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    New developments in analytical asphalt mix design

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    Asphalt Mix Design

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    27 views20 pages

    New Developments in Analytical Asphalt Mix Design

    Uploaded by

    geoffrey
    Asphalt Mix Design

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN ANALYTICAL ASPHALT MIX DESIGN. IFRANCKEN AND A. VANELSTRARTE, Researchers ‘Belgian Road Research Centre, Belgium Introduction ‘The design of a bituninous road mix determines the quality a¢ well as the ong term behaviour of the fral product. This paper will dessibe an analytical procedure for the evaluation of the voids in the aggregates of asphalt mixes and its implementation in an asphalt rmx design method. For a clear understarding of what follows, the reader is advised to refer 10 appendix 1 where a cefiniton of the tsminology, conventions and symbols used is given ‘Belgian code of good practice - Principles and limitations ‘Basic priaciles ‘is assumed that mixes are divided into three families according to the ‘main component of the aggregate framework or skeleton: stones, sand or fier (ef 1). Recommendations forthe design of dense bituminous sand skeleton mixes ‘wore issued in 1987 by a working group initiated by the Belgian Road Research Centre (ref 2,3). The purpose ofthe method was to design mixes insuring the best equilibrium between different - and sometimes ‘contradictory - pecformance requirements such as sability fatigue resistance and imperviousnes. [L, FRANCKEN/A.VANEISTRAETE ew development i anal feal aix design ‘The stability should be achieved by the panicle friction of the aggregate framework while durability should be obtained by filing the voids in the mineral aggregates with mastic (Le, ler + bitumen in the right proportions). ‘The method, based on proportioning the constituents by volume, comprises three complementary Steps = 1. Choive and characterization of the base constituents 2, Analytic determination of the base mix compesitin. 3, Experimental verification of the mechanical properties ofthe final composition, Figure I : Flow diagram of the Belgian mix design procedure 1. FRANCKEN/A, VANELSTRAETE Now developuent n analytical six design 3 Main steps ofthe Analytic mis design “The analytic par (step 2) isthe key tool ofthe mix design method. Ikallows a first evaluation of the composition prior to any experimental testing. This avoids main errors and saves considerable effors in the design procedure, ‘This analytical procedure follows 6 steps (ref. 2): Choice ofthe mix type and of the Stone/sand ratio. [Evaluation of the voids in the sand-tstone skeleton, Determination ofthe volume availabe forthe mastic Ausesing the mastic volume and possible return to step 1 in case of ‘ncompaibilty 5. Composition of the mastic (illerbitumen ratio), 6, Determination ofthe final target mix composition. ‘Steps 1 t0 4 must insure that no over-filing by the mastic occurs and step ‘5 thatthe mix i costed with a mastic displaying a required consistency. If the resulting composition does not fit into the specifications or if some basic requirements (residual voids, binder content) are not fulfilled then the ‘basic mix composition must be modified Issues of the method ‘The analytical approach proposed in 1987 has improved the quality and performaune ofthe Use sad skeleton mixes for which it was iniilly set ‘up, but some risks of negative results sill remained in some cxses. The ‘main reasons of this limitation is that the evaluation of the voids in the mineral skeleton does not take into account the complete form of the grading curve, Some alterations resulting fom a slight modification ofthe ‘maximum particle size for example lead to unpredictable differences inthe final volume of voids in aggregates. This results in detrimental consequences such as unstable compositions due to over-fling. of the skeleton by the mastic or too high voids in ease of underesimated voidage. ‘Moreover the field of application of the method is limited tothe case of {L.PRANCKH/A, YANELSTRABTE New development iq analytical aie doaign 4 continuously graded mixes having a s0 called ‘sand skeleton’, Stone skeleton mixes such as porous asphalt or stone-masic aspalts which are largely used nowadays can not be designed correctly with the previous method. Generalisation of the analytical sax design method = ‘The accuracy with which the voidage in a mix can be predicted is an ‘essential factor in the reliability ofan analytical mix design procedure. The ‘rst operation which is carried out is the choice ofthe base components of the mix and the optimal adjustment of their proportions according to a target grading curve. In doing so one obtains in each narrow fraction ofthe ‘mix a blend of materials differing by factors such as specific gravity, angulaity and shape of the particles. ‘Therefore it was considered essential to reconsider the current evaluation ‘method by taking these factors better into account |A first tial was made by replacing th inital procedure by other existing ‘ones (ref. 4, 5) but none of them appeared accurate enough to insure the {ll contol of the mix design for any ype of grading curve. ‘A sudy was then undertaken in order to derive a rational method based on the generalization of basic concepts initlly developed for the case of binary mixes (ref. 6, 7). ‘Voids in Binary mixes. Experimental results In 1928 Furnas (ref. 6) published voidage curves similar to the example sven in figure 2. 