https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/28/us/black-lives-matter-protest.

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Black Lives Matter Grows as Movement While Facing New Challenges

Demonstrations against police shootings and a March on Washington on Friday reflect a cause more enduring than many predicted.

By John Eligon

Published Aug. 28, 2020 Updated Sept. 3, 2020

KENOSHA, Wis. — In some ways, what has unfolded on the streets of Kenosha, Wis., over the past week has had a wearying sense of
familiarity.

There was another demoralizing shooting of a Black man by the police, another angry outcry in the streets, another disturbing trail of
destruction that had the potential to overshadow the message of the need to end police violence and racism.

But as the demonstrations for Jacob Blake, the man shot in Kenosha, spread nationwide this week, and as civil rights leaders prepare to
host tens of thousands of people in a March on Washington on Friday, this latest surge of protests reflects something much more — the
remarkable way that the Black Lives Matter movement has come to represent a lever for change and a guiding voice on issues of race in
America.

Black Lives Matter protests — or even the possibility of them — have changed the way that people in power respond. Elected leaders,
including Gov. Tony Evers of Wisconsin, now tend to engage instantly and insistently with matters that in the past had been dealt with
primarily by the police. Officers are named, details are shared and there are promises of thorough investigations — on Wednesday, by the
Justice Department. In some instances, officers are charged or fired much more quickly than ever before.

And there is broader public witness and involvement. After a series of police killings several years ago, Colin Kaepernick imperiled his
National Football League career by kneeling during the national anthem. Now, kneeling has become widely accepted in professional
sports, athletes have refused to play games and players seriously debated shutting down the National Basketball Association playoffs
entirely to make a statement.

“You’ve created an environment so whenever any incident of injustice or perceived injustice takes place, it’s going to be amplified,” said
Daniel Gillion, a political science professor at the University of Pennsylvania, who studies protest movements.

Still, even as activists continue taking to the streets, many also believe that the changes are too slow and too modest. There is frustration
over what protesters feel is the police’s continued unnecessary use of force against Black people.

But there is also increasing concern that images of vandalism, looting and arson are becoming inextricably linked with the protests,
undermining efforts to win systemic reforms and public support. While the Black Lives Matter movement enjoyed broad approval in the
weeks after George Floyd’s death in Minneapolis police custody, Democrats worry that the unrest, regardless of its extent or who is
responsible, could help President Trump find a receptive audience for his argument that he will bring “law and order” to the country.
 Protesters blocked traffic in Washington on Monday. Recent Black Lives Matter activism is showing a durability that outpaces even the surge after Michael Brown’s death
in 2014. Shawn Thew/EPA, via Shutterstock

“We always must find ways to have peaceful demonstrations,” said Martin Luther King III, the son of the slain civil rights leader and an
organizer of Friday’s march, which celebrates the 57th anniversary of the historic gathering his father led in Washington.

“While I don’t condone violence at all, I understand why people are resorting to violence,” he added. “You are victimizing a person as a
society, and then you want to tell them, ‘You know, I got my foot on your neck, but you’re just supposed to let me put my foot on your neck.’
That’s not right.”

In the two weeks after Mr. Floyd was killed in May, more than 2,000 protests were held across all 50 states. The demonstrations were
diverse, reaching both big cities and communities that were rural and overwhelmingly white. On June 6 alone there were at least 531
protests nationwide, according to Count Love, a database of protests since 2017.

The speed at which the protests of the last three months have spread and the scale of support they have received speak to the foundation
that the Black Lives Matter movement has laid over the past several years, academics said.

The movement traces its origins to the killing of Trayvon Martin, a Black 17-year-old, by a neighborhood watch volunteer in Florida in 2012.
But it really took off after a police officer fatally shot Michael Brown, 18, in Ferguson, Mo., in 2014.

For more than a year, protests flared up with new police killings. The Justice Department investigated police departments across the
country and reached settlements with some to monitor their operations. Some police forces introduced new reforms, like making their
officers wear body cameras.

Even after much of the media attention faded from the Black Lives Matter movement after Mr. Trump’s election in 2016, organizing and
policy work continued. So when the devastating video surfaced of Mr. Floyd suffocating as an officer knelt on his neck for more than eight
minutes, the infrastructure was there for activists to spring into action, experts said.

“Part of what’s going on this spring is continuity from six years ago,” said Pamela Oliver, a professor emeritus of sociology at the
University of Wisconsin-Madison. “Groups had actually never stopped. All those street protests that were happening 2014 to 2016 died
down after the fall election, but the issue didn’t die down.”

So far, this latest swell of Black Lives Matter activism is showing a durability that outpaces even the surge after Mr. Brown’s killing.
There have been more than 70 protests per week this month — which is two months removed from Mr. Floyd’s killing — according to the
Count Love database, compiled using media reports. When Mr. Brown was killed in August 2014, there was a surge of more than 100
protests nationwide the week after, according to a different database, but that dropped to an average of about 15 per week for the rest of
the month.

The recent persistence of Black Lives Matter demonstrations is partly the result of broader grievances in society, including the feeling
among many on the left that Mr. Trump represents a threat to democracy, experts said. Youth activism in recent years on issues like
climate change and gun rights has helped to cultivate a broader protest culture, experts said, and when reforms are won, it validates
protesting as an effective action. Support from prominent celebrities and athletes also have helped to keep the momentum going.

“I definitely think it’s still at the same energy level,” Damayanti Wallace, 19, an organizer in Chicago, said of the protests in her hometown.
“I think that youth especially are just very angry with the lack of progress that’s been happening in the city.”

Analysts say the Black Lives Matter movement could take on a yearslong trajectory, much like the civil rights movement and the protests against the Vietnam War. Beth
Nakamura for The New York Times

Portland, Ore., has become a center of the current protest movement — representing both its power and its challenges. Demonstrations
have taken place every night for more than three months, but they have been reliably marred by confrontation with the police.

Even though most protesters stick to chanting the names of Black victims of police violence and shouting demands for reform, some who
identify with the antifascist movement wear body armor, carry homemade shields and proudly call themselves “Antifa Super Soldiers.”
The police say they have spent $6.7 million responding to the protests since May, and have been so overburdened that response times to
nonemergency calls can take as long as 12 hours.

It remains to be seen how long the Black Lives Matter movement will continue to be a central part of the social and political landscape.
Analysts say the movement could take on a yearslong trajectory, much like the civil rights movement and the protests against the Vietnam
War.

As Anthony Sturino, 24, marched in Kenosha on Wednesday night while clutching a handwritten sign that read, “Feds go home, this is our
city,” he said the energy of the continued protests there would not have been possible without the spark after Mr. Floyd’s death. There had
been several police shootings in Kenosha over the years that were largely ignored, he said.
“If those had not happened, we would never be this big. People still would not be caring about Black lives,” said Mr. Sturino, a senior at the
University of Wisconsin-Parkside outside Kenosha. “It took George Floyd to get people to pay attention, and now people are paying
attention.”

Will Wright, Audra D. S. Burch and Matt Furber contributed reporting.

John Eligon is a Kansas City-based national correspondent covering race. He previously worked as a reporter in Sports and Metro, and his work has taken him to Nelson
Mandela's funeral in South Africa and the Winter Olympics in Turin. @jeligon
A version of this article appears in print on , Section A, Page 18 of the New York edition with the headline: The Power, Promise and Challenges of a Growing Protest Movement