BELGIAN ROAD RESEARCH CENTRE Brussels $e PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE LAWS OF ‘BITUMINOUS MATERIALS. Report prepared by Louls Francken B.R-R.C. Belgium for the COST333 action: ‘With the contribution of COST333 members ‘Hari, Beckedsl University of Wuppertal Gemmary ‘Michael Brennan University of Galway land ‘Maria de Landes Antunes LEC. Portugal Miguel Del Val University af Madd Spain Andreas Lois University ef Athens Greece Johan Litcka Technical Universty of Viena Austria ‘Michael Nona TRL Unted Kingdom “Hgues OSeon LC.PC. France Recaredo Romero CEDEX. Spain ‘Special sue forthe Advanced Asphalt Design Course ‘University of Stellenbosch January 2002 Reproduced with the permission of the European Commision ‘Directorate TransportBELGIAN ROAD RESEARCH CENTRE russes Sv PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE LAWS OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS Report prepared by Louis Francken B.RR.C. Belgium for the COST333 action: ‘With the contribution of COSTS3S members | Hartmut Beskedehl University of Wappeta Germany Michael Brennan University of Galway Irand ‘Maria de Lardes Annes LN.E.C, Portal “Miguel Del Val Universi of Madi Spain Andreas Loizos Unversity of Athens Grecce Johan Litka Technical University of Vien Austin ‘Michael Nunn TRL United Kingdom Hugues Odeon L.C.PC. France Recaredo Romero CEDEX. Spain ‘Special ine forthe Advanced Asphalt Design Course ‘Unlversity of Stellenbosch January 2002 Reproduce with he permission of the European Commision Direcorate Page 1069‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary Introduction Physical properties “Mecbanicl properties Performance properties Functional propetes| actors affecting or influencing the propris 1 Relation berween properties and compostion 2 Variability inthe material properies ' Evoion ofthe properties 2. Constituent materials 2.1 Aggregates 2.11 Thermal properties 212 Resistance ofeezing and thawing 2.13 Angular 21.4 Shape 2115 Young’s Modulus 2.1.6 Polishing resistance 22. Bituminous binders 22.1 Themal propetes 22.2 Classification characteristics 22.3 Complex modalus 22.4 sitfness modulus 22:5 Phase angle 2.26 Temperature dependence 22.7 Rheologieal models 22.8 Poisson's ratio 23, Factors affecting the properties 23.1 Intl hardening 232 Ageing 23.3 Payscal hardening 3. Bituminous Mixturse 34 Definition 3.11 Basic components 3112 European Compost Page 2 of 66 2s 2s 2% 232, Physical properties 3.24 Thermal conductivity 3.22 Expansion coefficient 5323 Reflectivity 3.3 Mechanical proper 3.3.1 Complex modules 3132 Siiiness modalus 333 Phase ange 3134 Temperate dependence 333.5 Rheological description 3135 Poisson's ratio 34 Performance properties 34.1 Fatigue law 342 Permanent deformation 3.43 Thermal cracking 3.4.4 Crack propagation aw 343 Continuum Damage Mechanics 4, Rehabilitation of existing structares 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Interice products 411 Properiess 42 Peformance evaluation of interface products 43 Implementation Conctusions References Page 3 of 66 2 ” n ” ” 28 3” 8 ” 38 we 3 3 » Po aEXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents a review of the material properties tobe considered inthe development ofan ‘advanced pevement design method in response to the main assignments and workplan ofthe (COST333 acon, To characterise the rod consrction materials, not only ust the curenty used properties be defined and reviewed but also the more fundamental chanctersies that will be ‘eired fost upthe more advanced models reviewed in the programme of COST333-WGT. The information given concems data and prediton formulas for predicting characterises and performance laws of biminous materials used inthe diferent layers ofthe pavement in all their possible applications. Material properties for structural design and damage modelling are clasified into four ators (1) basie material propeies; (2) physical properties (3) perfermance properties and (Gi faztionl properties Due to the composite nature ofthe materials, all these properties ae dependant oth on the properties of ther eonstiuents (binder and mineral agureats), thelr compositions and spuregate {rings. Therefore a special section of the report deals first withthe two min constiuet ‘atria: mineral agregates and bituminous binders The nest section, devoted to bituminous materials, considers in det the four propeies mentioned above. The present knowledge of the most curently used compositions is presented {ogether with ables and formulas fr predicting their characteristics and perbrmances. Emphasis given to: |. Mechanical properties needed for stressstvain analysis in response models (Young's ‘modula complex modulus, Poisons ati) 2. Performance laws (tig, crack propagation pemnanent deformaton, thenmal cracking ex.) ‘The dependence ofthe properties on