r ONE DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 5.1. INTRODUCTION: We have already known from the previous articles that, in finite element method the complex domain or continuum like complicated structure is discretized into many number of smaller elements of different shapes and sizes of almost regular typed for further analysis of material properties, ficld variable. Jike displacement ete. If the geometry and other parameters as specified above can be defined in terms of only one spatial co-ordinate, then that element is called as one dimensional elements and the related problems with that element, are expressed as one-dimensional problems. Usually line element is selected for analysing one _ dimensional problems. 6.2, FIELD OF APPLICATIONS: In practice, the structural items like axially loaded bars and rodé-aré-analysed on the basis of one dimensional concept. The steady state heat transfer problems like temperature distribution through fin, heat conduction along the wall thickness, the fluid flow through hydraulic network, elastic spring systems etc. are treated as one dimensional problems. Eventhough the displacements occurred in. trusses and beams are specified by two coordinates, due to their geometry, they are also analysed as one-dimensional problems. 5.3, FINITE ELEMENT MODELING: Any analysis including finite element analysis will be easy if the analysing: part has uniform or simple structure. In practice, all the systems like machine. components and building structures are not having uniform structure like uniform . cross-section, straight edge, flat surface and so on. Due to this deficiency, analysing will be somewhat difficult. Hence the system of interest must be modeled’to’ have" * Uniform properties. For example, a tapered rod is modeled into stepped shaft as shown in figure 5.1 consisting of four discretized elements, each, having uniform ‘ross-section and by this way the analysing method is made simple. A simpleINTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT any, fg 5.2 sion of the tapered bar into any ny, cross-sectional area within each, iM Jement with uniform cross-section the finite element model, every «, i divi Jing the system is the scheme of modeling the a) The averagi of regions (Here four is evaluated and then used to define on a five nodes. ° se eeected to see odes, In MGaition to cross-section, the body force and gy is connected to two nodes. mi ted as constant within each element. Hoy, 4 body forces can differ in magnitude from ee, be provided at each location where a poiny traction force are normally tr cross-sectional area, traction an‘ to element. Usually a node must is applied. (2) 1 @) | wo) P; , Pz, F—Point loads, T- Traction, W - Body force. (a) One dimensional bar loaded by traction, body and point loads (b) Method of modeling (c) Finite element model with four elements [(1), (2), (3), (4)] and five nodes [(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)} Fig. 5.1: Finite Element Modeling ___ In one dimensional problem, every node is permitted to displace on! in one direction. Thus each node has only one degree of freedom. This finit element model has five degrees of freedom due to its five nodes. 54. COORDINATES AND SHAPE FUNCTIONS: _ We have already known that the coordinates are employed to locate Positions of nodes and other points of the element with respect to some fixed a es some kind of interpolation functions related “° are used to determine thi i A i ent Between the nodes wits te Cecrmine the field variable like displacem 5.4.1. Coordinates: Also it has been discussed li i a types such as 1. Global and 2, Toeat that the coordinates are divided int |, systems, the locations of nodes and ot] ione DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 5.3 the common axes whose origin is mostly away from the clement: whereas in ocal coordinate systems the selected axes are placed on the element itself such as at the let end oF pelea of the element. For the local co-ordinate system, when tho origin i# lying t the centre of the element and if the magnitudes of nodal values neve pee = pe local coordinate system is specifically called veiNate rdinate system’. The schematic di: s i we Nate chown in figure 2. jagram for all kinds of coordinate y y 3 {x30 ¥3) 4 2 yy) (2 Ye) 1 2 Oey) (2092) (0, 0) (0,0) One-dimensional bar element ‘Two-dimensional structural element (0, 0) — origin, X, Y - Global coordinate axes Fig. 5.2(a) ke o 2 9, an y 3 oy * : x 4 (0, 0) ? 7 $ x” . s xy; y)- Localtoordinate axes. (0, 0) - origin, located at the left end of the element Fig. 5.2(b) M (0,0) Zi x1, y/~ Local coordinate axes. (0, 0) - origin located at the centre of element. Fig. 5.2(c)INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELemp, finite ele ent solut; he finite clemen, ion Jems, the : . Te * for notin probe are easily evaluated while oy. tant ee ia Bone Of ai with evaluating intograls can be my, eh integ! aa I ‘ ties sociated) For this purpose also, the Coordin Somet evaluation ‘the di i si the variables of int ing the nitable selected. 31 e functions: p - A " . Shape fur tion used for finding the field eee Paci se etree within tho elemont ean be exprensa in terms of aye ies between the nodes ah ce the shape functions are defined, the field Varia] 7 coordinate oe wile by the primary nodal values, 'Thig can be @, location cai an example. *Dlaing, Consider a bar (one dimensional) element ag shown in figure 5,9, 1,2 - Primary Nodes 3, 4 - Interior Nodes Fig. 5.3 Tet FF ~ Applied forces at the primary nodes, 1, 2 "1 "2.Uy,U4~ Displacements of nodes 1,2, 3,4 due to forces F, and R, K~ Stiffness of the bar = ments at the interior points (i.c,, U3, ug), the r°¥ed. That ig, by assuming the locations of nodes 1 ¢ location of the interior point as shown interior point ean be evaluated using the (5.3) ; inates. functions Which are defined by the co-ordinvy ¢ DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS on! 55 ve ——_| ‘That is, Ny = Lexy (5.4) To find uy and u,, in the above shape functions, x is substituted by x, and xy respectively. Wote: Derivation of shape functions has been discussed’ in the article 5.5.1). Since the above bar element is one dimensional element, the shape function is defined by x-coordinate only. For two dimensional and three dimensional clements, the shape functions are defined by x, y and x Y, 2 coordinates respectively, Similar to displacements, any field-variable like temperatures at various locations ete. can be evaluated by the shape functions such as T@=N, TL+N,T, (55) zoboit 4 Where T; and'T, are the nodal temperatures. Suppose the val Coordinate val of relation as lues of shape funciions are mown, we can determine the ue, which produces the above shape functions, using the same kind x=Ny xy +Np xp 66) 1 The shape function can be specified in terms of global co-ordinate system or ae j,¢29Pdinate system. In praetice, the shape function specified by local Thruinates Seems to be simpler and easy for the determination of ficld variable. Is Concey it Sbecified tee cat be understood by the following example, Consider a bar element ified by different coordinate systems. bhj ra INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALY Si. .2.1. Shape Function in Global Co-ordinates: ‘The bar clement specified by the global co-ordinate system is shown ; figure 5.5. 