1, FRANGUEN/ A, VANBLSTRAETE ow developuent in analytical mix design 5 Ratio at/az >. s © © © w 7 ‘come tacton Cy «100 ‘Figure 2 : Variation of the specific voids in a mix of 2 particle types. influence of the concentration in large particles C, and size ratio Dix [Note that in this particular case the 2 fractions have the same itil porosity, “The results are expressed here in terms of specific voids forthe ease of sixes ia which the ratio Dy, of the 2 particle sizes varies berween 0 fine particles are indexed 1 and coarse particles are indexed 2) and 1 (aggregates of same size). It-can be seen that the specific voids of binary mixes are always contained in the triangular area AMC in which A and C correspond to the specific voids S, and Sof the two original fractions. ‘A minimum value is obtained on each curve for a well defined ‘concentration in large particles. For the case where the parce size ratio FRAICKEN/A.VANELSTRABTE Ney development in analytic: nix design 6 is close to 0, the evolution follows two almost linear funetions of the concentration C; in course particles. These two lines correspond 10 the 10 antagonistic mechanisms governing the building up of an aggregate mix, ie. substtation or filling. Specific voids of inary mix : Bue of a general method, Spee wide Specie vids | tne "Conse $4 i 5}.6.04) ar ae) DPX course companents G. 100 Figure 3 : Specific voids of a binary ix of aggregates. Influence of concentration C; in coarse particles and ratio of the particle sizes Dy 1. FRANCKEN/ A. VASELSTRAETE Nev developaent in analytical aix design 7 “The mixing law of binary mixes canbe described in terms of specific voids by simple elatons represented graphically on figure 3 ‘The assumptions and relations ofthis laws are 1. In oth packing modes (subsiution or filing) the specific voids Sy ofa mix are: Linealy dependent on the concentration C, of the coarse fraction . Function of the size ratio Dy. A function of the type Dy has teen fited experimentally (where 0 ) acai Po | st | ase | ioe | wea | «| s | ose [io 7) «a |v | » [os | 2 a | «— wna figure 7: Menu of the PRADO mix design software 1, FRANCKEN /A. VAMELSTRAETE New developwent in anslyticsl aix design 17 ‘Conclusions ‘A new computing procedure is proposed for predicting the voids in mineral aggregates (VMA) ofa bituminous mix, Tt takes into account the following. factors . distribution of particle sizes (grading curve); relative size ofthe particles; angularity ofthe components; packing mode (filing or substitution). « relative compacity (06,98 and 100%). ‘The general character of this procedure allows its application to any type of grading provided that values of specific voids are assigned t each fraction in the grading. Verifications carved out ona large number of mix sypes belonging to the sand or stone skeleton families have shown that the proposed procedure is able to predict with an acuraey of 1% VMA values ranging from 1 to 36% and voids VQ in the sand-+stone skeleton from 20 to 50%. ‘The implementation of the new mix design procedure is now possible by means of a specific computer program entitled PRADO. Acknowledgements ‘The authors are grateful tothe members of the working group DRDI of the BRRC for their enthusiastic cooperation tothe present work and to their chairman Mr. Jan Steuperart, Director of COPRO. The technical team and particularly Mr. J.P.Comet and Mr. P.Vanelven are to be felicitated for their participation in the experimental work. FRANCEEN /A, VAMELSTRAETE New development i analytical nix de 18 ‘References L LiHeleven A geometical approach to the mix-design of bituminous pavements. 3rd Eurobitume Symposium, The “Hague 1985. Report I1.$ Vol.1 pp. 143-187. GRR : Code de bone pratique pour fa formulation d'earobés bitumineux denses. Recommandations CRR R61.87, LFrancken : The Belgian mie design method and its implementation, 4th Eurobitume Symposium. Madrid 1989, Report 11.3 Vol1 pp.347-351; Nijboer : Plasticity as a factor in the design of dense bituminous road carpets, Ed.Elsevier 1948; Ch. VI pp. 140-155, S.B.Hudson et R.LDavis : Relationship of aggregate voidage to ‘gradation. Proceedings A.A.P.T.,Vol 34 (1965), pp. $74-593, C.C.Fumas : Relations between specific volume, voids and size ‘composition in systems of broken solids of mixed sizes U.S.Bureau of mines, Report of investigations. 2894 (1928),pp.1,10. G.Lees ; The rational design of aggregate gradings for dense asphaltic compositions. Proceedings A.A.P.T. Vol39 (1970) pp. 60-97.89. L-Francken : Granulométrie et formulation BITUMINFO N°60/1991 pp.3-21. Insitut belge de Normalisation : Déssrmination de la masse Volumique de granulats non lis. NBN B11-206 PRANCKEN/A, VANEISTRAGTE New davelopment in analytical aix design 19 ‘Appendix L: Definitions ‘Mix families: If we distinguish filler (<80 am) sand (BO.mn< <2mm) and stones (>2mm) a the 3 basic component of a mix of aggregates, then the different possible mix types can be divided into three families corresponding to each ofthese components Grading : the mix compositions are destibed on the basis of their grading ‘curves for which the following conventions wil be adopted sieve sass KI = 12s), the grading curve is given by the N values ofthe percentages Yi of particles passing through coresponing sieves Ki, 4 component of a mix is a raw matecal soplied by a quay. “The grading curve of an asphalt mix is the combination of the srading curves of is different component, a grading fractions the rato ofthe volume of particles comprised between two suceisive sieves and the total volume, ‘The particles of given fraction are gonerally originating from the cifferent components preset inthe fll mix. Binary mix : mix of two grading factions i snd j with espectve average sizes d, and d, concentrations C, and C (with Cy=100-C, &). The finest fraction will be conventionally indexed j. ‘Angularity: Ie is assumed that cach component of a mix consists in homogeneous materials which sre ether made of round natural material (Giver gravel or due sand for example) or crusted rock, An angularity index Ai will be used which is 0 for round material and 1 for angular crished material, Hence fora blend of material of both types an index O

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