder as
SCM having nearly indistinguishable properties from that of micro silica. In
29
this manner the utilization of more affordable RHA is progressively attractive
to diminish the general generation cost of cement, diminish the bond necessity
prompting less ecological contamination by concrete manufacturing plants
subsequently furnishing monetary and natural advantages alongside giving a
method for arranging this rural waste item which generally has minimal
elective use. (Santiago,Rice Husk Ash as an Alternative Source of Silica in
Ceramics, 2015)
Silicon
Rice Husks, for the most part considered as agrarian waste, is for the
most part utilized for vitality age, and furthermore utilized as crude materials
to create mechanical items, for example, high virtue silica debris, silicon
carbide and zeolites. A significant inorganic segment of RH is silica (around
20-30 wt. %). Upon filtering with mineral corrosive and calcination, silica
with high virtue in nebulous structure could be separated from RH. In the
previous barely any years our gathering utilized rice husk silica (RHS) in the
amalgamation of various types of zeolites including NaY, BEA, MOR, and
mesoporous MCM-41. Rice Husks Ash is commonly utilized as soil
ameliorants to assist break with increasing earth soils and improve soil
structure but at the same time is utilized as silica source as an insulator in the
steel business and as a pozzolan in the concrete business. This was according
to Saceda and De Leon in 2011 from their study entitled “Concrete Strength
using Partial Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash and Fine Aggregate
with Ceramic Powder”.
30
Cement
According to the Study entitled “Turning Waste into Cement” by
Canivel (2019),Nestlé Philippines and Republic Cement and Building
Materials Inc. have teamed up to turn postconsumer plastic waste into cement.
In the Philippines, while landfilling and physical treatments are more
common, co-processing is more advantageous given that energy and minerals
coming from waste are almost completely utilized, the cement firm said.
Cement kiln co-processing is the process used to create cement. It takes raw
materials such as calcium carbonate and silica and feeds them into a kiln along
with fuel. The materials are burned to such a high temperature that any
complex material is broken into simpler compounds. The company said that
the end result of the process was cement.
Cement Production
According to The Journal of Clean Production (2018), Concrete
generation is the primary wellspring of mechanical procedure related CO2
emanations, taking up around half of all out modern procedure related CO2
discharges. Nonetheless, constrained research has examined the procedure
related CO2 discharges from worldwide concrete generation, specifically, has
not considered the effects of dynamic financial advancement setting. This
investigation plans to investigate the direction of modern procedure related
CO2 discharges in the concrete business under various Shared Socioeconomic
Pathways (SSPs), to give more proof to the current environmental change
coordinated appraisal examination. By examining the connection between per
capita GDP and per capita concrete generation process-related CO2 outflows
drawing on the verifiable information during 1950–2014 of every 31 created
31
nations, the concrete creation process-related CO2 emanations from 175
nations in 12 locales on the planet during 2015–2100 under five SSP situations
are given here. The outcomes show that the biggest measure of worldwide
aggregate concrete procedure related CO2 discharges would be 45.45 billion
tons under SSP3 situation. The nations that contribute the most to the
worldwide combined concrete creation process-related CO2 discharges from
2015 to 2100 are India, China, Nigeria, United States of America and
Pakistan.
Industrial Works
According to the article entitled “Growth and Employment de-
industrializing Philippines” by Ofreneo (2014), The Philippines was evaluated
in the mid 1960’s by the World Bank as second just to Japan in Asia’s
industrialization race. During the 1970s- 1990s, the Philippines sought after
fare arranged industrialization (EIO). In any case, the Philippines’ mechanical
drive neglected to take off and we follow this inability to the thin program of
EIO that Philippines sought after with the help of global budgetary
establishments, which was nearsighted in light of the fact that it essentially
centered around how to open up the economy without an attention on modern
updating. There were no worth including linkages with the household
economy, home-developed fare champions, program for redesigning and
framework and bolster organizations for national makers. The disappointment
is because of the nonattendance of fundamental administration and approach
rationality. Regardless, the Philippines has posted positive development rates
in late decades, due to a great extent to settlements of Filipino vagrant yet has
32
changed the nation into an assistance division drove economy without going
through industrial transformation.
33
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter the methodology that was used in the study was further
discussed and clarified in detail. It presents the following: research design, materials
and equipment, the detailed procedure, data analysis, and the risk and safety of the
study.
Research Design
Trial1
(+) Control
Mixture Trial 2
(Normal Cement
Mixture) Trial 3
Trial1
Group 5%5 Trial 2 Rice Husk
Trial 3 Ash as
Concrete
Trial 1
Cement Mixture Additive
with rice Husk 510% Trial 2
Ash
Trial 3
Trial1
515%
Trial 2
Trial 3
Figure 2.0: Research Design
The above figure shows the research design of the product RHACA (Rice
Husk Ash as a Concrete Additive) a solution to improve concrete stability and adapta-
tion of the Concrete. It is shown above the treatments that were made, and also the tri-
als and replicates that were performed.
34
Materials & Equipment
The researchers made use of the ashes of rice husk to improve the concrete’s
basic abilities. Common concrete mixes contain cement which binds the whole mix-
ture after it solidify, gravel for improvement of strength of the concrete, and sand
which fills the air or gaps inside the mixture to prevent interior damages. Rice husks
ashes were added to improve the durability and to adapt in hot temperatures, it can
also help absorb water to prevent the concrete from cracking, and the ability to bind
more of the mixture when mixed with the cement. The use of barrels and firewood
was utilized to make the rice husks into ash.
Detailed Procedures
A. Gathering of materials
RHACA (Rice Husk Ash as a Concrete Additive) was made by gathering the
materials needed, the researchers looked for available tools used for making concrete
(Sand, Gravel and Cement Mix) and the materials for making concrete were available
at nearby cement stores and the researchers looked for nearby rice mills to gather rice
husks which was provided by researcher Mapula’s house and lastly for the materials
that were needed for burning the rice husks was provided by researcher Racal.
B. Preparation for Experiment
The researchers’ prepared, gathered and arranged the materials according to
the plan scheme made at the New San Jose, Dinalupihan. The researchers were ready
for the responsibilities and risk that they have encountered while constructing the
35
product. They prepared the materials for constructing the average concrete mix, and
then prepared the materials for constructing the average concrete mix with RHACA.
C. Burning of Rice Husks
The firewood and the barrels were needed in the procedure in which the barrel
served as the container of the rice husks and had holes on the bottom for burning. The
time allotted for burning of the rice husks depended on the fuel the researchers uti-
lized and the quantity of the rice husk provided for the barrel.
D. Mixing of the Cement to Rice Husks Ash
The burned rice husks were mixed to the cement to fulfill the workability of
this study. It was measured through a weighing scale and depended on the preferred
percentage if added to the cement. The researchers also acquired proper equipment to
transfer the ash in a proper way and also wore protective gears that helped prevent
further irritation and harm.
E. Drying of the Cement
Cement mixture with the rice husk ash was placed in a clean new pale or metal
cylinder to wait the concrete in a controlled manner. It was placed at a warm room or
environment that led the researchers to reach their target result. This concept was
made in a selected construction company/site.
F. Testing of Structural Integrity of Cement
Selected construction site/ company had their own standardized testing for the
workability or structural integrity of the cement hence, the researchers waited for 14-
52 days for the result of the slump test. Slump test is a testing used to measure the ac-
36
quired pressure or where it can last with respect to the PSI (per square inch). The stan-
dard structural integrity for concrete varies from 20 - 25 MPa (megapascal).
Methodology Flowchart
Materials and Equipment
Gathering of Materials
Preparation of
Experiment
Burning of Rice Husks