3) Ye X1,X_~ Global coordinates of nodes 1 and 2 from the origin O x~ Global coordinate of any point G. Let @ is the field variable which can be expressed as =Nq 61+ No 60 where 6; , 6 are the nodal values of ¢ at nodes 1 and 2 and Nj , No are the shape “functions which are expressed as -- (6.7) x -x i Fi - (5.8) Here N, and Np are mentioned in terms of global X-co-ordinates. and Np= 6.4.2.2. Shape functions in Local coordinates: Now consider the above bar element is referred by the local coordinates p and p’ such that their origin is at the left end (i.c., at node 1) of the element as shown in figure 5.6. Ys oL—-p 0 4 2 x xX, * [—x— X,Y — Global coordinates P, p’ — Local coordinates % ¥~ Global coordinates, p, p’~ Local coordinates Fig. 5.6ONAL PROBLEMS 87 rt the shape functions represent 5.8 into the shape functions Mex td): ‘ed by global co: ordinates as mentioned by locel coos rdinates replace x by 5.8 implies, Ga-%)=p aaa | . -2) and Ny=2 v= 69) ; m3 1 p ion now, for the local co-ordinates q and q’ whose origin is ow, at the centre of the shown in figure 5.7, the shape functions are obt: as ained by replacing x clement l path G Gen XD ED by * Ys Now, the equation 5.8 | (6.10)58 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALY ig vomparing the equations (5.8), (5.9) und (6,10), the shape functions speci, Comparing the equations (5.8), (6 , ne in equations: (5.9) and (5.10) are simpler than equation (5.8). By this way, the fielg ble in tho linear element can be easily determined. intion of fi jable in the non ‘Yo evaluate the overall variation of the field variable fe near etween the specified lim; clement, the field variable must be integrated between the sp mits, ir imits can be changed. Depending upon the coordinate system, the limits can be change Now consider the field variable 4, expressed as B= N11 Ny Gy je =f(x) 3 (As per global coordinate system) = (As per local coordinate system with f) > origin at the left ond of the element) (As per local coordinate system with origin at the centre of the element) The overall variation, % L V2 Jo= Jreax= J t@ap=f rq@aq wo GD % a -12 Hence, it is clear that the conversion of global coordinate system into local coordinate system simplifies the integration pr ‘cess due to change of limits. 5.4.2.8. Natural co-ordinate System: A faturel coordinate system is another type of local coo permits the specification of a point within the elem numbers whose magnitude never exceed unity. rdinate system that ‘ent by a set of dimensionless There are two types of natural coordinates, ‘The local coordinates Pp and q can be . . ‘4 © be converted into natural coordinates. one dimensional lineay dey Consider the Ment as shown in figure 6.8.Ne pIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS or 59 y 0 or , e © 2 ol > Of—-ps t—__, Fig. 5.8, ‘The field variable 4 for this local coordinate system ig uiven by O=N1 O14 Ny gyal ok P O= NiO +Ny by (1 a (8 je Assuming a natural coordinate r such that raf, the field variable @ can be written as =A =r) br +r gy, when p=0; r=0 and when p=J; r=1, That is, when p varies from 0 to 4, ¥ varies from 0 to 1, If we assume the natural coordinate r in terms of x : + (i.e., replacing p by x=x,) global coordinate such that then the natural coordinate r varies from 0 to 1 when the global coordinate x varies from x, to x. In the same way another type of natural coordinate can be derived. Consider a linear element as shown in figure 5.9. 1 Oo-——a 9 Fig. 5.9 The field variable for this local co-ordinate system is given by, 1 PM oreNeee (FF Jove ( dF Je _INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALY). 5.10 hy that «= 24 the field variable become, s such that 8= "7 Assuming a natural coordinate (esos; go +8) Oe 22 ‘Phat is, when q VArICS fry, when q == 172; 821 and when q= 41725 868 1 Th =1/2 to ¥1/2, 8 varies from - | to +1 If we ass! ' AV (ie ate § varies from ~1 4, ‘atural coordinate « jn » replacing q by terms of global coordinate such thal § (x-x1-1/2)) we come to know that the natural coordin xy 41 when the global coordinate x varies from x1 60 Xz In general, the shape functions need to satisfy the following: conditions such ite within an clement. 1. ‘Their first derivatives must be finite within an cleme the element. boundary 2. The displacements must be continuous across ‘Also the shape functions have some specific characteristics, which are 1. Each shape function has a value of one at its own node and zero at the other nodes. S ‘The sum of all the shape functions is equal to one. 3, ‘The shape functions are always polynomials of the same type as the original interpolation functions, That is, if the field variable is defined by a lincar equation, then the shape functions are also linear equations and so on. For one dimensional element, the sum of the derivatives with res is equal to zero, ject to x 5. For two dimensional element, the shape functions are zero along each side where the own node of shape function does not touch. All th i F a paistore characteristics can be understood from the following figure pn aorined ation | ue rowronins neat re Pak ! EIpyMeNSIONAL PROBLEMS NE sa v2 gerne Nt jug . The displacement. at any Point p, defined as U=Ny 0) + Ny uy 1 Pp 2 {c) fl 1 4 Z i ; et Ni=0 No=0 peed atnodet (gy atmede2 —atnode 1 (4) at node 2 Fig. 5.10 If ‘Then and, 5.4.3, Solved Problems: Problem 5.1: ‘The shape functions for the quadratic element shown in figure 5.11 are 2 Nu = 7g %~ 2) (—X3) 4 No=~ 73 x1) (x-x3) Na= i Cem) EH) (a) Show that these shape functions equal one at their own node and are zero at the other two nodes. Also show that the shape functions sum to one. (b) Show that the derivatives of N,,Ng and Ng with respect to x sum to zero.RODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALY) INT 5.12 (x) A O™ af % 1 2 4 aa 4212 o— Solution: (a) The given shape functions are N= 5 =p (Hy) N= Ba) (ex) Np= 5 =m) (x= x9) Consider the shape function Ni For its own node Ge, for node 1), Substituting x=) in shape function equation, t, Ny =2 me Be N= Oe 9) xy) 2 721 ~%9) (& ~x5) 2( 1 “#L-e}-9 For other nodes roe Ge, at nodes 2 ang 9) substitute x'—— 1 —— |» —— Fig. 5.12oN INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALY 56 5.16 the nodal conditions such thay ‘The values of ay and ay can be determined us ged at K=xy and Qe aL x. f the nodes 1 and 2. where x; and xy are the global coordinates of the node i 2) we get Substituting the nodal values in Eqn. (5.12) we g + (5.13) Ay +a x see (Bg) ay + ay x, Eqn. (5.14) ~ qn, (6.13) implies do-o =o + ys AL re Substituting the value of ay in Eqn. (5.13) we get (2-01 =ayt x feat] oom y= o,-[ B22), 8 -t- Oa tore, etal 1 gag 1X2 ~ 9 xy XQ-Xy Substituting the values of ay and ay in Bqn. (6.12) we got Xp L = f32= 01 (too, 5 XQ-Xy yy = $21 +0 x~61 x Seta + te x~ Oy x = (= dT where 1 =x — x i ‘1 ve PSN O14 Ny 6 where Ny and Ny are the (6.15) i" shape functi one-dimensional linear element, ctions at néde 1 and 2 Tespectively for the That is, N, =kSIONAL PROBLEMS pIMENS one 8.17 the equation 6=Ni 1+Ny oy can also be written in matrix form as a o=[N Ny { i: [ 2] 2 f= N19) ses (5.16) ow, we ea verify the characteristics of shape functions ow, : The characteristics are, Ny at node 1 is equal to 1 and at node 2, it is 0 similarly Ny at node 1 is equal to 0 and at node 2, it is 1 Also Ny +Ny=1. ‘That is, Ny at node 1 (x=x)) is given by Similarly for No, xX At node 1 (=x), Np=—> += At node 2 (=x), Np= "7" 222% 124 And also, Hx xomy Ky-X+R-e Ny +N, = “27% SOR aN, | Ng a-0_ 1,1. ae ae tte Note: If the field variable is specified by local coordinate as =a; + az p as shown "figure 5.13 such that $59) at p=0 4 §= 6) at p=!INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALY, Shy 5.18 aye AP nn ae ‘Then, by 6) 204 + (ay x0) = Y= ! gy aay tay 4 ' i =o) tay! bo -91 — Fig. 5.13 (or) ay Substituting for field variable, we get to- dr) _ gi’ + op biP onartapp=eie[ 27 p= 7 (5G? Jue Peen(1-8 Jo +Poo =Ny 61 +No 62 where Ny =1-P and Np = (b) Matrix Method: As stated earlier, the polynomial form of field variable is given by $(x)=ay+agx Writing in the matrix form, 6 (x)= [1 x] { a . (5.17) 2 Applying boundary conditions such as (x) = 6) and 4 (X2) =, the nodal values of field variables are, = ay + ay x $2501 tay x9 Writing in the matrix form, we get { oy ft a] fay $e [1 x] | ay 1 con {ze lal fo, ap 1 x. te Let (Dj =| 1 * “oft s] (5.18)i DINENSIONAL PROBLEMS ont BAe yr cl ; gow (= I DT Where IC) is the cofactor matrix for 1D) -1 | Ja | t] erat o =|} [ra-xve! ci-| = [-3 substituting (DI-? in equation 5.18, we get al_if x2 4] fo] afi -1 1] lef _ 1] (2 01-1 2) ot (~ 01 + 0) Substituting the above in equation (5.17), we have [ae] 1 Sa TL 1 469) #7 (2261-¥ 80- x61 + x00 ) x-X, 7 “Ne ie, 6 (x) =Ny $1 + No oo where Ny and Ny are the shape functions. 55.2. Solved Problems: Problem 5.2: For a one-dimensional linear element as shown in figure 5.14, the temperatures at nodes 1 and 2 are measured as 200°C and 50°C. The temperature is linearly varying. Determine the ‘temperature at a point 27 cm from the origin and the temperature gradiént within the element. Nodes 1 and 2 are located at 2 em and 32 cm from the origin.” : Solution; The temperature 6, which is linearly varying within the clemett, is’ given by 9= Ny 61+ Ny dy PF )oo( tA)INITE ELEMENT INTRODUCTION OF FI ANALY 5.20 It is given that, 32-2=30cm; $1 = 200°C; $2 = 5g. c xy=2em; X2= ee = substituting the above yay tx =27 cm, a ing the temperature a : For evaluating tl in equation (A), we get by $4(200°C) a 32cm_! eq + 27cm 5 Fig. 5.14 o-(% 27 )oqge 4 ( 27=2 Vero’ ree = po (73 Je = 75°C (Answer) That is, the temperature at the Point 27 cm from the origin is 75°C . jent, 14. 92- $1 _ d2~o The temperature gradient, dk yxy = 7 303g =—5°C (Answer) The minus sign is due to the decreasing of temperature | to 50°C, . linearly. from. 200°C +, Problem 6.3: Solution: The temperature, linearly varying within ¢) he element T=N, 1, +Ny 1, t, is given by_ysIONAL PROBLEMS pimens! 5.21 a5 em; Ty = 90°C 120°C patitudings in (he above equation, wo got subs mare b= 25 6 aw ste the 2b 90° 2 °C A | 1-2 Jo (45 } 120° = 106,7°C ar av T2=T,_ 120 remporseure 8 iont, 7 sult: Fig, 5.15 Rest phe temperature at the point 25 em from origin = 106,7°C ‘romporature gradient = 0.67°C (Answer) ONE DIMENSIONAL VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEMS: ctor variable problems, the quantities of field variable have both nitude and the direction of action. That is, we ean measure the magnitude of fuld variables and decide the direetion of action or movement of the field variable. the problems associated with force and displacement, heat transfer and ass transfer in one dimensional elements are the typical examples for one dimensional vector variable problems. For vector variable problems also the format of shape functions are same as that of scalar variable problems with In v suitable changing of field variables. 57. APPLICATIONS TO SOLID MECHANICS (i.e, STRUCTURAL) PROBLEMS: * ‘The finite element method has been most extensively used in the field of solid and structural mechanics. The various types of problems solved by the finite element method in this field include the elastic, elasto-plastic and viscoelastic analysis of bars, trusses, beams, frames, plates, shells and solid bodies. Both static and dynamic analysis-have;been conducted using finite element method for one, ‘vo and three-dimensional elements. — Seneral, the structural body is specified by two groups such as 2. diserete ade and 2. continuous structures. The discrete structures are those with etajsag ncmbers such as trusses, beams and rigid frames and they are mostly ohteand . basis of one dimensional problems. The continuous structures are & mostly cell-type structures as well as machine and structural components and dae sj nevsed on the basis of two and three-dimensional problems. The both discrete and continuous structures can be approached from severalINTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANAL yg). 