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GIS IGCSE CHEMISTRY (0620) LAB
MANUAL 0
IGCSE CHEMISTRY LABORATORY MANUAL
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I. INTRODUCTION
II. PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND
CRITERIA OF PURITY
1. DETERMINATION OF MELTING
POINT
2. DETERMINATION OF BOILING
POINT
3. FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFUSION –
DIFFUSION OF AMMONIA AND
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
III. METHODS OF SEPARATION AND
PURIFICATION
4. PREPARATION OF COPPER
SULPHATE BY
CRYSTALLISATION METHOD
5. FILTRATION
6. SUBLIMATION
7. CHROMATOGRAPHY
8. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF
ETHANOL AND WATER MIXTURE
IV. TEST FOR IONS
9. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
SIMPLE SALT NO:1
10. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
SIMPLE SALT NO:2
11. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
SIMPLE SALT NO:3
12. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
SIMPLE SALT NO:4
13. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
SIMPLE SALT NO:5
V. QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY
14. ACID- ALKALI TITRATION
15. PERMANGANOMETRY
16. ACID- ALKALI TITRATION
VI. ELECTROLYSIS
17. ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN
SODIUM CHLORIDE
18. PURIFICATION OF COPPER BY
ELECTROLYSIS
VII. ACID, BASE AND SALT
H
19. P OF SOME COMMON
SUBSTANCES
20. PREPARATION OF WATER
SOLUBLE SALT
21. PREPARATION OF WATER
SOLUBLE SALT
22. PREPARATION OF WATER
SOLUBLE SALT BY TITRATION
VIII. RATE OF REACTION
23. EFFECT OF TEMPERTURE ON
RATE OF REACTION
24. EFFECT OF A CATALYST ON
RATE OF REACTION
25. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION
ON RATE OF REACTION
26. EFFECT OF SURFACE AREA ON
RATE OF REACTION
IX. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
27. FERMENTATION OF GLUCOSE
28. OXIDATION OF ALCOHOL
29. REACTION OF METALS WITH
ALCOHOL
X. ENERGETICS OF REACTION
30. DETERMINATION OF HEAT OF
COMBUSTION OF ETHANOL
XI. METALS
31. DISPLACEMENT REACTION OF
METALS
32. COMPARISON OF METALS
REACTIVITY
I. INTRODUCTION
CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
A Chemistry laboratory is a workshop for chemists. Here students learn the technique of
the preparation, identification and estimation of chemical substances. Before starting
experiment a student must know from where to get the apparatus required for the given
experiment and the placement of the chemicals to be used. A student should know the
proper use of each equipment and the precautions to be observed while working in the
laboratory. A chemistry laboratory is provided with the following fittings with which the
student must become familiar.
1. Demonstration Table
Before starting the experiment, the teacher gives instructions and demonstrates the
concerned experiment on demonstration table. In chemistry laboratory, no seats are
given to students, so students stand around demonstration table and note the
instruction from the teacher.
2. Students working table
A number of wooden or concrete tables are given for working. Each seat is
provided with:
(a) Reagent shelves. Reagents or chemicals to be used are placed on the
reagent shelf.
These are the reagents which are commonly used such as dilute acids and bases.
1. Beakers
Beakers of different sizes such as 150 ml, 200 ml made of soft glasses or corning
glass. Beakers are used for taking various liquids.
2. Test tubes
Test tubes of different sizes are available. Small test tubes used for salt analysis
known as centrifuging tube and boiling tubes are also available.
3. Conical flasks
It is used in titration
4. Funnel
It is used for filtration or for pouring solutions.
5. Measuring flask
It is used in quantitative analysis when we have to prepare a solution with a
particular volume. There are flasks of 50 ml, 100 ml and 250 ml capacity.
6. Glass- rod.
It is used for stirring purposes. It is also used as an aid for transferring the liquid in
to the funnel.
7. China dish.
It is a small vessel made of porcelain. It is used in crystallisation for concentrating
a solution.
8. Wire gauze
It is placed above the flame of the burner so that the glass vessel being heated
does not touch the flame directly and hence is prevented from breaking.
9. Tripod stand
It is used for supporting a china dish or a beaker so that it can be heated from
below.