Rice Ash
Mixing of the Cement
Drying of Cement
Testing
Figure 3. Methodology Flowchart
The chart shows the step by step procedure in making or constructing the de-
vice RHACA (Rice Husk Ash as a Concrete Additive). It served as a guide for the re-
searchers in doing the device, and it also helped the researchers minimize the mistakes
and revisions doing so.
37
Data Analysis
The researchers used mean to identify the general magnitude of the different
concentrations and as a whole. ANOVA was used to test for the affectivity and differ-
ence of the different concentrations with one another and with the negative control.
Also, to ease the computation, the researcher used Statistical Package for Social Sci-
ences (SPSS) in guidance of a data analysis.
Risk and Safety
The possible risk of this study is the heaviness due to Moisture Absorption. In-
creased proportion or usage of RHA may result in massive moisture absorption which
may cause to increase the weight of the concrete and without proper use of and guid-
ance of machinery can lead to serious injuries. The materials used can also cause
harm without further precaution. Heat sources such as firewood for the experiment
can inflict burns and the mixing of cement may have direct contact on eyes.
Safety is assured when there is proper planning on what to do as well as for
the equipment to use for each individual. It is a necessity to have a supervisor/expert
that will help in executing the methodology. In cases where dangerous chemicals or
procedures are to take place, it is necessary to let the experts handle the process.
38
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter contains the different results/ outcomes of all the experiments
conducted for RHACA testing its machine reading, moisture absorption, thermal insu-
lation, structural integrity in which the gathered data has been organized and well-an-
alyzed for each varying test as well as the explanation, analysis and the presentation
of data.
Table1. Mean Distribution of the Rice (Oryza sativa) Husk Ash as Concrete Additive)
when grouped according to Batch in Terms of Machine Reading (Kn)
Batch N Mean SD Remarks
1.0 3 356.33 2.52 Positive
2.0 3 356.00 1.00 Positive
3.0 3 356.00 1.00 Positive
4.0 3 364.33 2.08 Positive
5.0 3 364.00 2.00 Positive
6.0 3 366.33 1.53 Positive
7.0 3 344.00 2.00 Positive
8.0 3 345.67 2.52 Positive
9.0 3 345.33 4.16 Positive
Total 27 355.33 8.54 Positive
Table 1 shows the means of Rice (Oryza sativa) Husk Ash as Concrete Addi-
tive when tested on Machine Reading (Kn) as grouped according to batch. Each group
of three batch represents a particular percentage of concentration i.e. batch 1-3 is 5%,
4-6 is 10% and 7-9 is 15%. It can be seen from the table that batch 6 highest the high-
est mean and batch 7 had the lowest mean. The mean for all batches is 355.33 with
standard deviation of 8.54 which means heterogeneous. This implies that all batches
met the exceeding limit of a commercially available cement mix into which that
batches have a mean of 355.53 of Kn (Kilo Newton).