5.22 . ts of view such as theory of clastivity, the principle of minimum potens., points of vie ’ energy ote. : . LOAD, STRESS, STRAIN, DISPLACEMENT AND THETR RELATIONg, In one dimensional elements like bar, beam, truss frame etc. the bar Tesists ol I loads, whereas the beam can resist axial, lateral and twisting loads, truss is an assemblage of bars with pin joints and frame is an assemblage of beam elements. Whatever be the type of element, when it is subjected to load, deformation (j.e., displacement) occurs in that element. Hence we should have clear idea about the relationship between load, stress, strain and displacement when dealing with finite element methods. Consider a bar element as shown in figure 5.16. It is subjected to different types of loads such as (i) Externally applied point loads F, P, (ii) Body force W due to its self weight and (iii) Traction force T due to external pressure. Duc tg these loads, the resultant parameters to be discussed such as stress, strain and displacement are first defined as follows,F ROBLEMS ES ensiOnal si one ol jimensional element, the above parameters are specified in por oh x-coordinate : io" ce “ao (x) 200i 078 x) peuent xt § has been chosen as the general symbol for denoting deflection ates In this to dopted as the symbol for deflection occurring in x-direction) N 5 been a ben du has :NT STIFFNESS OF BAR (OR ROD) DUE TO AXIAL LOADING: sp LEM bar of length J, area of cross-section A, modulus of elasticity & consi an axial load F as shown in figure 6.17. s subjec We know that AE F=0A C =cEA 3 =°.BA y 1 , —— aoe ‘ Fig. 5.17 =ké ie, Pek : The above force-deflection ‘town in figure 5.18(a). fe Pek g “ere k= Spring stiffness 5= Total deflection of W shy“ Tepresent the Jo 'n figure 5.18(b)— Rae INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALY Gg 1 ELE! : 5.10, FORMULATION OF STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR BAR MENT: In finite element method, for the ee ineetieee Ser ey G ‘, Ps ements), the nodal displacements (i.c., displa eee +4 sete ted from the finite element equations which relate = a plies ree Roda) displacements and stiffness of the element. The displa _ e ane a Poin in the element can be found out from the polynomial in sas is ianctiong consisting of shape functions. The finite clement equations bee oF finding J nodal displacements can also be written in matrix form throug! which the Stiffines, matrix tan be formulated. In general, two methods such as J. direct method ,. theory of elasticity method and 2. the principle of minimum poten; method are mostly employed to formulate the stiffness matrix 5.10.1. Stiffness matrix formulation by Direct Method: tial energy, Consider’ a bar (or rod) having the loading arrangements as shown in figure 5.19(a). A — Area of cross-section ea E — Modulus of elasticity ~ Length of bar —o.. k= Stiffness of bar AE = ig. 5.19(a) figure 5.190),IMENSIONAL PROBLEMS, one 0" 5.25 For the loading arrangement shown in 5. 19(b-ii) if the : nodal displacement _ assumed to be zero, then the complete displ cee nent is exposed at node 1 the forcedisplacement equation will be such as Fath i i (.” Direction of displacement is in the same direction of force acting) Suppose there may be a displacement produced in the node 2 which is in the sposite direction to the force Fy, then the force F; is equated to the resultant “cisting force of the element. ie, Fy=k (ay - Ug) ‘The minus sign for up is because its direction is opposite to the applied force Fy) Similarly for the loading arrangement shown in figure 5.19(b-iii), Fyg=t+kuy (if u, is assumed to be zero) kk (Ug — uy) (if u; has some value and also opposite to the direction of force F2) Writing the above equations for the loading arrangement shown in figure 5.19(b-i), we get Fy =k (ay - up) (or) kuy-kug=Fy and Fy=k(ug-u) (or) -kuy+kug=Fp ‘The above equations are known can be written in the matrix form k -k) {us [ k] | ue (or) tki where (k] = Element stiffness (uj = Element {f=FINITE ELEMENT i CTION OF FINITE ANALYg, 5.26 1 concept of formulating ey a fe of elements. fness matrix can be extended to the p,. stiffness ma um! having any 0 Jor a stepped bar (two bar Ain Es Ay, E2 J a |, +4» —4 Fig. 5.20(a): Stepped bar Joment) as shown in figure 5.20(q) Now consid Fig. 5.20(b): Equivalent spring element model Since the stepped bar seems to the assemblage of two bars of different areas of cross-section, lengths etc., the stepped bar is discretized into. two elements as shown in figure 5.21 and their clement stiffness matrices are found out and then from these clement stiffness matrices, the global (i.e the stepped bar (i.c., system) can be formulated Ay Ent, Az, E212 F Ears ory 1 5 Gs ent re % Element (1) overall) stiffness matrix forro 1 PROBLEMS enstone’ S27 .o vag) OE WY Ay My gy _ Ge ion tw the matehe fo we wt \ wut \ wi] Jul "| - 12) bloment equations for the element (2) can be written as (he fanite tiny (or) Ky Uy ~ Ky ug = Py ha tng (ot) ~ Key ty + Ky Ug = Fy hove equations in matrix form, we get, yy the abo Node \ | {vl {Fal (5.22) trix equations (5.21) and (5.22) are combined together to get the global The matrix equal snc for the stepped bar such a Nodes t 2 8 a1 if ka Ky y y) ky Ky thy ky 7 0 ky eg (or) KL) (FD where (kK) = Global stiffness 8)» Global displace (F}= Global foreo ¥ P, . . Fy, Fy} Yor aliINTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANAL gg global finite element ,_ the boundary conditions, the global ta After applying the bounda (5.23) becomes, o}{ o} {Fil ky ky | | a ky ky tky —ky | | Ue | é , oy 0 Ky ky | ug | jauss ation co he problem, we can apply Gaussian eliminction concept in 4, When solving the prob! a e can eliminate 1° row lobal stiffness matrix, That is, since uy) =0; Ww and y column in the global stiffness matrix and from the remaining matrix, the fini clement equations can be formed ‘The remaining matrix is given by kytk, -k,] [us| _j 0} =|? 5.25) | ky ky] [ug f | PJ Le. (gy + ky) ty = ky uy = 0 ky Uy + ky Ug = P From the above equations, the nodal displacements uy and ug can be det rmined 5.10.2. Formulation of Stiffness Matr: ix by the Principle Potential Energy: of Minimum ion of stiffness matrix by direct method is Possible only for line bar elements. On the other hand, for any type of clement such as linear (i.e., line) element or non-linear (i.e., curved) element, the stiffness matrix required to findout the nodal displacement can be derived mostly by the method of potential energy. The pri potenti. states that when the total potential Pe a sapaciatee its first derivative ig The formulati elements such as That is, if m isNAL PROBLEMS yMENSIO! one 5.29 strain energy for «the strain Now any clement of u ment of uniform cross-section is given by Note: (The strain energy for the non-linear one dimensional element having constant (i.e, uniform) area of cross-section is given by 1 U= J ceAdx wee (5.27) 0 Similarly for the non-linear two: thickness, the strain energy. bl u=| J cetax 00 For the non-linearINTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT Naty Se r element (1), ‘Total potential energy, x; =U) + Wi 1 2 where Uy = ky (tg~ 4) W, =- Fy - Fou Hence m= ky (up ~ up)? Fi ur Fave (6a In each node, a E “ Soh 0 me ky uy— wy) (-D-Fi=0 (or) ky wy — ky U2 = Fy a Similarly i =0 = ky (uy wy) (1)- Fy =0 (or) ~ ky uy +ky up » Writing the above equations in matrix form, we get ky -ky] fu] _JFi ALE; = and ky= [-« ti} [uf "[Ry at =" Similarly for the