BIOLOGY 01

Course Outcome 5
ENERGY

ENERGY

main forms states

Heat Chemical Electromagnetic Nuclear Mechanical Potential Kinetic

Gravitational Elastic

IMPORTANT TERMS:

Energy – ability to do work (measured in the same unit as work: joules)

Energy Conversions – changes in the form of energy
Heat Energy – produced by friction and cause changes in temperature and phase of any form of matter
Chemical Energy – required to bond atoms together. (Energy is released when bonds are broken)
Electromagnetic – produced in a form of electricity and light.
Nuclear Energy – nucleus is the source of energy and the most concentrated energy. (Fusion and Fission)
Mechanical Energy – performs work
Potential Energy – the capacity to do work or energy that is stored
Kinetic Energy – the energy of motion. Depends on mass and velocity
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
Important Terms:
Metals – more Cation like, possess positive oxidation number
Non-metals – more Anion like, possess negative oxidation number
GEROA LEORA
Reduction Oxidation
Gain of electron Loss of electron
Non – spontaneous Spontaneous
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

IMPORTANT TERMS:

Thermodynamics – study of energy and its transformation

First Law – energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed
Second Law – energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy
Zeroth Law – thermal equilibrium
Third Law – no entropy
Entropy (S) – measurement of disorder
Enthalpy (H) – total potential energy of a system
Free Energy (G) – the only kind of energy that can do cell work
 ATP – ADP CYCLE
Important Terms:
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) – store and release energy
COMPOSITION
 3 Phosphate groups
 Ribose, a five carbon sugar
 Adenine, a nitrogen-containing organic base
DESCRIPTION
 Energy currency of all cells
 Type of nucleic acid
 Contains high energy phosphate bonds
ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) – energy can be stored by adding another phosphate
ATPase – enzyme that help in hydrolysis (adding H 2O)
ATP Synthase – enzyme that helps ADP turns into ATP
Phosphorylation – reaction in which a phosphate group is transferred to some other compound
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) – most common acceptor that temporarily stores (G)
NADH – reduced form of NAD+
NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) – chemically similar to NAD + but has P
NADPH – reduced form of NADP+
 CAPTURING LIGHT ENERGY
Important Terms:
Chlorophyll –absorbs blue and red region
Electromagnetic Spectrum – continuous range of radiation
Photons – packets or small particles of energy
Visible Light – electromagnetic spectrum from 380 to 760
Violet has the shortest wavelength and Red has the longest wavelength
Electron Transport Chain – series of proteins in thylakoid membrane
Photolysis – splitting of water

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
(endergonic reaction)
Convert carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) with the use of photons (light energy)
That will result to the production of organic molecules such as glucose (CH2O) and release oxygen (O2)
mainly occurs in leaves
Stoma – pores Mesophyll Cells – where photosynthesis occur
where exchange specifically in an organelle called
of gases occur Chloroplast
Stroma Thylakoids
Granum
Grana
Thylakoid Membrane Thylakoid Space or
Chlorophyll Carotenoids Thylakoid Lumen
Porphyrin Hydrocarbon
ring side chain

PHOTOSYNTHESIS REACTION
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS CARBON FIXATION REACTION
Light reaction Dark reaction
Occurs in thylakoids Occurs in stroma
1. Light energy transfer to chlorophyll 1. Carbon uptake
2. Chlorophyll pass the energy to ETC 2. Carbon Reduction
3. Energized electron may 3. RuBP regeneration
4. Split H2O (photolysis) then release oxygen
forming NADPH or bonds to ADP to form
ATP
5. NADPH and ATP are stored for the use in
the calvin cycle.