39
Table 2.Mean Distribution of the Rice (Oryza sativa) Husk Ash as Concrete Additive
when grouped according to Batch in Terms of Moisture Absorption (Initial Weight)
1.0 3 13.00 .00 Normal
2.0 3 13.00 .00 Normal
3.0 3 13.00 .00 Normal
4.0 3 13.00 .00 Normal
5.0 3 13.00 .00 Normal
6.0
3 13.00 .00 Normal
7.0 3 13.00 .00 Normal
8.0 3 13.00 .00 Normal
9.0 3 13.00 .00 Normal
Total 27 13.00 .00 Normal
tive when tested on Moisture Absorption (Initial Weight) as grouped according to
batch. Each group of three batch represents a particular percentage of concentration
i.e. batch 1-3 is 5%, 4-6 is 10% and 7-9 is 15%. It can be seen from the table that all
batches show same results. The mean for all batches is 13.00. This implies that all
batches had equal amount of weight at the initial point of the test without conduction
of the test yet.
Table 3.Mean Distribution of the Rice (Oryza sativa) Husk Ash as Concrete Additive
when Grouped according to Batch in Terms of Moisture Absorption (Final Weight)

1.0 3 14.20 .00 Positive
2.0 3 14.18 .00 Positive
3.0 3 14.17 .00 Positive
4.0 3 14.60 .00 Positive
5.0 3 14.63 .00 Positive
6.0 3 14.59 .00 Positive
40
7.0 3 14.73 .00 Positive

8.0 3 14.77 .00 Positive
9.0 3 14.71 .00 Positive
Total 27 14.51 .24 Positive
tive when tested on Moisture Absorption (Final Weight) as grouped according to
i.e. batch 1-3 is 5%, 4-6 is 10% and 7-9 is 15%. It can be seen from the table that
batch 8 has the highest result and batch 3 had the lowest mean. The mean for all
batches is 13.51with standard deviation of .24. This implies that the batches were able
to hold at an average of 14.51 with different percentages of the RHA additive.
In comparison this, a similar study of Ramos (2015), entitled, “Utilization of
waste marble dust as an additive in cement production” shows that their gathered re-
sult from the experimental set of 5%,15% and 25% of additive has the mean of 12.64
and when compared to the mixture of RHACA which has the mean of 14.51.this only
shows that the mixture if RHA has a significant difference to the moisture absorption
compared to the study of Ramos, Alfonzo et,al. and it shows that the mixture of RHA
is significantly better compared to the mixture of the waste marble in terms of mois-
ture absorption.
Table 4. Mean Distribution of the Rice (Oryza sativa) Husk Ash as Concrete Additive
when grouped according to Batch in Terms of Thermal Insulation (Initial Tempera-
ture)
1.0 3 34.00 .00 Normal
2.0 3 34.00 .00 Normal
3.0 3 34.00 .00 Normal
41
4.0 3 34.00 .00 Normal
5.0 3 34.00 .00 Normal
6.0 3 34.00 .00 Normal
7.0 3 34.00 .00 Normal
8.0 3 34.00 .00 Normal
9.0 3 34.00 .00 Normal
Total 27 34.00 .00 Normal
tive when tested on Thermal Insulation (Initial Temperature) as grouped according to
i.e. batch 1-3 is 5%, 4-6 is 10% and 7-9 is 15%. It can be seen from the table that all
batches show same results. The mean for all batches is 34.00. This implies that all
batches had equal values thus making the mean also the same.
when grouped according to Batch in Terms of Thermal Insulation (Final Tempera-
ture)
1.0 3 37.00 .00 Positive
2.0 3 37.00 .00 Positive
3.0 3 37.00 .00 Positive
4.0 3 39.00 .00 Positive
5.0 3 39.00 .00 Positive
6.0 3 37.00 .00 Positive
7.0 3 35.00 .00 Positive
8.0 3 35.00 .00 Positive
9.0 3 35.00 .00 Positive
42
tive when tested on Thermal Insulation (Final Temperature) as grouped according to
i.e. batch 1-3 is 5%, 4-6 is 10% and 7-9 is 15%. It can be seen from the table that
batches 7,8 and 9 show the lowest mean and batches 4 and 5 shows the highest mean.
The mean for all batches is 36.78 with a standard deviation of 1.50. This implies that
the batches insulated at a lower temperature than the commercially available cement
as based on the average.
According to Johnson (2012), the added 5%, 10% and 15% of Rice Husk Ash
on the cement it shows on the data that the 10% of the added Rice Husk Ash was the
best additive out of the three and the ratio of the 10% 0.35. The RHA was burned for
a period of time ranging six to eight hours, to ensure that the RHA had a uniform
structure, which gives the cement ratios for the RHA mixes varied between 0.35 and
0.4.
when grouped according to Batch in Terms of Structural Integrity (psi)
1.0 3 2830.00 45.83 Positive
2.0 3 2826.67 30.55 Positive
3.0 3 2826.67 30.55 Positive
4.0 3 3026.67 70.24 Positive
5.0 3 3020.00 72.11 Positive
6.0 3 3090.00 65.57 Positive
7.0 3 2536.67 40.41 Positive
43
8.0 3 2570.00 65.57 Positive
9.0 3 2570.00 96.44 Positive
tive when tested on Structural Integrity (psi) as grouped according to batch. Each
group of three batch represents a particular percentage of concentration i.e. batch 1-3
is 5%, 4-6 is 10% and 7-9 is 15%. It can be seen from the table that batch 6 highest
the highest mean and batch 7 had the lowest mean. The mean for all batches is
2810.74 with standard deviation of 210.15 which means heterogeneous. This implies
that all batches’ results had good psi (per square inch) results
In contrast to a similar study of Vidya, Karthik et, al. (2017), entitled, “Experi-
mental Study on Rice Husk Ash in Concrete by Partial Replacement”, the results of
their experiment in terms of structural integrity of their cement with the concentra-
tions of 0%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15% percent with the use of different grade cement, the
results were 40.12, 40.22, 42.65, 42.08 (measures differ from this study) with the
12.5% concentration being the most effective one. In comparison to to RHACA, 10%
showed best results.
Table 7. Mean Distribution of the RHACA when grouped according to Batch in