element (2) T=vy eNsIONAL PROBLEMS ne 5.31 key =o] fu, P| " Ay By pho global finite clement matrix is ky =k oO} fu) ( Ky ky tky ky} } uy bal Rr, (5.32) | 0 ky ke] ug] [rs Nol phe element stiffness matrix can be derived from the element strain energy well For example, consider a bar having two nodes 1 and 2 having nodal jisplacements Uy and uy, ‘The elem nt strain energy 2 U uy) a : = 9k (ug -2 uy wy + up) 1 AE oe (uj - 2 uy uy + ug) wee (5.33) where (k] = Stiffness _AE/ aes -1 510.38, Properties of ri 1. It is a square“' 5.92 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT a 5.10.4, Calculation of Inner point displacement, element: For an clement, shown in figure 5.22, whose nodal displacements y. Strain and Stress ¢, °F the ty are known, the displacement of any interior point in the element cay calculated using the relation u(x) = Ny uy + Ny ug jue J» 534 i: F du _ 27 Uy ‘The strain for the clement is defined as e = =—2) (Ny Ny are shape functions which can also be derived from shape functions such that aN d Ny dx dx “2y omens! Le a OF STIFFNESS MATRIX BY STRAIN. sila PRIX: se Ma’ sider a one dimensional bar clement of uniform er JONAL PROBLEMS 5.33 oe DISPLACEMENT se eement strain energy is given by, yop tu lod ta) | 5 Ie ae } {kj = Element stiffness matrix 7-1] k = Stiffness Fig. 5.23° According to stress-strain theory, for linear, material, the strain caergy per unit volume is given by be aero (ole)_ INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT gy, 5.04 % We know that for one dimensional element, (e)=(B)(u) and (o}= 2B) (4) e get Substituting the above in equation I we Be vel jult pie Blu At 2 23 (us"[ (IT 1D) BI AL Jia i 2 Comparing equations I and III, we can conclude that " 7 fh) = (B)" (D} [B} Ad = (BI" E(B) AL os where [D]=Blasticity Matrix or Stress-strain relationship Matrix £ (Por one dimensional element) ‘Tho stiffaews matrix can be expressed in general form as tki= J 0B)" (1 (BI av oo v Note: The expression of stiffne as derived above ean be obt: matrix [k] in terms of strain-displacement matrix ed by another easy method We know that, for one dimensional bar element, the element stiffness matrix is given by At which can be written asry i DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 5.35 ont , are restricted, during the rise or fall of temperature, a stress called thermal oe . is induced in the member which may be mostly tensile or compressive in sine. The strain due to change of temperature is known as thermal strain. pat der a bar whose ends are fixed and named as nodes 1 and 2 as shown co . 5.24 is undergone into a change of temperature AT. ws figure a aT (ie., change) in temperature (°C) sts Coefficient of thermal expansion (mm/mm °C) Then, , ‘Thermal strain, eg =a AT M Fig. 5.24 Thermal stress, o9=E a AT 9: Thermal force, Fy= AE a aT. In general, the direction of thermal force due w rise in temperature is towards outside from the member as shown in figure 5.24(a). 3 Since we have adopted the direction of foree towards plus X-direction (i.e., towards rightside) as -X—— ——e8 positive and minus X-direction (ie., towards leftside) 3s negative, the thermal force in node 1 is — Fy and Fig. 5.24( in node 2 is +Fo. The nodal force vector due to rise in temperature can be mentioned as _ When the member, i.e., ee change of yINTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYgig 5.36 we) pg AT Por element (W), 6 = B17 Vopr (5.41) For element (2), Oy 1 “) e i te Fig. 5.24(b) 5.13. SOLVED PROBLEMS: Problem 5.4: For a two noded bar element if the nodal displacements are 4 mm and 12 mm, find the displacement at a point of two fifth length from the node having less displacement. Solution: (Refer figure 5.25) | For the bar element, the displacement at any point is given by u4= 4mm wx)= Ny uy + No wy th It is given that uj=4 mm; ug=12 5 Hence the displacement at ith x= 2 with x= from the mode 1 | less displacement) is6.7 of diameter 10 mm, length 200 mm has nodal displacements due to mm and 2.8 mm. The position of rod is shown in figure the displacement at a point ‘Q’ on the rod, Also find stress and (iv) the strain energy for the rod. Take 8 mm jeleten:INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANAL ysj¢ 5.38 (iii) Element stress: ‘The induced stress in the element, 2 answe o = Ee = 21 x 10° x 0,008 = 1680 N/mm° (Answer) (iv) Strain Energy: The internal strain energy of the element, k (uy — uy)? = aE (ug- uy)? wie 8.54 x 2.1 x 10° 2 TB54 X21 10" >» (9.8 - 1.2) 200 x@ x 82467 x 2.56 = 105558 N-mm = 105.6 N-m (Answer) Result: 1. Displacement at the specified point Q= 1.92 mm. 2, Element strain =8 x 107° 8. Element stress = 1680 N/mm? 4. Strain energy = 105.6 N-m Note: iy ts The above problem can also be solved by mane That is, Displacement at any point x u=[% Ny] (zt i =Ny uy +Ny © Displacement at Q : = (0. (ii) Element strain,PROBLEMS « MeNsioNAL , 50 t stress, o= Ee glement § ie, = E(B) (ud =Ext|-1 ofa) l Ug 21x a rE a Ht al 2.1% 10° = Sop —(- 2 +2.8) = 1680 N/mm? (Answer) strain Energy usdtulta tu) ze (kj = Stiffness matrix ral a - 1| u=hue2 an magaaae | =H Seal {ral =} x 82467 (1.2 - 2.8) (~1.2+2.8)) ial — 2.8) 124+(- 12+ 2a ee ai =3% 82467 [(- =+, 82467 [ = 105558 N =105.6NOF FINITE ELEMENT ANAL ya. INTRODUCTION 5.40 Solution: a : 5 valent spring aa r ca e redrawn as Equy : ‘phe loaded bar can be ret Fig. 5.27(a) 2 6 kN (Actual bar) 4 a) ky. (ups Fa) 2, (3 F3) say (spring element) oe Fig. 5.27(a) (uy, Fa) ‘The bar is assumed to have two elements (1) and (2) with three nodes 1, 2, 3, Element stiffness values are For element (1), ky =12KN/mm 8 kN/mm and for clement (2), k: Assume the displacements at nodes 1, 2, 3 as uy,U2,U3 and forces as F, , Fy and Fy Now, the stiffness matrices for the above elements can be formulated as follows. For element (1), the finite element equations are ky ty ~ky uy =F, ~ ky ty up = Fy + Bf ~ pa) Tepes ‘This can be written in the matrix Nodes 1piteNStONAL PROBLEMS one 5.41 phe global finite clement matrix can be formed as Nodes 1 3 Lt rf o& & 0 | i] | Bi) Ry kit ky ky} J uy bo] vy 3} 0 ky ok | |us| ley | boundary conditions are uy, =0 (Fixed end), Fy =0, Fy=6kN also ky = 12 KN/mm, ky = 8 KN/mm. Substituting the above values in the global finite element matrix, we get oI 21 je ~8]) ={ 0 8 [| 6 ng in the form of simultaneous equations we get 0-120), +0=F, ve QD 0 +20 uy — Sug =0 vee (2) 0 Sup + Sug =6 Ug 3 =0.5 mm From Eqn. (1), F, =~ 12 ug =-12 (The minus sign ® force Fy)INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANAL ya). nae Yeoblom 3.7 wan =. a Hjcoted to an axial oad of 200 KN pan Place of stepped bar is subjected (0 # . are ‘ a ni sotion and material as shown t change of eposssseetion @ (a) Phe nodal displacements