environmental EO aS well 8 ther evolution inthe long term is aleo considered, ‘The review concentrates on information ffom the published research expected to be relevant for most performance models. More fundamental and detailed characterises can be found in the references when neces. Page 4 of 66CHAPTER INTRODUCTION “The purpose ofthis report ito present a review ofthe material properties tbe cosidered inthe development ofan advanced pavement design method in response to the ain assignments and ‘werk plan of the COST333 aston. Not only are the caren used properties defined and reviewed but also more fundamental characterise which wil be required 1 setup the more advanced ‘models reviewed inthe prograrume of COST333-WG7, “The information given concerns dts and prediction formulas forthe materials used in the diferent layers ofthe pavement. It mis be recalled tht bituminous roads represent more than 80% of the European road network and tha, on the other hind, the Behaviour ard shysical properties of biturinous materials are geneily more complex than those of any other material. For these reasons priority was given othe charsteristies and performance laws of bitaminous materi The properties to be considered must allow the assessment and prdicéon of damage types considered to be important fer the condition ofthe structure and its sevieabliy Propetes involved in srucural design and damage modelling can be cassifed into the four following functional categories: physical, mechanical, performance and funcionl LL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES “These properties are important at they ca influence the behaviour and condions prevailing in the structure under the Influence of factors other than raffc lads or mechan impact. For example the reflectivity ofthe wearing course can influence the surface temperature thermal conductivity will determine the temperate dshibution in the depth ofthe structure; znd thermal expansion ‘willie thermal sess, 1.2. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES “These properties are neoded in response models forthe calculation of tres and strain distribution Inspace apd ime under the influence of external (rfc) or intemal (heal stress loads 13. PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES Performance properties ot laws will give the response of the materiel to the stress-strain ‘combinations in tem of numberof lading repetitions oon the basis of perfmance criteria, ‘Depending on the type of materi these characteris re generally dependent on one of more factors such a! teiperatre, loading time (or fequene), moisture conte, sess combinations, stress amplitude, past sory, t., Their value may als strongly vary accading tothe way they av determined experimentally.14 FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES “These properties are not needed forthe evaluation ofthe structure performance ofthe pavement. However, they mist be considered to be important othe road user fr com and safety reasons. Formos ofthese properties, only the top layer or wearing cous is concerned LS FACTORS AFFECTING OR INFLUENCING THE PROPERTIES ‘Ths properties which aro relly needed forthe purpose of pavement design and deterioration ‘modeling concer the material which is acually in place inthe pavement suture, ic. generally ‘Somposite materials made from diferent based components mixed in various proportions. 1.51 Relation between properties and composi “The properties and performance laws of bituminous materials can be detemined experimentally ‘esting composite materials i, however, very expensive and tne consuming. When possible, preference shoud be given to methods in which these properties canbe ealuted wih enough zcuracy on te basis of te properties of the base component and fom the mix composition. The ‘most reliable prediction methods allowing predictions must be noted and recommended for use in ‘design dele Its not the purpose ofthis group to start an extensive literature review on these topics. We must fake advantage of the mos recent information avallsle from studies made by SHRP or Jmemationalerganisations suchas PLARC or RILEM. 