Terms of Structural Integrity (MPa)
1.0 3 20.00 .00 Normal
2.0 3 20.00 .00 Normal
3.0 3 20.00 .00 Normal
44
4.0 3 20.00 .00 Normal

5.0 3 20.00 .00 Normal
6.0 3 20.00 .00 Normal
7.0 3 20.00 .00 Normal
8.0 3 20.00 .00 Normal
9.0 3 20.00 .00 Normal
Total Normal
27 20.00 .00
tive when tested on Structural Integrity (MPa) as grouped according to batch. Each
group of three batch represents a particular percentage of concentration i.e. batch 1-3
is 5%, 4-6 is 10% and 7-9 is 15%. It can be seen from the table that all the batches
have congruent results and values. The mean for all batches is 20.0. This implies that
all batches withstood the same as the base batch with 0% additive.
Normality Test for Rice (Oryza sativa) Hush Ash as Concrete Additive using Shapiro-Wilk
Percentage Statistic df Sig. Remarks
Machine Reading (Kn) 0.00 0.871 3 0.298 Not Significant
5.00 0.942 9 0.601 Not Significant
Compressive Strength .00 0.791 3 0.093 Not Significant
(psi) 5.00 0.894 9 0.218 Not Significant
Moisture (Final Weight) 5.00 0.794 9 0.067 Not Significant
Thermal Insulation (Final
Temperature) 10.00 0.617 9 0.052 Not Significant
Time (hours) 5.00 0.794 9 0.067 Not Significant

45
This table shows the test of normality on RHACA using Shapiro-Wilk test
since the sample size is few. It can be seen from the table that all the p-value of all the
variables are greater than 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the data is normally distributed.
Table 8. Paired t-test on initial test and Final testing of the material
Mean N Sd T df Sig Remarks
Pair Compressive significant

1 Strength (psi) 2810.741 27 210.15 69.005 26 .000
Compressive
Strength
(MPa) 20.000 27 0.00
Pair Moisture (Ini- significant

2 tial Weight) -
13.000 27 0.00 26 .000
32.465
Moisture (Fi-
nal Weight)
14.5089 27 0.24
Pair Thermal Insu-

3 lation (Initial
Temperature)
34.000 27 0.00 -9.609 26 .000
Thermal Insu- significant

lation (Final
Temperature)
36.778 27 1.50
Table 8 shows the Paired t-test on the initial test conducted on the materials
and the final test. It can be seen from the table that on structural integrity, Psi have
higher mean than MPA and since t (26, 2-tailed) = 69.005 with significance level of
0.00 which is lower than 0.05 alpha, therefore there is a significant difference between
PSI and MPa results
46
Table 9. ANOVA on the different percentage of Rice (Oryza sativa) Hush Ash as Con-
crete Additive and the Market Cement
Test %age N Mean SD F Sig Remarks
Machine Read- .00 2 352.00 4.24 119.848 .000 Significant
ing (Kn) 5.00 9 356.11 1.45
10.00 9 364.89 1.96
15.00 9 345.00 2.74
Structural .00 2 2795.00 35.36 111.873 .000 Significant
Integrity (psi) 5.00 9 2827.78 31.53
10.00 9 3045.56 68.76
15.00 9 2558.89 63.92
Structural In- .00 2 19.00 .00 . . Significant
tegrity (MPa) 5.00 9 20.00 .00
10.00 9 20.00 .00
15.00 9 20.00 .00
Moisture (Final .00 0 . . 1883.583 .000 Significant
Weight) 5.00 9 14.18 .01
10.00 9 14.61 .02
15.00 9 14.74 .03
Thermal Insula- .00 0 . . 76.000 .000 Significant
tion (Final 5.00 9 37.00 .00
Temperature) 10.00 9 38.33 1.00
15.00 9 35.00 .00
Time (hours) .00 0 . . 196.968 .000 Significant
5.00 9 3.24 .04
10.00 9 2.89 .06
15.00 9 2.76 .05
Table 9 shows the test for significant difference of the three-varying percent-
age of Rice (Oryza sativa) Husk Ash as Concrete Additive and the ordinary cement.
On Machine reading (Kn), it can be seen that 10% have the highest mean of 364.89
and 15% have the lowest mean of 345, since F (3, 25) = 119.848 with significance
level of 0.00 which is less than 0.05 alpha, there is a significant difference on the ma-
chine reading of the samples and 10% have the highest reading.
Table 10. Machine Reading (Kn)