10. Burette
It is used for titration. In burette liquids can be measured with an accuracy
3
of 0.1cm
11. Pipette
It is used in titration to
measure exact quantity of a
liquid.
AIM
The aim of this experiment is to determine the melting point of the given solid substance.
THEORY
The melting point of a substance may be defined as the temperature at which the substance
changes from the solid state to the liquid state. It is a very useful physical constant because a
pure substance melts at a definite temperature and has a sharp melting point while an impure
substance has a lower melting point and melts over a wide range. Therefore, determination of
melting point is a very convenient method to check the purity of a solid substance. More over
melting point determination can be used to identify a substance by comparing its melting
point with the melting point of known substance.
REQUIREMENTS
50 ml beaker, thermometer, iron stand, clamp, tripod stand, stirrer, thin walled capillary tube
8 to 10 cm long and 1 to 2mm diameter, spatula, liquid paraffin.
PROCEDURE
1. Powder the crystalline substance. Take a capillary tube and seal its one end by heating. For
filling the substances make a heap of the powdered substances on the porous plate. Push the
open end of the capillary tube in to the heap. Some substance will enter in to it. Now tap the
sealed end of the capillary tube on the porous plate gently. Fill the capillary tube up to 2 – 3
mm.
2. Attach the capillary tube to athermometer which is immersed in a bath of liquid paraffin.
The surface tension of the bath liquid is sufficient to hold the capillary tube in position.
3. Heat the beaker slowly and go on stirring the liquid in the beaker so that the temperature
remains uniform throughout. For this, a glass loop stirrer is moved up and down. When the
0
temperature is within 15 C of the melting point of the pure substance, flame is lowered.
Now the temperature is allowed rising slowly.
4. The temperature is noted when the substance starts melting. The temperature is noted again
when it is completely melted. The average of the two readings gives the correct melting point
of the substance.
OBSERVATIONS
0
The temperature at which the unknown substance begins to melt, t1 C =
…………………………………………………………
0
The temperature at which the substance completely melts, t2 C =
………………………………………………………….
0
The melting point of the unknown substance = [ ( t1+ t2 )/2] C =
………………………………………………………….
DISCUSSIONS
1. How is the determination of the melting point useful?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. How does the determination of the melting point help us know about the purity of the
compound?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
THEORY
The boiling point of a liquid may be defined as the temperature at which the vapour
pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure excreted up on the liquid surface.
The boiling point of the liquid depends up on the pressureexcreted on the liquid surface. Since
the atmospheric pressure is different at different place, therefore a liquid has different boiling
points at different places. For the sake of comparison we use the normal boiling points. The
normal boiling point of a liquid may be defined as the temperature at which the vapour
pressure of the liquid is equal to tone standard atmospheric pressure (760 mm).
REQUIRMENTS
100 ml corning glass beaker, a small thin walled test tube, thermometer, a capillary tube, a
tripod stand, wire gauze, stirrer, iron stand and clamp, liquid paraffin or concentrated
sulphuric acid and the given liquid.
PROCEDURE
1. Take a small test tube and fill it two third with the given liquid whose boiling point is to be
determined. Fix this tube to the thermometer with a rubber band. The rubber band should be
fixed near the mouth of the test tubeso that it remains outside the liquid paraffin bath. Adjust
the liquid so that the bottom of the liquid is somewhere at the middle of the thermometer
bulb.
2. Clamp the thermometer carrying test tube in an iron stand through a cork. Lower the
thermometer along with the tube in to aliquid paraffin bath. Adjust the thermometer so that its
bulb is well under the acid and open end of the tube with the rubber band is sufficiently
outside the acid bath.
3. Take a capillary tube 5 – 6 cm in length and seal it at about 1 cm from one end by heating
it in flame and giving a slight twist. Place this capillary in the test tube so that sealed part of it
stands in the liquid.
4. Start heating the liquid paraffin bath slowly and stir the bath gently. At first a bubble or
two will be seen escaping at the end of the capillary dipping in the liquid, but soon a rapid
and continuous stream of air bubbles escapes from it. This is the stage where the vapour
pressure of the liquid in the sealed capillary just exceeds the atmospheric pressure. Note the
temperature when continuous stream of bubbles starts coming out. Remove the flame and
note the temperature when the evolution of bubbles from the end of the capillary tube just
stops. The mean of the two temperatures gives the boiling point of the liquid.