1.52 Varlabityn the material properties Given the high number of factors governing the properties of composite materials, ll of them being affected by some natural seater and veration during production, i snot surprising thar these materials cn never be considered as homogeneous, even on a macrscopie sale. We must sit tha the variability in space and time must also ke considered as a property that can be ‘quintiied by satsdcal indicators 183 Bvolution ofthe properties ‘These properties as well as those ofthe fll mic are not constant over he fll service ie ofthe pavement. They wil change in fst tp during manufacture, transport and laying. Inthe fog term, they wil change unde the combined effects of factors such ax + acing conditions which donot ead wo breaking pot (ules wea dealing with cement ound materials) but which induces progressive duction in tines, + ageing (and ina sirilar way curing) wich, onthe contrary easton increase of siess ith eduction in ow temperature resistance fo cracking, + other factors (environmental, de-icing preduts, cl spilling, ete.) wich have along term influence oa the properties Pare 6 of 66CHAPTER? CONSTITUENT MATERIALS ‘All the materials used in the consrtion of pavement structures are compote, which means that they are made of diferent conaitents (diferent types of mineral aggregates of variable sizes) ‘xed in various proportions and boand together by means of binding agent (hydraulic binder or bitumen. Hence, their final properties especially performance and functional properties - wil be Gependent on the mix compostion as well as on the individual properties of these base components, Fortis reson, we wl fist consider inthis Section some othe propentes ofthe conan The performance characterises of the components will generally be limited to those which infuence the performance of the mixtures sch 8 for example, the lw temperature and high temperate properties of bituminous binders. The mechanical and fancioal performances ofthe ‘mixture depend more on the mix composition than onthe charnctrisics of diferent component 21, AGGREGATES 2.11 Thermal properties See table 21 2.1.2 Resistance to free and thawing, Each aggregate within the pavement n unbound or bound layers must be rsstant to fcezng and thawing influences, No desirvton of agaregats may occur under these conitions. The European dealt standard prEN 1367-1 describes the prospective te (EN 1367-1: Test for thermal weathering properties of aggregates ~ Part: Deemination of esbance to freezing nd thawing) ‘Nomally a sample of 8mm or 16mm nomial size particles is tested. These samples are saturated with water and exposed to 10 frezing-hawing cycles, Freezing means coding to -17,5°C under rater and this #8 flowed by thawing in water at approximately 20°C. after this proces, the sggregates are investigated with respect to changes in thee physical properties (cracks, loss of racial decrease insert), In Asta for instance, where sucha procedure has been in use following a national specification, the reduction ofthe Los Angeles value ate the 10 fezingthawing eyeles must not be higher than 20% for the materials to qualify as fos essa. 21.3 Angalarity: round or angular “The particles composing granlar material may be very diferent according to thee shape and sngulariy, These periculariies influence the workability of the compote materi cement oneete or bituminous mx) ding manufietre and laying operation onthe jb se, They also an have a strong influence on is longem in site performance. Round patcles with smooth surfaces will improve workability but reduce the long-term stably of the murThis characteristic can be quantified by determining ofthe proportion of particles presenting sharp edges (ee SHRP), and messuring the dry viscosity ina flow test. This later metiod is fequerly “pple for sad fractions but isnot pplcabe wo coarse and medium sized particles. 2.14 Shape : at, spherical or cuble “This property can be quantified by (1) the form index defined to be the average rato bemcen salle nd largest dimension ofthe particles; or 2) the Nakinss index which ithe percentage of pices whose least dimension isles than 0.6 times the mean dimension, 2.15 Young's Modulus For practical applications inthe fed of structural pavement design, mineral aggregates may be considered as purely linear clase solid materials with temperature independent mechanical properties. For low porosities (voids < 29), their modulus of elasticity is inthe range of 80 to 100 GPs. In ‘he ease of bituminous bound material, this modulus i 30 times greater than the maximum value stained by the binder at low temperatures. The exact alu ofthe medulus of aggregates, fee this reason, nts imporant as we shall ee further on 2.1.6 Polishing resistance For aggregates used in surface layers polishing resistance is of bigimportance for safety reasons ‘Therefore in many European counres following fr instance the Brsh Standard BS 812 (1975, with modifications 1983) the polishing proces is simulted inthe Ioraory and afterwards the polished sone value (PSV) fe measured using the pendulum according BS 12 In Austria for instance @ mininum PSV-value of 50 is required for aggregnes for bituminous srfae layer inthe higher wae classes, 22. BITUMINOUS BINDERS 22.1 Thermal properties + Specific heat fom 1.35 to 1.9 KIC at service temperature Thermal conductivity: approximately 0.16 Win, * Coefiint of cubical expansion approximately 6.10% miny"C, 122.2 Clasifiation characteristics “Those well-known characteris reper se not wsible for