rind (Wb) The roaetion forces ) Me induced stress in each material (1) (2) >» 200 KN q le 300 mm ye 400 mm » (1) = Aluminium bar (2) ~ Steel bar : Ay = 2400 mm? E, = 70\10°N mm? Ay = 600 mm? E)= 200\ 10°N mm? Fig. 5.28 Solution: The given bar assembly is nad awn as shown in Fig, 5. ) nodal displacements and forces =F espagit SIONAL PROBLEMS a? displa go nd HO ont: Jobal finite element equation in m for the given ste ped bar gent, Which is assumed as the of two bars in series, can be ky Ln) ki kptky —k, 9 ky ky ven boundary conditions are 41=0 & uy=0 (Due to fixed ends) FP, = 200% 10? N Substituting the above values in the finite element matrix, we get i 56-56 o) | F, | 10) -56 86 ~ 4 uy} = 1 200x103} Oo -30 | Jy ilr Here Fy and F, are acting as the Reaction forces. Since uy = 0, we can negl ct 1" row and 1" column in global stiffness matrix ver Gaussian Elemination method. Similarly, since uy=0, we can neglect 3" ow and 3" column in the same matrix, Hence, from the remaining item, the FE. 10' x 86 u, = 200 x 108INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT 5.44 -70kN their directions of action whig for aluminium bar portion), is, The strain resulted in elem 0 _ 0.233 (di du 300. 300 The stress induced in clement (1) 0.2) 300 0, = Eye, = 707 10° x 54.4N/mm” (Tensile) For steel material, the strainMENSIONAL PROBLEMS one problem 5.8: he column made of mi cements, (b) Reactio: in elements (1) and ot isp ae Id steel n force (2). 4s shown in figure 5. at the support and (c) Strosse Solution: The given column can be redrawn dements with three nodes spring clement model containing two as shown in figure 5,29(a)INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ang 5.46 ss matrix for element (1) ment stiffn: ction for element (1) Now = Area of cro: 10 x 10 = 100 mm? 1) = Length of element (1) = 100 mm E, = 2x10°N/mm? for mild steel material (Assumed) = Area of cross-section of ele ‘ment (2) = 20x 10=200 mm? ‘y= Length of element (2) = 100 mm. Eo = 2x 10°Nymm? (For Mild steel) om on [So 100x2x =2a08[ and [¥]-S]Fr om . junit gw ! roel ABH y conditions such as | PROBLEMS nso" 5.47 4 clement equation in matrix form as 1KI(8) =F) _ pound wy wr P, = 1000 N, 0, ug =0 in equation (A), we get as : (Here Fy is acting ” o-2.2 -(B) as reaction force) ince uy=0, neglect third row and third column. The remaining matrix qoation 8, v(t 32} 1 Writing in the form of simultaneous equations, we get 2x 10° (uy — ug) = 1000 .... (i) 2x 10° (- uy +3ug)=0 .... (ii) ms. i) + (il) =» 2x 10° 1000 — tO = 25 x 2x2x10°| ae NW OF FINITE ELEMENT anya inTRODUCTIO ‘To find strains and stresses Strain in element (1), o-( dx du) us Strain in element (2), ¢2=| gx | dg 25 x 10 100 - Axial stress in element (1), 0, = Be =2% 10° x (- 50 x 10" =~ 10 N/mm? For element (2), -5.N/mm? x 10° x (- 25 x 10 oy = Eze, (The negative sign indicates compressive stresses) Result: (a) Nodal displacements, uy =75x 104mm, uy=25x10°4mm, ug=0 (b) The reaction force at the bottom support, Fs = 1000 N (Acting upwards) wal } (c) The induced stresses, In element (1), 6, = 10 N/mm? (Compressive) d bar shown in over the lengths Ag = lem”, method of analysis.anal ARONA ‘” wa Ay Ay ‘ “wy jouisations OF AE strtetano: wet 4 he piven bar is diseretived into two elements (1) and (2) ax shown in aaah 0 the bar is assumed as one-dimensional structure, it will have Nisplacoament AE ARY paint in the element 2 107 Niem? (106m) (10 em) ua wy yo " rk oF ;, Etesvent (1) Etement (2) Fig, 5.30(a) nodal displacements at nodes 1, 2,3 are uj,ug, ug and the nodal Lat trees are F), Fa, Fy.5.50 ntRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ay, - nt stiffness matrix: % lerived from the principle of yy, erg (iii) Formulation of Eleme! ‘Phe element stiffness matrix can Pe der potential energy. For an axially loaded bar is given by Strain energy - Workdone by external forces. U-W=U,+U2-W element (1) and Uz is the strain energy of gi, | forces on the stepped bar, is given by where U; is the strain energy © (2) and W is the worl Now, the strain energy for th dl ky eee (lee w) =3[ mu] [ 1 3] {Srfeg ttt ion where [ ky J= Stiffness matrix for el jement (1) - ALE, =] 7 il and y= Similarly the strain energy of element (2) is Ups Bika (vo—u2 J =p ke ( ub ob 200 us ) =3[oousJho[ 1 72] {2} =p lulE[ he ]lule : where [ kz ]= Stiffness matrix for element (2)ooo epee by the external forces on the stepped bar OP coekdom wor Fpuat Fas ohiee (y2 3yy( Mt Porta ine principle of minimum potential energy, or ; 1 as sub tuiue J+ he ub08 209 uy )- Fy Fy uy Py = a “* 9m 29 and 2220 ais 3 1 4 (gu; ~ 2ug)- F,=0 2 kane vw (A) ¥ (ong —2u +B (20,205 )-Pa=0 aaa als 2 (or) ky Up ~ ky wy + ky Ug ~ ky ug = Fy ie., —ky uy + (Ky + Kp) up — ky ug = Fy woe (BD 3B n9- (249-200 )-Fa=0 1 dus (or) — kp Up + ke ug = Fy sa (C) in matrix form as (B) and (C) can be written in mat iquations (A), F, ko o-k (0) {uy 1 mky kitky —ky | { up $=) Fe =D) 0 -kz ke] [us] [Fs (K] (3) where (K] =ivrnopucTioNn OF FINITE ELEMENT ayy, 5.82 soments (vy) Solution for unknown nodal displace” Ay B, 2x2%10" 54 x10°N7om Now k= j, 10 Ay By _ 1x2x107 29x 10° NZem 4k 10 Boundary conditions (i Nodal conditions) are y= 100N up =0, Fe Applying all the above values in equation (D), we get a2 Ollie Fy Oe te Ot ee 0 0-2 2} [us 100 v= Since u, =0, we can omit I row and 1° column in the above matrix f ‘Then, from the remaining matrix, we can write the sii eou: imultaneor 'S equations as 105 (6 uy -2uy)=0 . 10° (~ 2uy + 2ug) = 100 Adding the equations I and II we get a 4x10°xup= 100,» uy = 100 dx 198 = 25 10-S Eqn. I implies, 2ug = 4) wy fas i fiqaac 7 aysIONAL PROBLEMS je : | for element (2) 6 1g _ 75x10" ®~ 28 x 10° 8 a 10 50x 10-7 5.53 2x 107X 50% 107 100N om” e Reaction fares at the node 1 (i.e, fixed ond) is obtained from equat rom equation . i. 25 8 198 FP, =- 4 4g X10" =~ 4% 25 x 1078 x 198 2 100 N . e reaction force at node 1 is acting in the opposite direction to the applied itr “gt node 3. tno sce © esol ye nodal displacement @ 1, =0, em, ug=75< 1078 em py the induced stresses are t jn element (1), 0, = 50 N’em sod in element (2), 02 = 100 Nem? problem 5.10: for a tapered bar of uniform thickness t= 10 mm as shown in figure 5.31, find the displacements at the nodes by forming into two element model, the bar has mass density p=7800 kg/m, Youngs modulus B-2x 10° MN/m®, In addition to self-weight, the bar is subjected to a point load P=1KN at its centre. Also determine the reaction foree at the support. (Anna University, M. solmm5.54 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMeny Solution: ™% Since the area of lengthwise due to taper, finding th« this taper taper bar is highly difficult an‘ this given tapered bar can be modeled into an avs