0
5. Allow the temperature fall by 10 C and repeat the heating and again note the boiling point.
OBSERVATIONS
0
Boiling point, t1 C = ……………………………………………………………………
0
Boiling point, t2 C = ……………………………………………………………………
0
Mean [ ( t1+ t2 )/2] C = …………………………………………………………………
DISCUSSIONS
1.Define boiling point?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
AIM
To compare the rate of diffusion of ammonia gas with that of hydrogen chloride.
THEORY
PROCEDURE
Cotton wool soaked in concentratedammonia solution, NH3(aq)and concentrated hydrogen
chloridesolution (also called hydrochloric acid) HCl(aq)are placed at each end of a sealed
tube. The cotton wool with ammonia solution gives off ammonia molecules (NH3).
The cotton wool with hydrochloric acid gives off hydrogen chloride molecules (HCl).
HCl and NH3 molecules diffuse through the air towards each other. When they meet,
they react to form a white powder called ammonium chloride, NH4Cl.
OBSERVATION
The distance from this point to the cotton bud dipped in HCl =
………………………………………………………………….
The distance from this point to the cotton bud dipped in NH3 =
………………………………………………………………….
CONCLUSION
The ring of white powder is closer to the HCl than the NH 3.This is because the NH3
molecules are lighter (smaller) and have diffused more quickly through the air in the
tube
(you can work out which molecule is lighter by looking at the RFM).
DISCUSSION
1. Define the term diffusion?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Explain why the rate of diffusion is less in liquid than in gas
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Describe how the rate of diffusion increases with temperature
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
AIM
The aim of this experiment is to obtain pure dry crystals of copper sulphate by crystallization
method.
THEORY
Copper(II) oxide solid reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form copper sulphate salt and
water by the neutralization method.
REQUIREMENTS
Solid copper (II) oxide powder, dil. Sulphuric acid, 500 ml beakers, glass rod, watch glass,
tripod stand, wire gauge, filter funnel and filter paper, Evaporating dish, Apparatus to
check the melting point of copper sulphate
PROCEDURE
3
Approximately 10g of copper (II) oxide is added to 50 cm of dilute sulphuric acid taken in
a beaker and stir the solution properly for about 2 minutes. Filter off the unreacted
copper(II)oxide and the filtrate is an aqueous solution of copper sulphate.
Heat the aqueous salt solution in an evaporating dish for about 5 minutes well below its
boiling point and pour the sample of concentrated aqueous solution in to a clean dry watch
glass. Then leave the hot solution for natural cooling for the formation of crystals.
Crystals produced can be obtained by filtration and press them in between the pads of
filter paper to make it dry.
Purity of the crystals can be checked from the melting point value obtained. Pure substance
always has sharp melting point.
OBSERVATION
……………………………………………………………..
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSIONS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXPERIMENT 5 - FILTRATION
INSTRUCTION:
USEFUL TECHNIQUES:
Proper use of filter paper – Make sure that the filter paper is properly folded ( i.e.
into halves and then into quarters), so that it makes a cone inside the filter
funnel. Wet the inside of the filter paper this keeps the filter paper in position.
Pouring liquids – use a glass rod as a guide held over the top of the beaker , the
liquid can then be directed into the centre of the filter paper without spilling it.
During filtering do not touch the paper with the glass rod – it might tear it.
DISCUSSIONS
1. What is the name of the solid particles left in the filter funnel after filtration?
………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What is the name of the liquid collected after filtration?
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Name any one industrial use of filtration?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
EXPERIMENT 6 – SUBLIMATION
MATERIALS EQUIPMENTS:
INSTRUCTION:
1.Put enough ammonium chloride into a test tube to just fill the base.Plug the tube with
mineral wool.
2.Warm the tube so that the heat is concentrated at the base of the test tube
Observation:
......................................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Definition of Sublimation:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXPERIMENT 7 – CHROMATOGRAPHY
INSTRUCTION:
1.Draw a pencil reference line across the paper about 2cm from the base and parallel
with it.