Turkey Ba,b
Subset for
alpha= 0.05
Percentage N 1 2 3 4
47
15.00 9 345.000
.00 2 352.000
5.00 9 356.111
10.00 9 364.889
Means for groups in homogenous subsets are displayed
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 4. 800
b. The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic mean of the group size us used.
Type I error levels are not guaranteed.
Table 10 shows the post hoc analysis on machine reading. Since there
is a significant difference among the different samples, it is good to know
which among the samples have the greatest or least value. In this test, the 4
groups of samples varies among one another, and 10% solution of RHACA is
much better than the ordinary cement and the rest
Table 11.Compressive Strength

Turkey Ba,b
Subset for
alpha= 0.05
Percentage N 1 2 3
15.00 9 2558.889
.00 2 2795.000
5.00 9 2827.778
10.00 9 3045.556
Table 12.Moisture Absorption (Final Weight)

Turkey Ba
Subset for
alpha= 0.05
Percentage N 1 2 3
15.00 9 14.1183
48
5.00 9 14.6067
10.00 9 14.7367
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 9.000.
Table 13.Thermal Insulation (Final Temperature)

Turkey Ba
Subset for
alpha= 0.05
Percentage N 1 2 3
15.00 9 35.000
5.00 9 37.000
10.00 9 38.333
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 9.000.
b. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 4.800.
c. The Group sizes are unequal. The harmonic mean of the group sizes is used.
Type I error levels are not guaranteed.
The ability of the RHA additive in terms of structural integrity, the batch
wherein there is a 10% Additive has shown that is has the best data, while the batch
with 15% Additive shows no difference from traditional/ commercial concrete. 10%
shows great yield of structural integrity due to Rice (Oryzasativa) Husk Ash as Con-
crete Additive s silica indicate that binds the concrete together which makes it more
durable from commercially available concrete in whish has 0% added RHA.
In the test of Moisture Absorption, the one samples with 15% Additive shows
that it can hold up moisture more moisture and it can be shown in the final weight of
the samples as compared to the commercially available cement showing a lower value
of 14.25 kg as compared to the highest value of the tests which is batch 8 with 15%
additive (14.77kg). This is due to the porosity of the concrete when mixed with Rice
(Oryzasativa) Husk Ash as Concrete Additive, it can hold up more water during rainy
days or moisture during humid days that can elongate the lifespan of concrete.
49
In contrast to a similar study of Vidya, Karthik et, al. (2017), entitled, “Experi-
mental Study on Rice Husk Ash in Concrete by Partial Replacement”, the results of
their experiment in terms of structural integrity of their cement with the concentra-
tions of 0%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15% percent with the use of different grade cement, the
results were positive with the 12.5% concentration being the most effective one. In
comparison to RHACA, 10% showed best results.
Lastly, in thermal insulation, it is shown that 15% provided the coolest tem-
perature in the final reading, which makes it a good insulator during summer days
which can be hot. It also shows that it can store and release heat much faster than
other batches, due to the Rice (Oryza sativa) Husk Ash as Concrete Additive ’s prop-
erty, the concrete becomes more porous and provides more area for the heat to dissi-
pate, hence much faster time for the concrete to absorb and release heat.
50
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
After the researchers gathered and analyzed the data given from the result of
the testing, the researchers came up with the following conclusions and
recommendations:
Conclusion
1.1 In terms of Moisture Absorption, the data presents that with the 15%
additive shows more moisture absorption capability due to its porosity
with a mixture of RHACA in which is suitable for rainy days or days
when it is humid thus making concrete’s life span extend further.
1.2 In thermal integrity, 15% provided the coolest temperature. This allows
the concrete to be a good insulator during hot days.
1.3 Lastly, in terms of structural integrity, the batch wherein there is 10%
additive showed that it has the best data. 10% showed great yield of
structural integrity due to RHACA’s silica indicate that binds concrete
together which makes it more durable from commercial concrete.
2. The best mixture among the 3 batches is the batch where in 10% of the
additive was added. Given that 10% had the best results in terms of its
comprehensive strength and structural integrity-that is the main category the
study aims to improve.
3. The test between RHACA and commercialized cement in terms of its
moisture absorption, thermal insulation and structural integrity resulted a
significant difference.
51
Recommendations
1. The product should be able to resist a fragile state by making use of more
gravel than sand, although a harder mix, but will make a firmer cement.
2. For further improvements of the product, making use of Spray dryers is one
way to prevent too much moisture on the mixture thus will make the mix dry up
faster.
3. Have a series of test composing of RHA concrete samples with an additive
from 1% until 100% for a more detailed result/classified result following the test done
in this study.
4. Laboratory Tested that Rice Husk Ash contains silicon but try to use
another procedure of test for burning the Rice Husk, maintain it in a High Pressure
and Temperature environment so that it will be crystallized.
52
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Appendices
55
Appendix 1. Methodology Flowchart
MAC
WEI HINE
SIZE OF TYPE
Preparation
GH of Materials
REA COMPR Burning of Rice Husks
SAMPLE OF
T DIN ESSIVE Rice Ash
G STR.
SAMPLE DATE A
SPECIFI
IDENTIF SAM G
DIA LEN CATION
ICATION PLED E
MET GT
(p (M FRAC
(kg) ER H
si) Pa) TURE
Testing Drying of
(mm (m the Cement Mixing of the Cement
) m)
(Kn)
9/15
1 13. 152. 28
/201 304 356 20 SW
4 00 45 20
9
5 % Rice
3650
Husk 9/15
1 13. 152. 27 psi @
Ash /201 304 354 20 SW
4 00 45 90 28
Additiv 9
DAYS
e
9/15
1 13. 152. 28
/201 304 359 20 SW
4 00 45 80
9
Appendix 2. Raw Data of RHACA Concrete Testing (27 Samples, 3 Samples per
Batch)
1st Batch (5% of Rice Husk Ash as Additive)
56
MAC
WEI SIZE OF HINE COMPRE TYPE
GHT SAMPLE READ SSIVE OF
ING STR.
SAMPLE DATE A
SPECIFIC
IDENTIFI SAMP G
LEN ATION
CATION LED E DIAM
GTH (ps (M FRAC
(kg) ETER
(m i) Pa) TURE
(mm)
m)
(Kn)
9/22/ 1 13.0 152.4 28

