Adaptive Behavior

Towards Food and

Nutrition Fulfillment
Azizah Ajeng Pratiwi
Dept Gizi FKM UNAIR

Preventing Disease, Prolonging Life, and Promoting Health Through the Organized Efforts of Society
Presentation Outline 2

1 2 3
Introduction Homeostasis System The Role of Nutrition in
Biological/ Physiological
Adaptation

4 5
The Role of Nutrition in Conclusion
Behavioral Adaptation
| Introduction
3
| INTRODUCTION 4

Nutrition and health

The most basic level of influenced by
human adaptation is environmental
ability to survive in conditions → physical
environment environment, social and
cultural
| INTRODUCTION 5

• Nutritional adaptation : Process that involves the role of food in human

adaptation as an stress relief (e.g. during scarcity or overeating) or as
stressor (e.g. disease or climate change)
• Nutritional adaptation including : changes in food practice for better
consumption, the difference nutritional needs of a person (region, age group,
gender) and socioeconomic factors that shape food use
• There are two types of adaptation:
1. Biological and physiological adaptations (e.g. body response to high
altitude, increased absorption of substances iron when iron decreases)
2. Behavioral and social adaptations (e.g. reduction of activity as the body's
response to reduced calories)
 6

| INTRODUCTION
HOMEOSTASIS SYSTEM
| HOMEOSTASIS SYSTEM 8
THE ROLE OF NUTRITION IN
BIOLOGICAL/ PHYSIOLOGICAL
ADAPTATION
| CLIMATE EMPHASIZE THE USE OF NUTRIENTS 10

• The metabolic response is the main mechanism for adaptation by which

thermogenesis must compensate for heat loss to the environment
• Food with adequate amount and type of nutrition needed to maintain
a) Adipose layer (fat storage) suitable for insulation against heat loss and as
energy reserves
b) Efficiency metabolic response to hypothermia and growth
c) Children's development under cold stress because it is related to the
development of people's phenotypes adults who may be more effective in
reducing heat loss
| CLIMATE EMPHASIZE THE USE OF NUTRIENTS 11

• Thermogenic quality from the Eskimo diet with a proportion of animal protein
and high fat content is associated with a higher metabolic response every
active of this population against cold exposure in whole body
• Nutritional aspects of tolerance heat is related to the availability of food
minerals and lose water through sweat
• Human adaptation to heat is less dependent on metabolic response
• Increased energy demand when the ambient temperature rises above 40°C
• The skin on the top is considered to be adaptable where it functions to absorb
more ultraviolet (UV) radiation and thereby increase the synthesis of Vitamin
D in the epidermis layer of the skin
| ADAPTATION TOWARDS LOW PROTEIN AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION 12

• During this time, organisms have the ability to adjust absorption, catabolism,
and/or excretion nutrition to maintain normal function
• Consequences of inadequate food intake of calories, animal protein, vitamins,
and low in minerals, the body seems to develop "nutritional adaptation" for
low nutrient consumption
• Increased absorption on more essential needs → growth, bone
mineralization, metabolism
• Reduce protein function → response to infection and trauma
• Small body and short stature → adaptation of low protein and energy intake
to accommodate body requirement related to metabolism
| POPULATION DIFFERENCES IN NUTRIENT UTILIZATION 13

• Individual's ability to digest lactose varies between populations

• Different from north Europeans and some herding groups in Africa and
Middle East, many of the world's population do not maintains high intestinal
lactase enzyme activity to adulthood → lactose intolerance
THE ROLE OF NUTRITION IN
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION
| BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO NUTRITIONAL LIMITATIONS OF THE 15

STAPLE CROP

• The milling and washing of rice eliminates most of the thiamine and water-
soluble vitamins, and protein content can also significantly decrease
• India → undercooked rice, where the rice is steamed and then dried before
grinding.
• This technique disperses water soluble nutrient through granules
• Only a small part of the nutrients are lost in the subsequent grinding and
washing
| BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO NUTRITIONAL LIMITATIONS OF THE 16

STAPLE CROP

• Corn → low in the amino acids lysine and tryptophan and high in leucine
• Relatively low in niacin and some large amounts of niacin appears in an
inactive form → low quality of protein
• Consuming corn with beans, which its amino acid composition complements
corn
• Cooking corn with alkali (alkali, lime or wood ash) before grinding in food
making
• Wheat → high fiber and high phytate → Bread consumption with animal
product
• Manioc → low protein and high prussic acid (toxic) → heating and soaking
can reduce prussic acid to safe level
| FOODS AND SUPPLEMENTS WITH PHARMACOLOGIC EFFECTS 17

• Africa → PICA → 30gr consumption of clay → increase iron 16% - 66%

• Africa and Mediterranean → anemia sickle allele → manioc can make the red
blood cell live longer
• Peru → chewing Coca → maintain glucose blood level and increase intake of
calcium, thiamine, riboflavin and ascorbic acid
| RESPONSES TO ABUNDANT FOOD SUPPLIES 18

• Abundance of food supplies, coupled with uneven access to these supplies, is

the situation of most industrialized countries today, and research is needed on
behavioral responses to abundance and diversity
• Increase in food wasted is a predictable response not only to abundance but
to diversity
| COPING STRATEGY 19

Household food Household food security

security is depend on is also related to coping
three basic dimensions: strategy, an action to
food availability, food limit the impact of a
access and food welfare loss when it
utilization (USAID, 1994) occurs (Heitzmann et al, 2002)
| COPING STRATEGY 20

