¡ Doors and windows perform several functions.

§ They shield an opening from the elements.

§ Add decoration and expand visibility.
§ Emphasize the overall design.
§ Provide light and ventilation.
¡ Planning is necessary to provide maximum
design and function.
¡ Several door classification systems are
used to identify types of doors.
§ Two broad classes are interior and exterior
doors.
§ Doors also may be grouped according to
method of construction, uses, function, or
location.
§ Doors are typically 6’-8’ high and available in
various widths.
¡ Common types of interior doors include:
§ Flush, panel, bi-fold, sliding, pocket, double-
action, accordion, Dutch, and French.
¡ Interior doors should be at least 32" wide for
wheelchair passage.
¡ Lever or pull-handles may be easier for a
handicapped person.
Flush Doors
¡ A flush door comprises a single piece with a
wood veneer, MDF or laminate outer layer,
attached with an adhesive.
¡ Flush door and symbol.
Panel Doors
¡ A door having panels framed by stiles and
rails of greater thickness compare flush
door.
¡ Left—Typical panel door.
¡ Right—Panel door with plan view symbol.
¡ Bi-Fold Doors
§ Two-part door, hinged in the center.
§ Supported with conventional hinges or secured to
the head jamb and floor with a pivot hinge.
§ May be flush, paneled, or louvered.
§ Popular as closet doors.
¡ Left—Bi-fold door with panels.
¡ Right—Bi-fold door with plan view symbol.
¡ Exterior doors are generally solid core and
thicker than interior doors.
¡ Exterior doors may have one or more glass
panels to provide visibility.
¡ Exterior door styles include flush, panel,
and swinging or sliding glass doors.
¡ Flush Doors
§ One of the most popular exterior doors.
§ Wood flush doors are generally 1-3/4" thick and
3'-0" wide; other widths are available.
§ Doors are made from birch, mahogany, oak, or
metal.
§ Moldings or other decorative millwork may be
added to enhance the appearance.
¡ This exterior flush door has decorative
molding and a large, leaded-glass light.
¡ Panel Doors
§ Exterior panel doors are
available in a great variety of
styles.
§ They are constructed from
white pine, oak, fir, various
other woods, metal, and
plastics.
§ Produced in the same sizes as
flush doors.
¡ A traditional exterior panel door.
¡ Sliding glass
door sizes.
¡ Most interior and exterior doors are placed
in a door jamb.
¡ The door jamb fits inside the rough
opening.
¡ Jambs may be wood or metal.
¡ A jamb consists of two side jambs and a
head jamb.
¡ Exterior jambs are usually 1-1/8" thick and
interior jambs are 3/4" thick.
¡ Windows
§ Admit light from outside.
§ Provide fresh air and ventilation.
§ Help create an atmosphere inside.
§ Add detail, balance, and design to the exterior
of the house.
¡ Many types of windows are available.
¡ Most types have unique proportions.
¡ Windows are made from wood, metal, or
plastic.
¡ Construction differs by manufacturer.
¡ It is important to obtain window
specifications from the manufacturer.
¡ Typical windows.
¡ Typical
windows.
¡ There are three basic types of windows
used in residential construction.
§ Sliding.
§ Swinging.
§ Fixed.
¡ Combination windows combine two or
more types.
¡ Skylights and clerestory windows are
location specific.
¡ Double-hung and
horizontal sliding are the
two types of sliding
windows generally used
in residential
construction.
¡ Double-hung windows
have two major
assemblies called sashes.
¡ Four different sizes are usually given for
each window
§ Basic unit size: Overall dimensions of the
window.
§ Rough opening size: Dimensions of the framed
space in the wall.
§ Sash opening: Outside dimensions of sash.
§ Glass size: Inside dimensions of the sash.
¡ Unit sizes.
¡ Unit sizes.
¡ There are four common types of swinging
windows:
§ Casement
§ Awning
§ Hopper and
§ Jalousie.
A casement window
may have several
sashes or a single
sash.
Sashes are hinged
at the side and
swing outward.
Sashes may be
opened using a
crank or push bar.
¡ A dashed line may be used in the elevation
to indicate the hinge position.
¡ Each sash in an
awning window is
hinged at the top.
¡ May have one or
more sashes.
¡ Usually crank
operated.
¡ A hopper window is usually hinged at the
bottom and swings inward.
¡ Opened by a lock-handle at the top of the
sash.
¡ Usually made as a single unit only.
¡ Popular for basements; directs air upward.
¡ Inward swing is the major disadvantage.
¡ Fixed windows provide a view and/or
admit light.
¡ They do not permit ventilation.
¡ Usually custom made.
¡ Do not open.
¡ Examples include picture windows, circle
top windows, and special shapes.
¡ Picture windows are fixed-glass units.
§ They are usually rather large.
§ Generally frame a view.
§ Often the center unit of a group of regular
windows.
¡ Circle top windows are typically installed
above another window or installed as
single units.
¡ They are available as:
§ Quarter circles.
§ Half circles.
§ Ellipses.
§ Full circles.
¡ Left—Circle top window with casement window.
¡ Right—Circle top window with double-hung
windows.
¡ Unit sizes.
¡ A window schedule provides information
about each window in the house.
¡ Types of information include:
§ Type of window and size.
§ Identifying symbol and quantity.
§ Rough opening size.
§ Manufacturer’s identification number.
§ See example of window schedule in text.
¡ Metal products used in construction such as:
bolts, nails, screw, and fittings such as:
catches, hinges, locks.
¡ Classified as
(1) ROUGH Hardware – meant to be concealed such
as bolts, nails, screws.
(2) FINISH Hardware – hardware such as hinges,
locks, catches, may be considered as part of the
decorative treatment of a room.
¡ Largest in diameter and have thick
heads.
¡ Designed for rough carpentry (like
building framing) and are easy to
drive without bending.
¡ Used wherever common nails might
split the wood.