elements as shown in figure 5.31(a). ‘The dimensions of these finite elements are calculated using the fon steps. hing At first, the given tapered bar is splitted into two tapered section, with three nodes 1, 2, 3 as shown in figure 5.31(a)(i). Then these vectioat u converted into two finite elements (1) and (2) of uniform cross sections ag 4) in figure 5.31(a\ii) with dimensions as described below. om cross section of the given bar varies at ¢, e solution (i., finding nodal displace "ta, d hence in order to simplify the <8) ivalent stepped bar hatte] ‘ing thy alae (i) Given tapered bar - Fig. 5.31(a) Now for the tapered bar, The area at node 1=Width x Thickness (at node DyenstOnal PROBLEMS ol id eo ped bar, * po a cross-section for clement (1) we cant node 1+ Area at nod _ (aren oC Spode 2) of taper section I A 00+ 69 700 mm? (= 22600 (= 70 mm width x 10 mm thickness) ven of cross-section for element (2) ¢ (Arca at D Me | - 50 mm width x 10 mm thickness) uz, uy are nodal displacements and F,, Fy, Fy are nodal forces at nod les your 25 Now we ean write the global finite element equation i oe the modeled construction of stepped bar ag sietrh the form of matrix bk Ok al =| F ky ky tke ky} yup }=4 Py}... (a) , 0 -ky ke] lus} [Fy of element (1) here ky = Stifiin 4 A,E_ 700x2x 10° == 5 10° N/mm and ky = Stiffness of element (2) A,B 500x2x 10% _ 10 ee = 7g * 10° N/mmInTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT | 5,56 A The body force of clement (2), 9 Wy = Ay ly p ig = 500 * 150 x 7800 x 10°" «9.81 5.739 N Point load at node 2, P= 1000 N- Hence the nodal forces are, force of element 1) At node 1, F, = Boy ees ww 2 co of element (1 oe Coe forse of clement) 4 Body forco of element ), Point load +p = 8034 , 8.789 , 1000 7 = 4,017 + 2.870 + 1000 = 1006.887 N . eande ¢, F< 2 afslement (2) _ We _ 5.739 agian = 2870N. Substituting the nodal displac: fc i ii oye isplacements and forces in global finite elemeueNsIONAL, PROBLEMS oe 5.57 10° (24 uy ~ 10 Ug) = 106.887 6 @ 0° | — 10 uy + 10 us) = 2.870 iy above two equations, we have agains 108 x 14 Uy = 1009.757 15 1009.757 x 15 _ I oa ee 108 1082 x 10-8 mm. equation (ii), we get 10 uy = 2.870 x 15 x 10° $+ 10 uy = (2.870 x 15 x 10) + (10 x 1082 x 198) «= 10863 x 10°° 10863 x 107 © 2 ug=—— 4g = 1086 x 10° mm. ‘The reaction force at the support can be determined by the FE equation sitained from F.E matrix (B) as 108 | 0 Ry=qgll4 -14 Ol ¢ 1082x 10-8 }- 4.017 1086 x10" ® on (- 4x 108210" ®)-4.617 = 1013.8 (The negative sign indicates the upward force) -4 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT gy, Aly, 5.58 Problem 5.11: qe cocoes ji to an axial load 0} a8 sh, ‘A stepped bar is subjected | eeccnt at figure 5.32. Find the nodal displacements, element stresses ang 3" reactions. Por 250 mm? 400 mm? x B= 200.x 10°Nim? Solution: - 1d bar is discretized into three elements (1), (2) ang ig q Let the given steppe due to the presence of point as shown in figure 5.32(a), P=300 KN Raf = 150 150 300 Fig. 5.32(a) load and change of cross-section in two different plac Let the elements (1), (2), (3) have nodes 1, 2, 3, eir primary nod ; ), (2), » 2, 3, 4 as their primary nodes Consider F,, Fy, F;,F4 as the nodal forces and uy, uy, ug and uy as the nodal 2 Ug, 4 a displacements. Let k, i 1, ka, kg are the stiffness of elements (1), (2) and (3) respectively. Now, the given data for the above :- PROBLEMS. giONAL omen $ oo wan” 40 ss oo mm For Hlemont cy 2 “ggg 10" Nin Re" ination of Nodal Dixphacomontay peter a ajoment stiftnesss phe © ALE, 250x200 «109 yt . 0 10" Nani Ay By _ 250% 200x 10" 10 he ae . " s 10" N/a As 400 x 200 « 10" kg = to" Nm ow the finite element equations: in the form of matric form are, Noles 1? o r if & ~H ya | ml For element () pee kn) leas) Be) 2 a . ij Kr 2f ky |} ual _ re For element (2) 3| -kp ke Jus . | is te] fete For element (3) 7K 3INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMEng, 5.60 itions along with the vy boundary condition! Jong with the values op < Applying the above zw stifMesses in the above global FE equation (A) we get otf 2} bogota 10® a 7c ug | _ | 300% 10° | 3 o -10 18 -8 I 0 ; 0 0 -8 JL? F, b st st eglumn, 4'° row th row, 1°* column, ow and 4" columy g, Since uj =u4=0, neglect Hence from the remaining iter, We ean yy), Pe th Gauss elimination method. simultaneous equation as ie 3 30° (29 ug ~ 20 us) = 300% 10 (10 uy + 18 us) =O 20 uy +36 us) =0 . oi Now, equation (i) + equation (iii) gives, 5 AP" 26 tug = 300 x 10° 300 x 10" x 26 x 10° Equation (ii) = 10 up = 18 ug ; 18 #llg= 7p Ug = 18 uy = 1.8 x 0.846 = 0.623 mm.” Wael he) a We) xt ares ak. mee Bee RENEE LNA gee Not (Comprecatea) b- e508 t tay LASS ae ONL) 107 280.6 N wun’ Compressive? conan of Support Reactions: we alement equation (BD San de written atter substituting the nodal we 68 le oe) a" 5 R= 20 Of | eas | _ | 900% 10° | WS =8} oases") g ® -s silo ih R fun de above matnix, the support rosctions F) and By can be determined as, rox22 cqga9=— 2007 10° N=— 2077 kN7 5.62 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT Result: (a) The nodal displacements are uy = 0.623 mm, uy, =0, ug=0.346mm, uy =0 (b) The element stresses are 6} = 830.6 N/mm? (Tensile) G2 = 369.4 N/mm? (Compressive) 63 = 230.6 N/mm? (Compressive) () The support reactions are F,=207.7KN, Fy =92.3 KN Problem 5.12: ‘An axial load of 300 KN is applied at 20°C to the rod as shown , figure 5.33. The temperature is then raised to 60°C. Determine ( nodal displacements (b) stresses in each material and (¢) so q Port reactions. (FAME (2) [200 mm —f— 300 mm —+| (2) Aluminium (2) Steel _ 3 E, = 70x 10° N/mm? Ep = 200 x 10? N/mm? A, =900 mm? 2 Ag = 1200 mm*ysiONAL PROBLEMS e é aidor the structure (ie,, wi the step ts (1) and (2) connected by co = comets natal ispacemienta and Feng EEMAPY od iF, smoinations of both point loads q 31a. Fig. 5.33(a) ‘he direction of thermal force is always towards outside from the element for 1 temperature. The figure 5.33(b) shows the nodal forces consisting of point # vos and thermal forces acting in the elements ae Element (1)JON OF FINITE ELEMENT ANA rr ey iyrRoDUCT! For element (1), the thermal force is Foy 241 Bt a AT wpe rox so? 20 x10 HOTT” 10°N ; outside in oppos gg ne rs eg similarly, for element (2), the thermal force 1S Fy qy= Az E202 47 seeps xrexnoroea= 52010 N (Acting at nodes 2 and 3 towards outside in opposite direction, with the same magnitude of Fo 2) (a) To find nodal displacements: Now, the FE matrix equation for element (1) is given by ky —ki] jute Fy -ky ki} [42 21n For element (2), the F.E equation is [2 eis} te) The global F.E. equation for the given stepped rod can be writt en as ky -k Of] fa 1 F, wy kytke ky] { ua} = Pr 0 ky ke} [us Py