What is Black Lives Matter and what are the aims?

By Adina Campbell
BBC Community Affairs Correspondent
Opposition to racism and police brutality has seen people unite around the phrase Black
Lives Matter (BLM).
Among those to have shown support are members of the England football team - whose players
have been booed by some fans for taking the knee. 
What does Black Lives Matter mean?
Black Lives Matter is a phrase, and notably a hashtag, used to highlight racism, discrimination
and inequality experienced by black people.
Its use grew in the US after high-profile killings by police, but it has also been used in the UK
and elsewhere. 
Supporters point to the fact that black people are much more likely to be shot by police in the
US. They say that in the US and many other countries, they also suffer many other forms of
discrimination. 
They want action to address unequal treatment and oppression that goes all the way back to the
era of slavery, but which continues today. 
How has Black Lives Matter grown?
The slogan was widely used after the death of Trayvon Martin in Florida, in 2012. The unarmed
black 17-year-old was shot by neighbourhood watch volunteer George Zimmerman.
Support grew following other police killings, including Eric Garner, who died in a
chokehold, and Michael Brown, who was killed by an officer who said he acted in self-defence.
In the summer of 2020 George Floyd, an unarmed black man, was murdered by a police officer
who knelt on his neck. 

Protests using the #BLM slogan took place worldwide and the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter
was used tens of millions of times.
In the UK, anti-racism demonstrations were attended by hundreds of thousands of people. 
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Why have people criticised Black Lives Matter?

Some people argue that using the term Black Lives Matter demonstrates support for an
organisation of the same name. It was started in 2013 by three black women: Alicia Garza,
Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi.
Among its main goals are stopping police brutality and fighting for courts to treat black people
equally. Its demands for equality also include mental health, the LGBT community and voting
rights.
However, former US secretary of housing and developments Ben Carson, said people with
noble aims had been taken advantage of by a "Marxist-driven organisation" that supports
"taking down the model of Western family structures".
Carol Swain, a political commentator and former professor, said: "They are using black people
to advance a Marxist agenda."
Replying to critics, Patrice Cullors said "I do believe in Marxism", but added: "I'm working
on making sure people don't suffer".
Opal Tometi said people were trying to discredit BLM by putting out fake information "to
distract, confuse and give people any excuse to not support this movement".
Does everyone support the Black Lives Matter organisation?
Many people have explained they were opposing racism - not supporting the organisation - when
they joined the millions using the #blacklivesmatter hashtag or taking part in protests.
For example, after criticism of the England team taking the knee, defender Tyrone Mings said:
"It's never been about supporting Black Lives Matter as an organisation. That was a cheap
argument that people threw at the movement."

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Campaigner Femi Oluwole said BLM was a global movement and that "no individual
organisation speaks for the whole Black Lives Matter movement".
The Black Lives Matter organisation often provided materials and guidance for protesters, Prof
Deva Woodly told the New York Times, but the group did not orchestrate all the marches. She
said new activists then took to social media to reach a wide audience.
Supporters have noted that most marches have been peaceful, but conservative US politicians
and TV pundits suggested Black Lives Matter contributed to the deaths of police
officers. The BLM organisation said this was untrue: "We're targeting the brutal system of
policing, not individual police."
In the UK, although there is an official BLM organisation, events are often organised by a
number of smaller groups or individuals coming together under the banner of "Black Lives
Matter".
Supporters of Black Lives Matter have also argued that critics who say "all lives matter" or
"white lives matter" are dismissing the impact of slavery and racial inequalities.
They say the phrase is a demand for equal treatment and an end to racism - because the lives of
black people are just as important as those of others.
What has Black Lives Matter achieved?
In the US, steps have been taken to tackle police violence and change the way laws are applied.
Following the death of Mr Floyd, the term "defund the police" made headlines. Cities including
Minneapolis, Portland, Philadelphia and Seattle have started shifting budgets away from police
and into areas like schools and housing.
In the UK, demonstrations drew attention to the UK's colonial past and saw statues of people
linked to the slave trade removed.
Problems black people still face were highlighted, including being hit harder by coronavirus.
The debate has also highlighted how employers sometimes fall short.
Black history lessons will be mandatory in all Welsh schools from 2022. In England, Scotland
and Northern Ireland, teachers can now choose if they want to teach black history.
Books about issues affecting black people became best sellers.
And, for some people, Black Lives Matter meant starting to have difficult conversations about
racism with people they know.