2.In pencil , mark six dots on the line, atleast 1cm apart
3.Put a different ink sample on each dot.
4.Write the colour at the top of the paper opposite to the dots for reference.
5.Pour about 1cm depth of solvent on a container
6.Submerge the chromatography paper in the solvent
OBSERVATION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
THEORY
Some liquids, such as oil and water, do not mix. It is easy to separate them out into their
components. However, some liquids dissolve in one another to form a solution. They are
called miscible because they mix together. They are much more difficult to separate. An
example of this type of mixture is crude oil.Distillation is the process used for separation.
Each of the liquids in the mixture has a different boiling point. If we heat the mixture, the
liquid with the lowestboiling point will vaporize first. We can collect the vapor and condense
it to form the pure liquid. Then we can raise the temperature to boil off anotherliquid in the
mixture. Each liquid collected is called a fraction, and the process iscalled fractional
distillation. In this experiment you will be separating a mixtureof two liquids with similar
boiling points – ethanol and water.
REQUIREMENTS
mixture of ethanol and water (about30 ml per experiment),boiling chips ,Erlenmeyer flask
with a rubberstopper with a center hole of thecorrect size to fit the delivery tubeof the
fractionating column, fractionating column ,–10°C to 110°C thermometer,condenser,tap
water, stoppers with holes to connectapparatus,2 small beakers,Bunsen burner,tripod and
gauze,spatula, 2 stands and 2 ring clamps,lab jack, marker pen,safety glasses
PROCEDURE
1. You will need to work in a pair to set up the equipment for this experiment.
2. Place the mixture provided by your teacher in the Erlenmeyer flask.
3. Add half a spatula of boiling chips to the mixture.
4. Place the flask on top of a tripod and gauze.
5. Place a stopper in the neck of the flask and carefully feed the end of thefractionating
column through the stopper. Use a stand and a ring clamp tosecure the fractionating column
in place.
6. Place a second stopper with a thermometer fed through it in the top of thefractionating
column. Make sure the bulb of the thermometer is level with theside arm of the
fractionating column.
7. Attach the condenser to the side tube of the fractionating column. Secure thecondenser
in place using a second stand and ring clamp.
8. Make sure the cold tap water is fed into the condenser at the end nearest tothe fractionating
column.
9. Place a beaker, marked A, under the end of the condenser to collect thedistillate
produced (see diagram).
10. Set up a Bunsen burner under the tripod and gauze, and light it.
11. Heat the mixture to 78°C using a small flame and watch what happens.
Record your observations in the data table below.
12. Keep the temperature at 78°C until no more liquid is collected in beaker A.
13. Remove beaker A and place it well away from the Bunsen burner.
14. Place a second beaker, marked B, under the end of the condenser and heat theflask to
100°C. Collect any liquid that is produced.
15. Switch off all Bunsen burners.
OBSERVATION
The mixture you placed in the Erlenmeyer flask was ethanol and water. Theboiling point of
ethanol is 78°C and the boiling point of water is 100°C.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. How did this liquid get into beaker A? Explain the physical changes it wentthrough on its
journey from the Erlenmeyer flask to the beaker.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. What tests could you apply to the two liquids to establish their identities?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Introduction
Chemists often have to identify the composition of unknown substances. Thisexperiment
involves identifying the cations and anions in various salt solutions.
What to record
What to do
1. Dissolve the unknown substance in deionised water. 5–10 cm3 of solution may beneeded.
2. Using the analysis table, test small aliquots (portions).
3. Repeat for the other unknown substances.
Analysis table
Flame tests.
1. Slightly open the air hole of the Bunsen burner.
2. Heat a piece of nichrome wire in a Bunsen flame until the flame is no longercoloured.
3. Dip the loop at the end of the wire into some water.
4. Dip the loop into an unknown salt.
5. Hold the wire in the edge of the flame.
6. Record the colour and identify the cation using the table below.
Safety
Wear eye protection. Some of the unknowns may be toxic or corrosive.
Conclusion
The given inorganic salt contains the
Anion: ………………………………………….
Cation: …………………………………………
Discussions
1. Write word and ionic equations for those reactions that give a positive result.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Topic
Qualitative analysis.
Timing
1–2 hours.