304 355 20 SW
2019 4 0 5 00
5 % Rice
3650 psi
Husk
@ 28
Ash
9/22/ 1 13.0 152.4 28 DAYS
Additive 304 357 20 SW
2019 4 0 5 60
9/22/ 1 13.0 152.4 28

304 356 20 SW
2019 4 0 5 20
2nd Batch (5% Rice Husk Ash as Additive)
57
DIAME LENG
(ps (MP FRACT
(kg) TER TH
i) a) URE
(mm) (mm) (Kn
)
9/22/2 1 13. 28
152.45 304 355 20 SW
019 4 00 00
5%
Rice 3650
Husk psi @
Ash 28
Additi DAYS
ve 9/22/2 1 13. 28
152.45 304 357 20 SW
019 4 00 60
9/22/2 1 13. 28
152.45 304 356 20 SW
019 4 00 20
3rd Batch (5% Rice Husk Ash as Additive)
58
MA
W CHI
TYP 4th Batch (10%
EI SIZE OF NE COMP
E
SAMP DAT GH SAMPLE REA RESSI
OF Rice Husk Ash
LE E A T DIN VE SPECI
IDENTI SA G G STR. FICATI as Additive)
FICATI MP E DIA LE ON
( (
ON LED ME NG FRA
(kg p M
TER TH CTU
) si Pa
(m (m (Kn RE
) )
m) m) )
MA
CHI
WE
SIZE OF NE TYPE 5th Batch
IGH
SAMPL SAMPLE REA
2 COMPR OF
DAT
9/1 T
E 1 A 13. 152 30 DIN
9 ESSIVE SPECIF (10% Rice
E
IDENTIF 5/2 4 G 00 .45 4
362 G 20STR.SW
6 ICATIO
SAM
019 Husk Ash
ICATIO E DIA LE 0 N
PLED
N MET NG (M FRA
(p as
(kg) ER TH Pa CTU
si)
(mm (m ) RE
) m) (Kn) Additive)
10 %
3
Rice 9/22 3 3720
9/1 1 13. 152. 0
Husk /201 1 13. 152 30 304 364
1 psi @
20 SW
5/2 4 00 45 366 20
0 SW
Ash 9 4 00 .45 4 0 28
019 0
Additi 0 DAYS
ve
10 %
Rice 2 3720
9/22
Husk 1 13. 152. 9 psi @
/201 304 362
3 20 SW
Ash 9/19 4 00 45 6 28
Additiv 5/2 1 13. 152 30 0 0 DAYS
365 20 SW
e 4 00 .45 4 2
019
0
3
9/22
1 13. 152. 1
/201 304 366 20 SW
4 00 45 0
9
0
59
MAC
WEI SIZE OF TYPE
HINE COMPRE
GHT SAMPLE OF
READ SSIVE
SAMPLE DATE A
ING STR. SPECIFIC
IDENTIFI SAMP G
ATION
CATION LED E LEN
DIAM
GTH (ps (M FRAC
(kg) ETER
(m i) Pa) TURE
(mm)
m)
(Kn)
9/22/ 1 13.0 152.4 31

304 368 20 SW
2019 4 0 5 50
10 %
Rice 9/22/ 1 13.0 152.4 30 3720 psi
Husk 304 365 20 SW @ 28
2019 4 0 5 20
Ash DAYS
Additive
9/22/ 1 13.0 152.4 31