strict design calculations. They can nevertheless be used in some eases forthe estimation of more fundameral characterises Uke Stiffness modulo fatigue performance. ase 6 of 66eaanen | et ago awn npc ag, (2.0 wasabi ‘cy a, ssanyouny % on 0 BHO sorta oH sso 507 = o 3 30 100 To % “ 8 2 100, “ 90 2 a (01 8n vera Painpon van [8 ‘ghans aeseadse ar sont armor] peed odor 05] 6500} — 200] SOS] 380 p00 ty. Soap on ‘Some physical and functional characteristics of granular material (scoring o Arquiéand Toureng, 1990). Propries Mii Gibbs Opnites Basal ner Datos Sane | guar ‘Sia air ‘AmpboTE| ‘Table2t: Pa 96“The fllowing notations wil be adopted inthis report whenever they are used + Penetration (25s 100g S20): Pen ‘Ring and Ball softening point : Tray (ASTM softening point when te water isnot tired during the tes). + Temperate susceptibility of penetration: A'= dlog(penia. 2 Londing ime suscep of penetration : B dlog(pen'log(, Penetration index PI: This index is another indeator of the thermal susceptibility. It can be derived from A (fined above) by the relation 20-5004" 1+ 50rd Accordingly, using the results ofthe penetration and softening points py ~ ¥_800_- log Pen Trag ~ 2 [emus be emphasised that these characteristics ar relevant for pure stagh-run refinery bitumen, ‘These chancteistics can also be determined on modified binder, but ter significance may be nite diferent. For this reson, they have tobe used with cre and reluciance. In particular, the as. ‘auaton defining the penton index from the combination of penetation et 25°C with Trap i ‘certainly not comet in such eases. 22.3 Complex modulus Bitumen and similar binders are viscoelastic and thermo-senive materials. This means that thei mechanical properties are strongly dependent on the temperature and onthe time of loading (see figure2.D, {A low temperatures, they can be considered as purely elastic materials. Under these coitons| their behaviour canbe quantified by means of one single value: the Young's modulus whichis by ‘efniton the ares to into It expressed in MPa oe Nim Inthe most usa! conditions, the properties of bituminous binders and composite materials, derived ‘using them, (polymer modified binders, hydrocarbon binders, et.) ae strongly dependent on temperature and on the loading fequency. Therefore, ther mechanical properties have to be ‘determined over a range of conitions covering ther in sts usage conditions. Dynamic loading {ests tre he mas convenient experimental mehods of oaning such atrial charters, In practic, the tests used to determine the complex modulus consis in submiting a specimen of the material sinusoidal fre Fat either a frequency Fr ora sinuscidal torque at an angular frequency @ : Ry=Fy siqenywiner= 2a 3“The measurements really obtained during any ofthese tess ae force F, displacement D and thet phsse angled, The mechavial material characteristics must be deve from these measurements through formulas using two speci factors 111 the form factor (fueton of specimen size end shape) ie the mass fictr (funtion of specimen mass M to be taken as mobile and mass m ofthe ‘movable parts which nfucnce the resultant force by thei inerial effet. 1) Theres an imaginary components Fy and Ea: F » bar songs nal) F EarG sing) 2) Another equivalent representation of he complet module i given hy the able value of the complex modulus | sometimes called "stifness moduls", and ihe phase la © asthe secend component 1 shouldbe noticed thatthe pase angle @ of the complex modulus is different from the phase anale 6 between face and displacement measurements, and tha this ifeence increases with, frequen. ‘When shear sesses are appli, the complex shear modulus G* is determined inthe same way as the E* modulis through formulas 4 and S. For linear and homogeneous materials the relationship between G* and E* is given by B= 2 G* (14) Page 12 0f 66(MPa) 3 2 H £ 5 Fig. 2.1: Temperature and fequeney dependence ofthe stihess modulus of a bitumen (@T stands foc) 2.24 Seitnes modulus [z+ | For most bitumen (pure or modified) the upper limit of the stifbess maduls it of the onder af 2000 to 3000 MPa at ow temperatures for which the material is in "glassy" state with «purely clastic behaviour. At higher temperate this property has avery wide range of values difering by factors often whl the viscous bchaviour becomes progressively more marked. This means tha the time dependence ofthe siness becomes more and more apparent. This paiculrty makes the description and determination of Burinous binder properties lot more complicated tan for any other material. This determination ofthe stfbess i, however of great importance inthe case fof asphaltic mines used in flexible and semigid pavement sirctures because i direly intuences the dependence of othe properties on temperature and lading foquancy (permanent »coHonnon wounan ‘raven soon