Source: FOODSECURE 2013

| COPING STRATEGY 21

Coping strategy is needed to

approach immediate food
requirements and to improve
long term food security
| Coping Strategy 22

Immediate Small scale irrigation programs

Food
Purchase food on credit
Requirements
– Household Borrow food/ money, or rely on help from friends/ relative
and Family Restrict consumption by adults in favor of small children/ seniors
domain
Feed according to working members of household
Send children to eat with neighbors
Send household member to beg
Food storage
Limit portion sizes at mealtimes
Reduce daily/ monthly spending
Use savings
Sell valuable materials (jewelry, land, etc)
Source: Peng et al, 2018
| Coping Strategy 23

Immediate Food stocks at home

Food
Requirements Gather wild food, hunt
– Individual
domain Ration the money to buy prepared food

Rely on less tasty and expensive or lower quality foods

Reduce number of meals eaten in a day

Periodic fasts

Have a second job

Reduce spending on Children’s education

Source: Peng et al, 2018
| Coping Strategy 24

Improve long Increase livelihood option

term food
security

Improve working capacity or working skills to increase income

Proper food storage and processing

Seed reserves

Source: Peng et al, 2018

 | Coping Strategy – Madura, Indonesia 25

1 bulan terakhir 1 tahun terakhir

Lombang Lombang Lombang Lombang
Strategi coping, n (%) Total Total
Dajah Laok Dajah Laok
(N=60) (N=60)
(n=30) (n=30) (n=30) (n=30)
19 23 42 22 26 48
Beli makanan murah tetapi kurang disukai
(63,3%) (76,7%) (70,0%) (73,3%) (86,7%) (80,0%)
12 11 23 15 12 27
Pinjam makanan atau bergantung pada bantuan teman/ kerabat
(40,0%) (36,7%) (38,3%) (50,0%) (40,0%) (55,0%)
17 21 38 20 23 43
Beli makanan dengan cara hutang
(56,7%) (70,0%) (63,3%) (66,7%) (38,3%) (71,7%)
Mencari pangan liar, berburu atau memanen tanaman pangan yang 11 4 15 11 6 17
belum waktunya panen (36,7%) (13,3%) (25,0%) (36,7%) (20,0%) (28,3%)
7 7 14 9 7 16
Mengonsumsi stok yang akan dipakai untuk benih
(23,3%) (23,3%) (23,3%) (30,0%) (23,3%) (26,7%)
5 2 7 5 2 7
Minta anggota keluarga untuk makan di tempat lain
(16,7%) (6,7%) (11,6%) (16,7%) (6,7%) (11,6%)
0 1 1 0 1 1
Minta anggota keluarga untuk mengemis
(0,0%) (3,3%) (1,7%) (0,0%) (3,3%) (1,7%)
14 9 23 16 11 27
Membatasi besar porsi makan
(46,7%) (30,0%) (38,3%) (53,3%) (36,7%) (55,0%)
Source: Adi et al, 2012
 | Coping Strategy – Madura, Indonesia 26

1 bulan terakhir 1 tahun terakhir

Lombang Lombang Lombang Lombang
Strategi coping, n (%) Total Total
Dajah Laok Dajah Laok
(N=60) (N=60)
(n=30) (n=30) (n=30) (n=30)
Membatasi porsi makan untuk orang dewasa supaya anka-anak bisa 3 8 11 4 8 12
makan cukup (10,0%) (26,7%) (18,3%) (13,3%) (26,7%) (20,0%)
3 7 10 4 7 11
Mengutamana makan untuk anggota keluarga yang bekerja
(10,0%) (23,3%) (16,7%) (13,3%) (23,3%) (18,3%)
23 21 44 26 23 49
Membeli makanan instan atau makanan jadi
(76,7%) (70,0%) (73,3%) (86,7%) (76,7%) (81,7%)
10 8 18 12 9 21
Mengurangi jumlah/ frekuensi makan dalam sehari
(33,3%) (26,7%) (30,0%) (40,0%) (30,0%) (35,0%)
4 17 21 4 6 10
Tidak makan seharian
(13,3%) (56,7%) (35,0%) (13,3%) (20,0%) (16,7%)

Source: Adi et al, 2012

| Coping Strategy – South Sulawesi, Indonesia 27

Source: Nurbaya et al, 2019

| Coping Strategy – Peninsular, Malaysia 28

Source: Law et al, 2018

| Coping Strategy – Banda, India 29

Source: Shakeel and Shazli, 2020

| Coping Strategy – Asia during COVID-19 30

Bangladesh
Source: Das et al, 2020

Jordan
Source: Olaimat et al, 2022
| Coping Strategy – Tamale, Northern Ghana 31

Source: Chagomoka et al, 2016

| Coping Strategy – Gambia 32

Source: Mendy et al, 2020

| Coping Strategy – Mexico 33

Source: Deschak et al, 2022

| Coping Strategy – Andean Region (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador) 34

Source: Deschak et al, 2022

| Coping Strategy 35

Many people chose to reduce the amount and frequency of their meal in order
to prolong the small amount of food in the house

This choice indicates a high risk for undernourishment which can

exacerbate the burden of malnutrition and related diseases in the
region

Women often reduce their own consumption after a shock to leave more food
for the other household members

Risk coping strategies depend to a large extent on household

resources, but social networks also play an important role
CONCLUSION
| Conclusion 37

1 Changes in the human body occur as a process adaptation

Adaptation is responds to pressure in the environment to maintain function, survival and

2 reproduction

Nutrition can be a stressor and stress relief on human body, especially during scarcity of food
3 and environment

4
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