where Fy=P,-For Pye Pot Foo (= PROBLEMS é JH 5.65 ing the values of ky , ky, F _ 1 ke, F,, Fy, F; in global FE. equations (A), we wo” 4 { 15 - - 57.96 x ag it) (| [ruse - wba) g ‘| 1o| -335 S00 80 | us| pe ‘By : Ry + 116.2» 103 | pe boul y conditions - dary conditions are, wi=0 and ug=0. After applying boundary 1 fp the above matrix equation (B), we get ge r 315 -315 07 { 9) | Bi-57.96x 107 5-313 1115 -800|/u,}={ — 24276x108 ww) -""G -800 800 all 7 © 2 | Rg+115.2x 10°) pce 31-0 and Ug = 0, neglect 1* row, 1% column, and 3" row, 3 column | stiffness matrix. Then, from the remaining item, we can write the oe es fies ber finding Os 0* # a sg? 116 uy = 242.76 x 10 y To find element stresses: ‘The resultant induced stress due to point load and thermal force in element 1)is given by Say= FQ) sin De atINTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMe, 5.66 NT, Ne Similarly for element (2), Or (ay = Foxy ~ FO 200 x 108 (0 = 0.218) _ 999 x 10” x 12 10° © x 49 - 300 =~ 241.3 N/mm” (Compressive) To find reaction forces: Reaction at node 1 is obtained from F.E matrix equation (C) as = 315 x 10° wy = Ry - 57.96 x 10" 315 x 108 x 0.218 + 57.96 x 10° (or) Ry =-10.7x 10° N=-10.7 kN Reaction at node 3, ~ 800 x 10° uy = Ry + 115.2 x 10% (or) Rg =~ 800 x 10° x 0.218 - 115.2 x 108 =~ 289.6 x 10° N =~ 289.6 kN The sum of the reactions fo : res should bi i ie, Ry +R3= 10.7 + 289.6 = 300 kN = Applied saa "0 he apotied eit oe i alPROBLEMS IAL 5.67 we wn in figure 5.34, determine ( reactions and (¢) element stresses, aa A= 24 cm2 yo x 10° N/en Bee st 10° ix to Sem/em °C Fig. 5.34 © (Anna University - M.E. (CAD), sition ne given stepped bar can be divided into three elements (1), (2) and (3) ted by four primary nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4 as shown in figure 5.34(a) ot A=15em2 Az15cem2 AU 24em? 1 75 75 60 cm cm cm Fig. 5.34(a) eaeatiadlaail mii Us elements are as = i ‘= 15 em? 420% 10 Ney N95 em “Ux ag" rgnrmopUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ay Yt 5.68 Jacements! tacements and Fy, F2,F3,Fy arg Nag, (a) To find nodal disp! nodal disP! : a: aecpectivel For both displacements and force, ! rds plus ‘X-direction are taken as Positive.” . nt stiffnesses for the elements (1), (2) And 14) Let uj, U2» U3» forces at nodes 1, 2, 3, directions of action towe Let ky , ky, kg are the eleme respectively. Now, the global FJ (ie., bars of series conne matrix equation for the given structural arrange, tion) can be written as ent IK) (8)20F) kok o oO}; F Sie ae o} fue| _ | Fe ies] kp Ke+ks —Ka.| | 99 Fs (A) 0 o ks ks} (4 Fay subjected to both point loads and change f Since the given stepped bar is both point loads and thermal forces whe, temperature, we have to consider representing nodal forces. ‘The values of nodal forces are computed as follows. Let P;, Pp, Ps, P4-Applied point loads at nodes 1, 2, 3, 4 for which 0,000N, Pg=-20,000N, Py=0 Pi=0, Py Ry, Ry- Support reactions at nodes 1 and 4. Foy Fi -" 7011) Fo) » Fog) ~ Thermal forces for the elements (1), (2) and (3) ; , respectively ‘The figure 5:34(b) ‘ iilbaies-axtlieee a the nodal displacements and forces of differentSNAL PROBLEMS wwe . wen : S00 . Ay By ay AT SX WS WK 1D 10° 8 10 48000 N Ay Mya aT OFS LEN 10° 10 + © 38000 = Ry ~ 33000 N x 10,000 + 83,000 ~ 33,000 = 10,000 N 20,000 + $3,000 ~ 52,800 = - 39,800 N R = Ry + 0+52,800=R, + 15x20 x 108 5 SS 4x 10° Nvem = 4x 10°N/em =8x 10°N/em are u,=0, uy=0. Applying all the parameters in the gta FE matrix equation (A), we get4‘ INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEIpgy, 5.70 Ay 69,600 mt 8 x 20 uy Eqn. (i) + Eqn. (iil) = 10° x 20 ug = = 89,600 __ 3.48 x 10-4 om “8 20 x 10! 10,000 _ 2 Ban. (i) = 8ug-duy =" og = 1% 10 Buy = 1x 1072 + dug = 1x 107? + 4 (~ 3.48 x 10") - 3.92 x 10°? = (10 x 10° 4) - (13,92 x 10 ~ 3.92 x 10°* 8 3 Ug 0.49 x 10° om (b) To find support reactions: From matrix equation (B), the support reaction at node 1 can be obtained *® ~ 4x 10° uy = Ry ~ 33,000. © Ry == 4x 108 uy +33,000 =~ 4x 10°(-0.49 x 10° 5) + 33,000 = 34960 N (Acting towards right side) Similarly the support reaction at node 4 is obtained as ~8% 10° uy = Ry +52,800 * Ry=—8 x 10° us — 52,800r 1. PROBLEMS: nso copy Bier Brat on e-") op a ater, | Cou SE - By ay aT s| a ast] «{ 049x107? 0 . ys 10" oe vo | 0x 10° ~ 116.53 x 10] 330.7 N/em” (Compressive for element (2), saty 3-2) 7 912) = 99 (2) : Bo WW) _ By ay T= Ey axe 0.49) x 10-3 -nxar 10] soon =20%10°{ -149.8710"° | =~ 2,997.3 N/em® (Compressive) for element (3), ¢ 3) = O13) ~ 90 (3) _Ba (us us) byf er sr we) The element stresses are Ort 7 N om? (C mpressive? oa” go97.3 N/ com” (compressive) os = 1040 N7em™ (compressive) problem 5.14 tthe nodes of the spri 7.) 72 placements ™ petermine the dis} figure 6.35 40. N/mm : 50N 50 N/mm Fig. 5.35 Solution: Let et the given spring system is divided into three finite el elements (1), (3), (23,19 and connected bj y four nodes 1, 2, 3, 4 it 4, 4 as shown in fi igure 5.35(a) 40 N/mm (k1) 50 Nimm (kp) Fig. 5.35(a) The stiffness rr ~ 8 of the elements (1 1 = 40 N/mm, ), (2), (3) are 'o=50.N/mum, ky = 80 N/mm,|ENSIONAL, PROBLEMS: yo 573 ent (L), which is j yor elem ‘Sm between the nodes 1, 3, the FE equation is Nee tt ky -ki] { 1 rk) im] pe) 3 i tr] fts} = {ee} i element (2) which is in between the nodes 2, 3, the Nodes 2 3 af ™ —k]/u) (mH eee Ba tue m| gor element (S) which is in between the nodes 9, 4, the FE equation is Nodes 30 4 3| Ks —ks]fus) fr, 4] ke os | [af = 1p, Then the global F.E. equation is FB equation is Nodes 1 2 3 4 ij & 0 ~ky Ol}f{u) fF, 2 Oo ok ~ky 0} | uy Fy 3) -ky -ky (ky + ky + kg) ~ks | ) ug {> F, vee (A) 4) 0 0 =k Bee ore The nodal conditions are, u,)=0, ug=0, Fg=60N and F,=50N Also we know that k; = 40 N/mm, kg =50 N/mm and kg = 80 N/mm. ~ 7 b Applying the above details in RE matrix equation (A) we get 40 tC) -40 0 Since uj = ug = 0, in the above matrix. Then from theinTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT gy, uy 5.74 . i), we get Adding the above equations (i) and GD, We 8 90 uy = 110 Equation (ii) implies, 80 y= 50 +80 ug = 50 + (80x 1,22) = 147.78 147.78 . © = sage 1,85 mm. Reaction forces: Fy == 40 uy=— 40% 122=- 49 F, =~ 50 ug =- 50% 1.22=-61N The negative sign indicates the action of Fy,Tz in opposite direction Fs, Fy Result: ‘The nodal displacements are uy=0, uy=0, ug=1.22mm, —uy= 1.85 mm 5.14. TRUSSES: General Features: ‘Truss is a structural member constructed by number of bars and L-angle: and ae connected each other firmly at their ends by means of bolts or rivets. The truss elements such as bars or angles transmit force onl} ly and they can not move focal relative to each other. The truss is mainly employed to sustain the two dimensional truss (or plane