Description
Students attempt to identify the anions and cations present in a salt by a combinationof tests.
– 2– 2– – – –
Anions - OH , SO4 , CO3 , Cl , Br ,I , NO3 –
+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 2+
Cations - H , Ca , Cu , Fe , Fe , NH4 +
Flame tests
It is probably inadvisable to use concentrated hydrochloric acid to produce volatile
chlorides at this level. This procedure should be effective as long as sodium, which
produces a persistent yellow colour, is not given as an unknown.
Background theory
A knowledge of precipitation reactions is helpful as is pre-knowledge of the chemistry
of the tests. Otherwise, the students should test known substances to ensure they know what a
positive result is.
Conclusion
The given inorganic salt contains the
Anion: ………………………………………….
Cation: …………………………………………
AIM
To analyse the following salt for the identification and conformation of anion and cations
present.
THEORY
Ionic salts are formed from an anion and a cation
Presence of anion and cation can be identified with the help of analysis table.
APPARAUS REQUIRED
Test-tubes, test tube holder and test tube stand, Test tube bush,three aqueous solutions P, Q,
and R.
CONCLUSION
The anions present in P, Q and R respectively are
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
AIM
To analyse the following salt for the identification and conformation of anion and cations
present.
THEORY
Ionic salts are formed from an anion and a cation
Presence of anion and cation can be identified with the help of analysis table.
APPARAUS REQUIRED
Test-tubes, test tube holder and test tube stand, Test tube bush, substance T
PROCEDURE
The following tests are conducted on the substance T as per the following table. Note the
observation in the spaces provided. Complete the table by describing these observations and
suggest the test and observations which lead to the conclusion from test 4
Conclusion
The formula of the given substance T is ………………………………………..
AIM
To analyse the following salt for the identification and conformation of anion and cations
present.
THEORY
Ionic salts are formed from an anion and a cation
Presence of anion and cation can be identified with the help of analysis table.
APPARAUS REQUIRED
Test-tubes, test tube holder and test tube stand, Test tube bush, Given salt in a watch glass (a
mixture of two calcium compounds C and D)
PROCEDURE
Tests are conducted on the salts C and D according to the test table for anions and cations
using the appropriate reagents listed and record your observations in the spaces provided in
the observation table.
OBSERVATION AND CONCLUSION
Complete the observations in the table.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) What conclusions can you draw about the identity of the anions in solid C and D?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Summary.
Tick the best titration results. Using these results, the average volume of solution S was
3
.................. cm .
Calculate how many moles of sodium hydroxide are present in 25.0 cm3 of solution T.
................. moles
3
(e) S is 0.0450 mol/dm HxA.
Calculate how many moles of acid HxAare present in your average volume of S.
…............... moles
(f) Using your answers to (d) and (e) deduce how many moles of sodium hydroxide
react with one mole of HxA.
....................moles
(g) Using your answer to (f) deduce the value of x in the formula HxA.
.........................................
(h) Using your answers to (f) and (g) write an equation for the reaction between
sodium hydroxide and HxA.
...................................................................................................................................................
Result
The value of X in the formula HxA is =
AIM
To determine the value of X in the formula of iron (II) sulphate crystals, given as
FeSO4.xH2Oand calculate the mass of iron (II) sulphate crystals used in the experiment.
THEORY
Determination of the amount or the concentration of the salt by titrating against standard
potassium permanganate is called permanganometry.
2+
Fe ions in ferrous sulphate salt are oxidized by permanganate solution and there by the
permanganate solution undergo reduction. This is an example for a redox reaction and redox
titration.
PROCEDURE
(b) The sample is dissolved in 100 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid and the solution is made up to
250 cm3 with distilled water. This was solution H.A 25.0 cm3 sample of H was measured
into a titration flask.
Solution G is run from a burette into the flask containing H until an end-point is
reached. Potassium manganate(VII) is purple.
The appearance of permanent pink colour indicates the end point.
(c) Repeat the titration three times to get close titration values.
Summary.
Tick (✔) the best titration results. Using these results, the average volume of G was
3
.................. cm .
(a) G is 0.0200 mol/dm3 potassium manganate (VII).