¡ Bend more easily because of the

smaller wire used to form them.
¡ Same weight as box nails, but have a
small, conical head.

¡ Used to attach door and window

casings and other wood trim.
¡ Have the thinnest cross section and
the smallest head.
¡ Head is only slightly larger in
diameter than the body of the nail.
§ Slight depression on the top of the
head helps keep the nail set from
slipping when “setting the nail”.
 Screws

• Screws are the second

most popular means of
fastening wood.
• They are available with
many different types of
heads, lengths and driver
sockets.

Wood screws are sized according to diameter of the shank (wire gauge
number) and length.
Different styles of screw heads are available to meet different job
requirements.
This is just a few of the many types of drivers used
for screws.
¡ Made of steel with either round, square, or
hexagonal heads and threaded shanks.
¡ Threads may run the full length of the bolt, or
they may stop a certain distance from the head,
and leave a smooth upper shank.
§ Stronger than nails or screws, but are more
expensive.
¡ Have either flat or round heads that look like
wood screws but a threaded shank with a nut like
other bolts.
¡ To tighten:
§ Use a screwdriver on the head and a wrench on the nut.
¡ Commonly used with the installation of hinges.
¡ Have a round head with a square shank
which pulls into the wood to hold the top
of the bolt while a wrench is used to
tighten the nut.
¡ Have either a square or hexagonal head with a
nut shape that matches the head shape.
¡ Machine bolts are used with metal and wood.
¡ To tighten:
§ Use a wrench on the bolt head and another on the
nut.
¡ Properly glued wood joint is stronger than the wood itself.

¡ Wood to be glued should be dry, smooth, and free of dirt,

oil, and other coatings.

¡ Clean dirt, paint, and other coatings from wood with an

abrasive such as a scraper, wire brush, or steel wool.

¡ Regardless of the type of glue used, a good fit with both

pieces of wood in contact at all points is necessary for a
strong joint.
¡ Sold in pairs and serve as a moveable
joint between two pieces of wood.
¡ Have two rectangular
leaves usually ranging
from one to four inches in
length and a connecting
pin.
¡ Have two triangular shaped leaves that vary in
size from one to twelve inches in length.
¡ Has one butt leaf and one strap leaf.
¡ When using a tee hinge, the butt leaf is fastened
to the stationary parts, and the strap leaf is
fastened to the swinging piece of wood.
¡ Also called a piano hinge.
¡ Really a long butt hinge.
¡ It is often used on desk and piano lids.
¡ Made in various designs and from many types of
materials(wood, glass, wrought iron, aluminum,
and bronze).
¡ Used to keep doors closed:
§ Friction catches,
§ Magnetic catches, and
§ Hasp/lock combinations
¡ May be mortise, cylinder, or rim.
¡ Mortise locks: require a deep mortise or pocket
cut in edge of the door for the locking
mechanism.
§ Used primarily with interior doors.
¡ Require a deep
mortise or pocket
cut in edge of the
door for the locking
mechanism.
§ Used primarily with
interior doors.
¡ Require drilling a
1½ to 2 inch hole in
the door and a slot
cut for the working
mechanism.
§ Used for exterior or
interior doors and
more dependable
than a mortise lock
because they
remove less wood.
¡ Surface mounted on the inside of a door and are
used primarily as night latches or safety locks.