304 366 20 SW
2019 4 0 5 00
6th Batch (10% Rice Husk Ash as Additive)
60
MA
CHI
7th WEI
SIZE OF NE TYPE
GH
SAMPLE REA COMPR OF
SAMPLE DAT T
A DIN ESSIVE SPECIFI
IDENTIF E
G G STR. CATIO
ICATIO SAM
E DIA LEN N
N PLED
MET GT (M FRAC
(p
(kg) ER H Pa TUR
si)
(mm (m ) E
) m) (Kn)
9/15
1 13. 152. 25
/201 304 342 20 SW
4 00 45 00
9
15 %
Rice 9/15 3500
Husk 1 13. 152. 25 psi @
/201 304 346 20 SW
Ash 4 00 45 80 28
9
Additiv DAYS
e
9/15
1 13. 152. 25
/201 304 344 20 SW
4 00 45 30
9
Batch (15% Rice Husk Ash as Additive)
61
MAC
HIN
WEI 8th
SIZE OF E TYPE
GH
SAMPLE REA COMPR OF
SAMPLE DAT T Batch
A DIN ESSIVE SPECIFI
IDENTIF E
G G STR. CATIO
ICATIO SAM (15%
E DIA LEN N
N PLED
MET GT (M FRAC
(p Rice
(kg) ER H Pa TUR
si)
(mm (m ) E Husk
) m) (Kn)
Ash as
9/22
1 13. 152. 25
/201 304 346 20 SW
4 00 45 80
9
15 %
Rice 9/22 3500
Husk 1 13. 152. 26 psi @
/201 304 348 20 SW
Ash 4 00 45 30 28
9
Additiv DAYS
e
9/22
1 13. 152. 25
/201 304 343 20 SW
4 00 45 00
9
Additive)
62
MA
W CHI
9th TYP Batch
EI SIZE OF NE COMP
E
G SAMPLE RE RESSI
(15% SAMP DA OF Rice
HT ADI VE
LE TE A SPECI
NG STR.
Husk IDENT SA G FICAT Ash as
LE
IFICAT MP E DIA ION
N ( ( FRA
ION LED ME
(kg GT p M CT
TER
) H si P UR
(m
(m (Kn ) a) E
m)
m) )
2
9/2 13
1 152 30 35 6 2
2/2 .0 SW
4 .45 4 0 8 0
019 0
0
15 %
Rice 2 3500
9/2 13
Husk 1 152 30 34 5 2 psi @
2/2 .0 SW
Ash 4 .45 4 2 0 0 28
019 0
Additi 0 DAYS
ve
2
9/2 13
1 152 30 34 5 2
2/2 .0 SW
4 .45 4 4 3 0
019 0
0
Additive)
63
Appendix 3. Travel Letter
Appendix 4. Letter of Appreciation in Services Offered
64
Appendix 5. Narrative Report
65
As the researchers went to the

ere the researchers
site where the experiment was,
RHACA and mixed
the researchers started
ent with RHA.
collecting the materials and
started doing the experiment
After collecting materials, the

researchers started mixing and
The researchers settle the After mixing the cement separating the cement.
burning RHA for about 5- and separating gravel and
10 minutes and started sand, the researchers then
collecting the burnt RHA. started burning the RHA
After collecting it, the