Calculate how many moles of KMnO4 were present in the titrated volume of Gcalculated in
(c).
..................moles
.................. moles
(c) Calculate how many moles of FeSO4 were present in the 250 cm3 of H.
.................. moles
(d) Using your answers to (c), calculate the mass of FeSO4 in the original sample of
FeSO4.xH2O. [Mr: FeSO4, 152.]
.................. g
(e) Using your answer to (a) and (d) calculate the mass of water in the sample
ofFeSO4.xH2O.
.................. g
(f) Using our answer to (e) calculate the number of moles of water in the sample ofFeSO 4.xH2O.
[Ar:H,1; O, 16]
.................. moles
(g) Using your answers to (f) and (i) calculate the value of x in FeSO4.xH2O.
...................................................................................................................................................
RESULT
To determine the average volume of the alkali required to react completely with the
measured amount of the acid taken in a conical flask.
INSTRUCTION:
3
Pipette out 25cm of 1M hydrochloric acid into a conical flask.
Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator into the flask and swirl
Slowly release aqueous sodium hydroxide of know concentration into the flask
from the burette and swirl the flask constantly to mix the content.
When the pink colour first appear in the flask, stop the addition of sodium
hydroxide and note the volume of the alkali used.
Repeat the titration steps, adding the noted volume of the alkali into the flask
3
of 25cm of 1M acid.
Summary
Tick (_) the best titration results.
3
Using these results the average volume of alkali used was ........................................... cm .
THEORY
When electricity passes through molten compounds, like sodium chloride, the ionsmove
towards the electrode of opposite charge. Sodium chloride gives sodium metaland chlorine gas.
This experiment illustrates what happens when molten sodium chloride is electrolyzed.
PROCEDURE
Molten sodium chloride is taken in a beaker and which is connected to a DC power supply
through two inert graphite electrodes as shown in the diagram below. Pass the electricity
through the molten sample and take out the cathode to verify that the metal is deposited at
the cathode. Cathode is weighed before and after the experiment to show an increase in
weight due to the metal deposit. Collect the chlorine gas in the test tube conform the gas by
the test using a damp litmus paper.
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
Discussions
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) the anode.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4412 Classic
Eye protection
Beaker
Carbon rod
SAFETY:
Copper(II) sulfate solution is harmful if swallowed and may be irritating to the skin.
Do not touch the power pack with wet hands
Wear eye protection when carrying out electrolysis
INSTRUCTION:
Pour about 2cm depth of the copper (II) sulfate solution into the beaker
Put in a carbon rod as the electrode and a piece of copper foil as the anode and
connect, via crocodile clips and cables ,to a power pack
Pass current at a voltage 6 to 8 volts
After about 3 minutes , switch off and remove the carbon rod; it should be coated with
copper
If you replace the cathode , reconnect and pass current for about 15 minutes ,
eventually the anode will dissolve away.
OBSERVATIONS:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
H
EXPERIMENT 19 – P OF SOME COMMON SUBSTANCES
DETERGENTS VINEGAR
LEMON TOMATO
INSTRUCTIONS:
Toothpaste
Tomato
Lemon
Vinegar
Detergent
Hydrochloric acid
Sodium hydroxide
INSTRUCTIONS:
3
Take about 15cm of dilute hydrochloric acid into a beaker
Add excess of calcium carbonate to the acid and allow it to react so that all the acid
is used up.
Filter the solid using filter paper and a funnel
Transfer the solution into an evaporating dish and warm it slowly until the solution
gets concentrated.
Stop warming and allow the saturated solution to cool to let the crystals form
Filter off the crystals. Wash them with little distilled water. Dry the crystals
between filter papers.
Observation:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Discussion:
INSTRUCTIONS:
3
Take about 15cm of dilute sulfuric acid into a beaker
Add excess of copper oxide to the acid and allow it to react so that all the acid is
used up.
Filter the solid using filter paper and a funnel
Transfer the solution into an evaporating dish and warm it slowly until the solution
gets concentrated.
Stop warming and allow the saturated solution to cool to let the crystals form
Filter off the crystals. Wash them with little distilled water. Dry the crystals
between filter papers.
OBSERVATION:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
DISCUSSION:
Black coloured copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to form copper (II) sulfate.
CHEMICAL EQUATION:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Instructions:
3
Pipette out 25cm of 1M hydrochloric acid into a conical flask.
Slowly release aqueous sodium hydroxide of know concentration into the flask
from the burette and swirl the flask constantly to mix the content.
When the pink colour first appears in the flask, stop the addition of sodium
hydroxide and note the volume of the alkali used.
Repeat the titration steps, this time without the indicator, adding the noted
3
volume of the alkali into the flask of 25cm of 1M acid.
Heat the solution so that the water will evaporate and the solution
becomes saturated.
CHEMICALS NEEDED
Sodium thiosulfate
Hydrochloric acid
APPARATUS NEEDED
Conical flasks
Marker (Black)
White paper
Bunsen burner
Thermometer
Stop watch
METHOD
3
1. Measure about 25cm of sodium thiosulfate into a conical flask.
2. Draw a cross on a white sheet of paper provided to you.
3. Place the conical flask on top of the cross.
4. Find out the temperature of the solution using a thermometer.
3
5. Add about 10 cm of dilute hydrochloric acid into the conical flask. Start the timer at
the same time.
6. Observe the cross from the top of the flask and record the time taken for the cross to
disappear.
7. Repeat the same procedure with sodium thiosulfate at different temperatures using the
water bath provided.
8. Record the temperature and the time taken for the cross to disappear.
RESULTS:
Plot the graph of temperature (y-axis) against time (x-axis) on the grid provided and find out
the rate of this reaction at 24⁰C and 45⁰C.
CONCLUSION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Conical flasks
Stop watch
METHOD
2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2
RESULTS
CONCLUSION
CHEMICALS NEEDED
APPARATUS NEEDED
Conical flasks
Marker
Stop watch
METHOD
3
1. Add 20 cm of hydrochloric acid into a conical flask.
2. Put a piece of magnesium ribbon into the flask and start the timer simultaneously.
3. Measure the time taken to complete the reaction.
4. Record the results in the table.
RESULTS
CONCLUSION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: we can also measure the specific volume of hydrogen gas liberated in unit time in this
reaction by using a gas syringe and a stop watch and hence determine the rate of reaction.
3
Hydrochloric acid (2 mol/dm )
Calcium carbonate (Lumps, Crystals, Fine powder – 2 grams)
Conical flasks
Stop watch
METHOD
3
1. Place 20cm of hydrochloric acid in a conical flask.
2. Set up the apparatus shown below.
3. Take 2g of calcium carbonate lumps. Add the pieces of calcium carbonate to the flask
and quickly insert the rubber bung. Start the timing at the same time.
3
4. Measure the time taken to collect 100cm of carbon dioxide gas produced in the
reaction.
5. Record the results in the table below.
6. Repeat the same procedure for calcium carbonate crystals and powder.
RESULTS
Crystals
Powder
CONCLUSION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.................................................................................................................................................................
3
Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram below. Place about 30 cm of the glucose
solution in the conical flask. Then add 2 spatula measures of yeast.
When fermentation begins, remove the beaker of warm water. Leave the set up in a
warm place for fermentation process to go to completion.
Observe any changes in the limewater and the contents of the conical flask during
fermentation.
At the end of the experiment, remove the stopper and smell the mixture in the conical
flask.
OBSERVATIONS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION
1. What gas is produced in the fermentation process? Explain how you know.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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4. What would you do to separate the product from the reaction mixture?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Boling tubes
Clamp
Bunsen burner
Ice water
Beaker
Ethanol
Sulfuric acid
Potassium dichromate
solution/potassium
permanganate solution
INSTRUCTIONS:
Place potassium dichromate solution in the boiling tube. Then add a little dilute
sulfuric acid to it.
Add a little ethanol
Set up the apparatus and draw
Gently heat the boiling tube. Record any colour change to the solution.
OBSERVATION:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
CONCLUSION:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
DISCUSSION
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THEORY:
If a small piece of sodium is dropped in to some ethanol, it reacts steadily to give off bubbles
of hydrogen gas and leaves a colourless solution of sodium ethoxide, CH 3CH2ONa.
Wooden splint
Instructions:
3
Measure a few cm of ethanol in a test tube and add a piece of sodium.