researchers collected all
Curriculum Vitae
the samples product and
started testing samples
66
Personal Background:
Name: Joshua Isaac J. Casoco
Address: 51 Rizal St Barretto at Olongapo City
Contact Number: 09989909727
E-mail: joshcasoco@yahoo.com
Birthdate: May 27, 2003
Age: 16
Educational Background
Elementary: Special Education Center for the Gifted
Secondary: Regional Science High School III
Family Background
Father: Jeffery Casoco
Occupation: Fitness Coach
Mother: Luna Rose Casoco
Occupation: Business Woman
Siblings: Joaquin Isaiah J. Casoco
Reese Laureene J. Casoco
RaezelLaureese J. Casoco
_____________________
Signature
67
Personal Background
Name: Mikhaella F.de Guzman
Address: #17 Masantol, Orani, Bataan
E-mail: mikmik.0174@gmail.com
Birthdate: January 7, 2004
Age: 16
Elementary: Orani United Methodist Ecumenical School
Family Background
Father: Archie N. de Guzman
Occupation: Information Technologist
Mother: Marlyn F.de Guzman
Occupation: Sales Executive
Siblings: Gian Carla F. de Guzman
_____________________
Signature
68
Personal Background
Name: Kurt Allen R. Dizon
Address: #21 Centro I, Orani, Bataan
E-mail: kurtallenroberto@yahoo.com
Birthdate: June 21, 2004
Age: 15
Elementary: Sola Fide Elementary School
Family Background
Father: Edgardo G. Dizon
Occupation: Private Company Worker
Mother: Rio Roberto
Occupation: Housewife
Siblings: None
_____________________
Signature
69
Personal Background
Name: Yzer Vincent D. Egaran
Address: Blk. 16 Manggast.
Gordon Heights,Olongapo City
E-mail: yzervincent@gmail.com
Birthdate: August 12, 2003
Age:16
Elementary: Gordon Heights I Elementary School
Family Background
Father: Kasey Matias
Occupation: Businessman
Mother: Star D. Egaran
Occupation: Sales Manager
Siblings: Kleonne Rain D. Egaran, NeomiYsrael D. Egaran
_____________________
Signature
70
Personal Background
Name: Lance Gabriel T. Haskell
Address: 7-B, Ramos Street Corner, Anonas Street,
West Bajac-Bajac, Olongapo City
E-mail: lancegabhas@gmail.com
Birthdate: January 14, 2004
Age: 16
Elementary: Special Education Center for the Gifted
Family Background
Father: Sean David Haskell
Occupation: Naturopathic Doctor
Mother: Mary Anne Haskell
Occupation: Jewelry Designer/Seller
Siblings: Kyle Timothy Haskell
_____________________
Signature
71
Personal Background
Name: Christian James Mapula
Address: 142 Greenfield, New San Jose,
Dinalupihan, Bataan
E-mail: jms.rdd143@gmail.com
Birthdate: July 10, 2003
Age:15
Elementary: Dinalupihan Elementary School
Family Background
Father: Enrico O. Mapula
Occupation: Retired Casino Teller
Mother: Rita S. Mapula
Occupation: Bank Manager
Siblings: Aldwin Mark S. Mapula
Timothy S. Mapula
_____________________
Signature
72
Personal Background
Name: Chelmark D. Racal
Address: 1954 Mactan, Old Cabalan,
Olongapo City, Zambales
Contact Number: 0919 001 0895
E-mail: racalchelmark@gmail.com
Birthdate: October 05, 2003
Age: 16
Elementary: Learning Circle School
Family Background
Father:Artchelle C. Racal
Occupation: Business Man
Mother: Rocarmie D. Racal
Occupation: Business Woman
Siblings: Chero Racal
Chelsie Racal
Chelmie Racal
Artchelle Racal Jr.
_____________________
Signature
Personal Background
73
Name: Daryl B. Racosas
Address: #40 Kessing St. New Asinan
Olongapo City, Zambales
E-mail: daryl.racosas@gmail.com
Birthdate: November 21,2003
Age:16
Elementary:Asinan Elementary School
Family Background
Father: Darwin Racosas
Occupation: Business Man
Mother: Yolanda Bello Racosas
Occupation: Datian Worker
Siblings: DonnowenRacosas
Dominic Bello
DarlyRacosas
Daniel Racosas
_____________________
Signature
74
Personal Background
Name: Libby Gonzales Santos
Address: 71 Murphy St. Pag-asa,
Olongapo City
E-mail: libbysantos999@gmail.com
Birthdate: September 24, 2002
Age:16
Elementary: KalalakeElementery School (CENTEX)
Family Background
Father: Liberato Santos
Occupation: Business Owner
Mother: Zeny Santos
Occupation:
Siblings: Joanna Marie Santos
_____________________
Signature
75

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Rice Husk Ash as Concrete Additive

An Investigatory Project Submitted in Partial

Physical Science - Group Category

LEA ANN L. PITOGO-ALEGRE, LPT,MAEd-Gen. Sci.

REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGHSCHOOL III

people who attributed to accomplish this study:

blessing them with sufficient knowledge, guidance, willpower, strength, motivation,

and wisdom to accomplish or finish this study.

LebyFastidio, a qualified statistician who helped the researchers analyze and

interpret/treat the data gathered from the results of the study.

conduct such study.

to successfully accomplish this study.

Table of Contents ………………...………………………………………...iii

List of Tables .………………………...……………………………….................v

List of Figures ………………………………...……………………………vi

CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Statement of the Problem……………...………………………………....13

Significance of the Study…………………………………………………..14

Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………15

Scope and Delimitation ……………………………………………15

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………….17

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

Related Literature ……………………………………………………19

Related Studies ……………………………………………………25

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design ……………………………………………………36

Materials and Equipments………………………………………………..37

Detailed Procedure …………………………………....37

A. Gathering of Materials …………………………..……37

B. Preparation of Experiment …………………….…….…...37

C. Burning of Rice Husks …………………………………38

D. Mixing of Cement ……………………………….....38

E. Drying of Cement …………………………………38

Methodology Flowchart ……………………………………………. 39

Data Analysis ……………………………………………………..40

Risk and Safety …………………………………………………….40

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS…………………………. ..41

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………..53

Appendix 1.Methodology Flowchart …………………………..……….58

Appendix 2. Raw Data of RHACA Concrete Testing

Appendix 3. Travel Letter………………………………………………68

Appendix 4. Letter of Appreciation in TCT Services Offered………….69

Appendix 5. Narrative Report…………………………………………..70

CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………………....73

Table 1. Mean Distribution in Terms of Machine Reading……………....37

Table 2. Mean Distribution in Terms of

Table 3. Mean Distribution in Terms of

Table 4. Mean Distribution in Terms of

Table 5. Mean Distribution in Terms of

Table 6. Mean Distribution in Terms of

Table 7. Mean Distribution in Terms of

Table 8. Pair t-test on Initial Test and

Table 9. ANOVA on the different percent of

Table 10. Machine Reading (Kn)……………….………………………....47

Table 11. Compressive Strength………………………………………..... 47

Table 12. Moisture (Final Weight)……………………………………..... 48

Table 13. Thermal Insulation (Final Temperature)……………………... 48

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework………………………………………………15

Figure 2. Research Design……………………………………………………...31

Figure 3. Methodology Flowchart………………………………………….......34

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

In reference to Koteswara (2012), an amount of 25% of the weight of husk is

amorphous silica which is reactive as pozzolanto replace part of Portland cement.