Test for any gas evolved.
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EQUATION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THEORY
The enthalpy of combustion of a substance is the energy released when one mole of
the substance is completely burned in oxygen.
Where
c = the specific heat capacity of the water (the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of
1 kg of water by 1 °C) and has the value 4.18 kJ kg-1 °C-1.
m = the mass (in kg) of water being heated. (The density of water is 1.00 g cm-3 or 1.00 kg l-
1) = the rise in temperature in °C.
REQUIREMENTS
spirit burner (containing ethanol) thermometer
copper can measuring cylinder
clamp stand and clamp balance
draught shield
PROCEDURE
A measured mass of ethanol is burned in a spirit burner and the heat released is transferred
to a copper can containing a known volume of water. From the resulting temperature rise,
the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol can be calculated.
In this experiment we assume that all the heat released in the combustion reaction is absorbed only by the
water in the copper can. step by step procedure is as follows.
1. Weigh the spirit burner (already containing ethanol) with its cap on and record its
mass. (The cap should be kept on to cut down the loss of ethanol through evaporation)
2. Using the measuring cylinder, measure out 100 cm3 of water into the copper can.
3. Set up the apparatus as directed by your teacher/lecturer.
4. Measure and record the temperature of the water.
5. Remove the cap from the spirit burner and immediately light the burner.
6. Slowly and continuously stir the water with the thermometer. When the temperature has
risen by about 10 °C, recap the spirit burner and measure and record the maximum
temperature of the water.
7. Reweigh the spirit burner and record its mass.
CALCULATION
Initial mass of the spirit burner = ………………....
The aim of this experiment is to study the displacement reaction between metals and
their salts.
THEORY
Some metals are more reactive than others. In this experiment, a strip of metal is added to a solution of another.
If the metal is more reactive than the metal in solution, this metal displaces (pushes out) the less reactive metal
from the solution.
PROCEDURE
In this experiment, a strip of metal is added to a solution of another. Follow the step by step procedure as given
below
1. Clean each of the metal strips with emery paper.
2. Using a teat pipette put some of the solution of a metal compound in four of the holes in the spotting tile.
(Label this row with the name of the solution).
3. Do this for each solution of a metal compound.
4. Put a piece of each metal in each of the solutions.
5. Put a tick or a cross in your table to show if they have reacted. lassicxperiments 251
If the metal is more reactive than the metal in solution, this metal displaces (pushes out) the less reactive
metal from the solution.
OBSERVATION
Record which metals react with the solutions.
A table may be useful. Use a ✔to show reactivity and an✘to show no reaction.
CONCLUSION
The order of reactivity of these metals (from most to least reactive) is
……………………..
……………………..
A single replacement reaction is one in which one element replaces another element in a
compound.
In the following reaction, zinc replaces the copper in copper(II) chloride:
If you were to observe this reaction, you would witness the decomposition of zinc metal and
the simultaneous formation of copper metal. This reaction occurs because zinc is more active
than copper, therefore zinc can replace copper in an aqueous compound. Very active metals
can also replace hydrogen in water or acids, producing hydrogengas:
Na(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
In the above equation, sodium has replaced the hydrogen in water. However, the equation
is not balanced. The balanced equation is:
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
The products of single replacement reactions can be predicted by looking at the Activity
Series of Metals. The Activity Series orders metals (and hydrogen) from most active to least
active. Elements which are higher in the activity series can replace elements which are
lower. In this experiment, you will be determining your own activity series based on your
observations of single replacement reactions. You will check your results against the activity
series given in your textbook.
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
Obtain eight clean test tubes in a rack and label them A-H. In each of the test tubes, you are
to combine 1-2 ml of a solution with a small piece of metal. This experiment is qualitative, so
you do not need to measure the amounts of solution or metal that you use. However, it is
helpful to polish the metals (to remove any corrosion) with a towel, sandpaper or steel wool
before you begins.
Record your observations for each test tube, particularly noting any color change on the
surfaces of the metals.
OBSERVATIONS
……………………..
Write and balance the equations for the eight reactions that you
observed,rememberingto indicate physical states.
A.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
B.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
C.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
D.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
E.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
F.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
G.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
H.………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………